scholarly journals Protocol for ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis application in rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Rasim Unan ◽  
Ilyas Deligoz ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Husrev Mennan
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Standard Protocol ◽  
Ems Mutagenesis ◽  
Severe Mutation ◽  
Standard Application

Background: Non-transgenic chemical mutagen application, particularly ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), is an important tool to create mutations and gain a new genetic makeup for plants. It is useful to obtain a sufficient number of mutant plants instead of working with a severe mutation in a few plants. EMS dose and exposure period have been previously studied in several crops; however, EMS used to create point mutations in presoaked rice seeds has not been sufficiently studied and there is no standard protocol for such treatment. The aim of this study is to establish a standard protocol for EMS mutagenesis application in rice. Methods: Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of four durations of rice seed presoaking (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours), four EMS concentration doses (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%), and four EMS exposure periods (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Germination rate, plumula and radicle length, seedling survival, shoot length, root length and fresh seedling weight were evaluated. Results: Results showed that a 12-hour presoaking duration, 0.5% EMS dose, and six hours of EMS exposure were the best practices for the optimum number of mutant plants. Conclusions: In light of both this study and the literature, a standard application protocol was established. This application protocol, detailed in this article, contains the following guidelines: (1) Presoaking: 12 hours, (2) EMS application: 0.5% dose EMS and six hours, (3) Final washing: six hours, (4) Drying: 72 hours at 38°C. A user-friendly protocol has been presented for utilization by researchers.

scholarly journals Protocol for ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis application in rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Rasim Unan ◽  
Ilyas Deligoz ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Husrev Mennan
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Standard Protocol ◽  
Ems Mutagenesis ◽  
Severe Mutation

Background: Non-transgenic chemical mutagen application, particularly ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), is an important tool to create mutations and gain a new genetic makeup for plants. It is useful to obtain a sufficient number of mutant plants instead of working with a severe mutation in a few plants. EMS dose and exposure period have been previously studied in several crops; however, EMS used to create point mutations in presoaked rice seeds has not been sufficiently studied and there is no standard protocol for such treatment. The aim of this study is to establish a standard protocol for EMS mutagenesis application in rice. Methods: Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of four durations of rice seed presoaking (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours), four EMS concentration doses (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%), and four EMS exposure periods (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Germination rate, plumula and radicle length, seedling survival, LD50 (Lethal Dose) determination, shoot length, root length and fresh seedling weight were evaluated. Results: Results showed that a 12-hour presoaking duration, 0.5% EMS dose, and six hours of EMS exposure were the best practices for the optimum number of mutant plants. Conclusions: In light of both this study and the literature, a standard application protocol was established. This application protocol, detailed in this article, contains the following guidelines: (1) Presoaking: 12 hours, (2) EMS application: 0.5% dose EMS and six hours, (3) Final washing: six hours, (4) Drying: 72 hours at 38°C. A user-friendly protocol has been presented for utilization by researchers.

scholarly journals Point Mutations in the β-Tubulin of Phytophthora sojae Confer Resistance to Ethaboxam

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2096-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Peng ◽  
Zhiwen Wang ◽  
Yuan Fang ◽  
Weizhen Wang ◽  
Xingkai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
Β Tubulin

Ethaboxam is a β-tubulin inhibitor registered for the control of oomycete pathogens. The current study was established to determine the ethaboxam sensitivity of the plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae and investigate the potential for the emergence of fungicide resistance. The effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50) of 112 Phytophthora sojae isolates exhibited a unimodal distribution with a mean EC50 for ethaboxam of 0.033 µg/ml. Establishing this baseline sensitivity provided critical data for monitoring changes in ethaboxam-sensitivity in field populations. The potential for fungicide resistance was investigated using adaptation on ethaboxam-amended V8 agar, which resulted in the isolation of 20 resistant mutants. An assessment of the biological characteristics of the mutants including mycelial growth, sporulation, germination rate and pathogenicity indicated that the resistance risk in Phytophthora sojae was low to medium with no cross-resistance between ethaboxam and cymoxanil, metalaxyl, flumorph, and oxathiapiprolin being detected. However, positive cross-resistance was found between ethaboxam and zoxamide for Q8L and I258V but negative cross-resistance for C165Y. Further investigation revealed that the ethaboxam-resistant mutants had point mutations at amino acids Q8L, C165Y, or I258V of their β-tubulin protein sequences. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transformation experiments confirmed that the Q8L, C165Y, or I258V mutations could confer ethaboxam resistance in Phytophthora sojae and that the C165Y mutation induces high levels of resistance. Taken together, the results of the study provide essential data for monitoring the emergence of resistance and resistance management strategies for ethaboxam, as well as for improving the design of novel β-tubulin inhibitors for future development.

