scholarly journals Anthropological study of Sami from the Kola Peninsula (Russia)

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasilyev ◽  
Svetlana Borutskaya
Keyword(s):  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Far North ◽  
Forming Parameters ◽  
Anthropological Study

A study of the Sami burials on the territory of the Kolsky Bay was launched in 1976. All the material dates back to the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century. Collected skulls of 74 males and 51 females were compiled. We have investigated all the available material in the storage skulls. A homogeneity group analysis was conducted.Sami males from the settlement of Yoakanga and Chalmnu-Varre vary by range of facial skeleton forming parameters. Sami females from the settlement Yoakanga and Chalmnu-Varre vary by facial skeleton widths. Based on the characters of lifetime body length and the proportion indexes of extremities, the Sami are the most adaptable to living conditions of the Far North.

Was it worth the trouble? Limited competition and citizen well-being under authoritarian rule

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Andrea Cassani
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Electoral Authoritarianism ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

The last part of 20th century saw the collapse of a dramatic number of dictatorships. Rather than democracy, several of these transitions brought regimes where limited political competition coexists with persistently authoritarian practices. The diffusion of this form of authoritarianism in the developing world raises several questions about its broader consequences. Most importantly, does political change short of democratization matter for ordinary citizens? Recent research demonstrates that nominally democratic institutions, even in the absence of people empowerment, can result in better living conditions. The paper adds to this debate by formulating and testing new hypotheses. I compare electoral authoritarianism with democracy and full dictatorship, including specific subtypes of the latter, and focus on both policy outputs and outcomes.

scholarly journals Authority – the Enemy of Freedom?

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 186-200
Author(s):  
Tomasz Merta ◽  
Paweł Janowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Spontaneous Order

It is difficult to establish unequivocally why authority evokes such negative connotations. Authority’s historical manifestations, especially in the 20th century, do not contribute to the amelioration of negative sentiments. The use of authority often leads to its abuse, and though the frequency argument is not philosophically conclusive, nor can it be altogether ignored. This consonance of negative sentiments does not, however, mean that authority is not a  controversial matter. It is; but its controversiality is of a peculiar kind, in which it is not a question of whether authority is good or bad, but whether it is a lesser or a greater evil. Or more accurately, whether it is a necessary or an unnecessary evil. The diverse opinions in this matter have their origin in different anthropological visions of man. One group, which tends to be much more optimistic in its assessment of human nature, professes all authority to be superfluous. The anarchic utopia is presented as the alternative to authority, the utopia of a spontaneous order founded upon agreements established in each particular moment by the members of a given society. The second position, which is more pessimistic of human nature, sees authority as a necessary element, which superimposes order on the chaos of reality, and in so doing creates suitable living conditions by protecting humans from each other. The first conception sees authority as an enemy or, more precisely, as an unjustified destroyer of freedom. The second sees it as a strict father who protects his child for his own good, but in order to do this he justifiably restricts the child’s freedom. The dispute between these two positions is usually resolved through a process of painful reflection: the first position is rejected as being unlikely and unrealistic, while the second is accepted as uncomfortable but necessary.

Orientalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Higgins
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The West ◽  
Henri Matisse ◽  
Wassily Kandinsky ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Definition Of

Orientalism is the sociological, historical, cultural, and anthropological study of the Orient, with "the Orient" constituting countries East of "the Occident" (Western Europe), and including lands spanning from Morocco to Japan. The term Orientalism, however, is primarily used to describe the incorporation of Eastern culture in Western art, literature, and design during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Artists whose work largely focused on Oriental subjects are often referred to as the Orientalists, and include Eugène Delacroix, Alphonse Etienne Dinet, Jean-Léon Gérôme, William Holman-Hunt, John Frederick Lewis, and the photographers Lehnert and Landrock. Traces of Oriental themes can also be found in the work of 20th-century artists including Henri Matisse, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Wassily Kandinsky. Orientalist artists predominantly depicted scenes of the Arabian Desert, portraits of natives with Oriental artefacts and clothing, the harem, odalisques, and Oriental architecture. Broadly speaking, the Orientalists represented the Orient as primitive yet opulent, and in stark contrast to the "rational" and enlightened West. Much of the scholarship around (and the very definition) of Orientalism in the 20th century is indebted to Said’s Orientalism (1977), which discusses why the West has preconceived notions of the Orient (and primarily the peoples of the Middle East).

scholarly journals Complex Assessment of the Viability and Decorativeness of Species of the Genus Crataegus L. in the Kola North Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-444
Author(s):  
Oxana A. Goncharova ◽  
◽  
Olesya Evgenievna Zotova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Preliminary Testing ◽  
Far North ◽  
Systematic Description ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Growth Shape

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the viability and decorativeness of 20 samples of 17 taxa of the genus Crataegus L. when introduced into the Kola North. The study is one of the stages of a systematic description of the adaptive state of plants of the genus Crataegus when introduced into the conditions of the Far North. The main part of the studied samples are highly decorative quite viable plants that have high winter hardiness, maintain their growth shape, are able to produce germinating seeds, and have attractive inflorescences and fruits. C. chlorosarca, C. chlorosarca f. pyramidalica, C. cuneata, C. dahurica, C. douglasii, C. flabellata, C. laevigata, C. maximoviczii, C. pinnatifida, C. sanguinea, C. x schroederi. C. arnoldiana, C. canadensis and C. foetida are nonviable and undecorative plants. For the introduction of promising species of the genus Crataegus into the landscaping of cities of the Kola Peninsula, preliminary testing is required. Maintaining a highly decorative state is possible while observing the care of woody plants.

THE ORAL LITERATURE OF THE IBAN IN BORNEO

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Chemaline Anak Osup
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
Oral Form

This article examines the Iban oral literature (traditions) of the Iban society which includes fables, folklore, legends and myths that are orally transmitted and learned but continue to exist in oral form until the end of the 20th century. The objective of this article is stress the importance of oral literature in the Iban society because it is in this vast and incredibility beautiful literature that the cosmology of Iban society is revealed, and through this also the other people can perceive the soul of Iban culture. However, the Iban oral literature is very fragile as it remains in the memory of the elder generation who are rapidly dying out, and it may not survive long under the conditions of modernization. Therefore, the Iban society must preserve this oral literature in order to maintain its roots to the past as well as their dignity. Yet, this oral literature is critical for anthropological study because it provides information about the traditional Iban life. This article shows that, although the Iban lived in relatively isolated farming communities, they had the time to let their creativity expand and reveal or reflect the nature of their lives, their sorrows and joys, and their relationship through songs and chants, folklore, myths and legends, fables, stories and epics as well as riddles and sayings. This implicates that there is indeed an urgent need for immediate action to recover the dying oral literature because there is a sharp decline in the numbers of ritual specialists who can interpret the metaphors and words in the complex and aesthetic oral literature which contributes to the vast and accumulating universal knowledge of culture and traditions. It is significant to suggest that the Iban society must treasure their oral literature and translate these traditions before it is too late or dying out, as well as keeping it safe for them to appreciate and enjoy, otherwise this oral literature will be swallowed by the era of modernization in the Iban society itself.

scholarly journals Años de sobremortalidad de la villa de Siles (Jaén, España) en el siglo XX

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Ramón Beteta-Avio
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Siglo Xx

Resumen Se analizan de forma sincrónica los años de sobremortalidad registrados en la población de Siles en el siglo XX. Se observan los factores epidemiológicos, socioeconómicos y ambientales que han podido generarlas. Para hallar los años de sobremortalidad y su intensidad se aplican los métodos de Del Panta y Livi-Bacci y el de Flinn. La mayoría de las crisis se manifiestan locales, mixtas y con intensidad pequeña. Se diferencian claramente dos categorías: las registradas hasta la del año 1941 y las acontecidas a partir de 1968. Entre ambas categorías se manifiestan notables diferencias en las condiciones de vida de la población, las causas de mortalidad, la edad de los fallecidos y la estacionalidad. Abstra ct Synchronously analyzes the years of mortality recorded in the Siles population in the 20th century. The epidemiological, socioeconomic and environmental factors that may have generated them are observed. Del Panta and Livi-Bacci and Flinn´s methods are applied to find the years of overmortality and its intensity. Most of the crises are local, mixed and with a low intensity. Two categories are clearly differentiated: those registered until 1941 and those that occurred after 1968. There are notable differences between the two categories in the living conditions of the population, the causes of mortality, the age of the deceasd and the seasonality.

scholarly journals MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF POLOTSK ACCORDING TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL DATA

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
V. A. Yemialyanchyk
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Cribra Orbitalia ◽  
Medieval Population

The aim of this study was to analyze human skeletal remains from 13th—14th centuries burials discovered on the territory of the Lower Castle in Polotsk, Belarus. The article deals with the morphological characteristics of medieval urban population and skeletal stress indicators such as mortality and cribra orbitalia. According to most craniological characteristics, a series of male skulls from Polotsk of the 13th—14th centuries is similar to a sample of the medieval rural population of Polotsk land from burial mounds of the 11th—13th centuries. The differences relate to an increase in the cranial index in the later Polotsk series, which reflects the onset of epoch-making brachycephalization. In addition, Polotsk urban population differs from the rural population in a number of features characterizing the structural features of the facial skeleton (a higher face, a larger index of facial protrusion, a smaller protrusion of the nose). These differences can be genetically determined and indicate the participation of the alien component in the formation of Polotsk medieval population. The body length of adult men from Polotsk varies within 162—175 cm and averages 169.5 cm. The body length of adult women varies within 147—159 cm and averages 156 cm. Compared to the later Polotsk population of 17th—18th centuries, the medieval urban population was taller (2.5 cm in men and 2 cm in women). The average age of adult death in the studied group was 35.1 years. The average age of death for Polotsk women was 3 years less than for men. The group of Polotsk medieval population is characterized by relatively high frequencies of cribra orbitalia. Among adults, the indicator is present in 32.2 % of cases, among children — in 55.5 % of cases. Compared with the rural population of the 11th—13th centuries urban population of Polotsk of the 13th—14th centuries had higher mortality rates and increased incidence of cribra orbitalia, which indicates deterioration in general health in Polotsk urban population. The most probable causes of this phenomenon were, on the one hand, negative factors of urbanization, and on the other hand, the cooling of the climate, which began in Europe in the 14th century and led to deterioration in the living conditions of a significant part of the region’s population.

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