Conditions de germination et rôle des herbivores dans la dispersion et le recrutement d'une espèce clonale : Juncus gerardi Lois.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 1430-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Amiaud ◽  
Anne Bonis ◽  
Jan-Bernard Bouzillé
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Clonal Plant ◽  
Seed Dispersion ◽  
Colonization Success ◽  
Juncus Gerardi ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Bovine Feces

The finding of new individuals of a clonal plant, Juncus gerardi, raised the question of modalities for the colonization of new sites by this species. Indeed, the existence of seedlings has not been observed in the field, nor reported in the literature for European marshes. Among the parameters limiting recruitment, we examined the soil seed bank, which appeared extremely small. Many seeds could be found in bovine feces but few were found in equine feces. Futhermore, bovines are not only important for seed dispersion, but also for the improvement of the germinative capacities: the seed germination rate of Juncus gerardi was doubled after digestive transit. Germination testing showed that this species is largely tolerant to salinity (from 0 to 26,4 mS·cm-1). The germination rate was maximal with a thermoperiod of 10-20°C but null for a 0-10°C thermoperiod. Germination was improved by immersion and was light dependent. The critical phase for colonization success in new habitats could be primarily seedling survival. Recruitment success in Juncus gerardi seems to be a rare event, requiring the combination of favorable conditions related to climate and gap openings in swards.Key words: germinative capacities, feces, clonal plant, grazers, endozoochory, pastures.

scholarly journals Fecundity of Winged Euonymus Cultivars and Their Ability to Invade Various Natural Environments

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1029-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Brand ◽  
Jessica D. Lubell ◽  
Jonathan M. Lehrer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Euonymus Alatus ◽  
Demographic Models ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Deciduous Woodland ◽  
Northern United States

Winged euonymus [Euonymus alatus (Thunb.)] is an important landscape shrub that has demonstrated its potential to be invasive in numerous states across the central and northern United States. Nine cultivars were evaluated for their potential to produce fruits and seeds in a randomized, replicated field planting. Seeds from all cultivars were evaluated for germination rate and initial survival in a deciduous woodland. Seeds collected from ‘Compactus’ were also sown in five natural environments (full sun meadow, edge of woods, moist woods, dry woods, pine woods) to determine which habitat types support its germination and establishment. Seed production for cultivars varied from 981 to 6090 seeds per plant. The dry deciduous woods and pine woods were the only environments that supported significant germination rates that could be as high as 37.8%. Seedling survival was at least 77% in the deciduous dry woods and at least 55% in the pine woods. In the first replication, establishment rates for cultivars in the dry deciduous woods ranged from a low of 6.5% for ‘Odom’ Little Moses™ to a high of 42.5% for ‘Monstrosus’. In the second replication, all cultivars achieved over 30% establishment and most exceeded 40% establishment. An estimate of the annual seedling contribution per plant per cultivar was calculated by combining seed production data with establishment data for each cultivar. This estimate was predicted to range from 588 to 3763 and therefore none of the nine cultivars evaluated should be considered non-invasive based on our findings. Our findings show that germination and seedling survival rates are high for E. alatus and because the species is long-lived, cultivars will likely have to be completely seed-sterile to be considered non-invasive according to demographic models.

scholarly journals Physiological potential of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu seeds kept in contact with phosphatic fertilizers

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Ribeiro Peres ◽  
Gisele Herbst Vazquez ◽  
Renata Danielle Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizer ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizers

The effect of mixture of seeds of Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, with different sources, granulometry, and phosphatic fertilizer doses during various periods of exposure on the physiological potential of the seeds has been assessed. The treatments consisted in seed exposure during periods of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h to the following fertilizers: ground granulated single superphosphate (SS), and powdered (SSp); and ground granulated ammonium monophosphate (AMP), at doses of 40 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1. Tests of germination, tetrazolium, moisture content, and vigor (first count, electrical conductivity, emergence, emergence speed, and fresh mass of seedlings) were performed. It has been concluded that seed physiological potential of B. brizantha cv. Marandu is reduced with increase on the exposure period to phosphatic fertilizer. Such effect, however, is dependent on the product source, granulometry, and dose. SSp was the most harmful to seeds, followed by SSp and AMP, respectively. Moreover, considering a 60% germination rate as acceptable, it may be inferred that seeds can be kept in contact with AMP and SSp, in dose of 80 kg of P2O5 ha-1, respectively, for periods of 71.2 and 16.2 hours.

scholarly journals (237) Chemical Mutagenesis in Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021A-1021
Author(s):  
Leslie Heffron ◽  
Alan Blowers ◽  
Schuyler Korban
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Pilot Experiment

Seeds of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), proprietary line OAK564, were treated with 0%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for 8, 10, and 12 h at room temperature. The experiment was replicated three times over time. Data were collected on percent seed germination, seedling survivability, and pollen viability to determine optimal conditions for induced mutagenesis in OAK564 seeds. In the pilot experiment, M1 seeds treated with 1.0% EMS for 12 h had the lowest seed germination rate among all 18 treatments. Based on this pilot experiment, a large-scale mutagenesis experiment was performed using three levels of EMS (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) for 10-h exposure period. Mutants were induced on all these treatments, and morphological changes in the M1 population were detected. These included dwarfism, chlorophyll deficiency, and leaf morphology abnormality. This indicated that the EMS treatments were successful in inducing mutations, and mutants were further characterized for morphological traits.

scholarly journals A C2H2-Type Zinc-Finger Protein from Millettia pinnata, MpZFP1, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10832
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Yu ◽  
Hao Yan ◽  
Ling Liang ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Heng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Finger Protein ◽  
Millettia Pinnata ◽  
Mangrove Associate

C2H2 zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) play important roles in plant development and response to abiotic stresses, and have been studied extensively. However, there are few studies on ZFPs in mangroves and mangrove associates, which represent a unique plant community with robust stress tolerance. MpZFP1, which is highly induced by salt stress in the mangrove associate Millettia pinnata, was cloned and functionally characterized in this study. MpZFP1 protein contains two zinc finger domains with conserved QALGGH motifs and targets to the nucleus. The heterologous expression of MpZFP1 in Arabidopsis increased the seeds’ germination rate, seedling survival rate, and biomass accumulation under salt stress. The transgenic plants also increased the expression of stress-responsive genes, including RD22 and RD29A, and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results indicate that MpZFP1 is a positive regulator of plant responses to salt stress due to its activation of gene expression and efficient scavenging of ROS.

Research on the Inclusive Materials of the Rice Direct Sowing Technology with Seed Tape

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 429-432
Author(s):  
Hong Guang Cui ◽  
Wen Tao Ren
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Mulching Films ◽  
Direct Sowing

In this paper, tests were carried out with four agricultural mulching films used commonly in Microstructure observations of electron microscope, FTIR spectral analyses, and rice seed growth characteristics testing respectively. PLA non-woven was selected out as the inclusive material for the rice seed tape with the advantages of easy degradation, environmental pollution free, less impact on germination rate and the plant height of rice seed. The results will provide practical significance for the application of the rice direct sowing technology with seed tape.

scholarly journals Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Associated With Rice, Maize, and Soybean From Jiangsu Province, China: Phylogenetic, Pathogenic, and Toxigenic Analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2193-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbo Qiu ◽  
Yunan Lu ◽  
Dan He ◽  
Yin-Won Lee ◽  
Fang Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi Species Complex

Species belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) are of vital importance and are a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide, as they not only cause serious diseases in crops but also produce various mycotoxins. To characterize the population structure and evaluate the risk of poisonous secondary metabolites, a total of 237 candidate strains were isolated from rice, maize, and soybean samples in Jiangsu Province, China. Species identification of the individual strain was accomplished by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF-1α) and the fumonisin (FB) synthetic gene (FUM1). The distribution of Fusarium species among the different crops was observed. The maize seeds were dominated by F. proliferatum (teleomorph, Gibberella intermedia) and F. verticillioides (teleomorph, G. moniliformis), whereas F. fujikuroi (teleomorph, G. fujikuroi) was the most frequently isolated species from rice and soybean samples. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of these strains were performed, and the results suggested clear groups showing no obvious relationship with the origin source. FFSC species pathogenicity and toxigenicity were studied. All of the species reduced the rice seed germination rate, with no significant differences. F. fujikuroi showed two distinct patterns of influencing the length of rice seedlings, which were correlated with FBs and gibberellic acid synthesis. FBs were mainly produced by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi also produced moniliformin and beauvericin. The toxigenicity of F. andiyazi (teleomorph, G. andiyazi) was extremely low. Further analysis indicated that the sequence variations in TEF-1α and the differences in the expression levels of the toxin synthesis genes were associated with the diversity of secondary metabolites in F. fujikuroi strains. These findings provide insight into the population-level characterization of the FFSC and might be helpful in the development of strategies for the management of diseases and mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Germination Response of MR 219 Rice Variety to Different Exposure Times and Periods of 2450 MHz Microwave Frequency

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryush Talei ◽  
Alireza Valdiani ◽  
Mahmood Maziah ◽  
Mohammad Mohsenkhah
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Primary Shoot ◽  
Mean Germination Time

Germination is a key process in plants' phenological cycles. Accelerating this process could lead to improvment of the seedling growth as well as the cultivation efficiency. To achieve this, the effect of microwave frequency on the germination of rice seeds was examined. The physiological feedbacks of the MR 219 rice variety in terms of seed germination rate (GR), germination percentage (GP), and mean germination time (MGT) were analyzed by exposing its seeds to 2450 MHz of microwave frequency for one, four, seven, and ten hours. It was revealed that exposing the seeds to the microwave frequency for 10 hours resulted in the highest GP. This treatment led to 100% of germination after three days with a mean germination time of 2.1 days. Although the other exposure times of microwave frequency caused the moderate effects on germination with aGPa3ranged from 93% to 98%, they failed to reduce theMGTa3. The results showed that ten-hour exposure times of microwave frequency for six days significantly facilitated and improved the germination indices (primary shoot and root length). Therefore, the technique is expected to benefit the improvement of rice seed germination considering its simplicity and efficacy in increasing the germination percentage and rate as well as the primary shoot and root length without causing any environmental toxicity.

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