Sociocultural Anthropology

Author(s):  
Кравченко ◽  
Al'bert Kravchenko

Sociocultural anthropology studies instruments of labor, technology, traditions and customs, beliefs and values, social institutions, family, marriage and kinship, economic mechanisms, the evolution of art, etc. The book outlines the basic knowledge of this discipline, taking into account the world experience and the requirements of the state standard: the place of anthropology in the system of scientific knowledge, the subject, object and methods of research, theory and empirical classics of social anthropology, anthropogenesis (the origin of man) and sociogenesis (evolution of prehistoric society); The typology of early societies and the historical stages of the development of traditional society (hunters and gatherers, tribal order, chiefdom), marriage, family, kinship. The book is intended for students of primary courses of humanitarian universities, as well as everyone who loves this most interesting and most modern science about man and society.

Author(s):  
Вадим Леонидович Афанасьевский

Предметом статьи является экспликация методологического базиса разработанной французским правоведом Жаном-Луи Бержелем концепции общей теории права. Автор фиксирует, что методология этой конструкции отличается принципиальной спецификой от классического рационализма научного знания. Бержель для разработки проблем теории права использовал импрессионистский метод, принципиально выходящий за рамки научной методологии. Это приводит к тому, что читатель превращается в соавтора, выстраивая свое представление о предмете теории права. Причем фантазия автора и читателя ничем не ограничена, ибо она уходит от исторических трансформаций развития правовой реальности и традиций теоретического правового дискурса. В статье показано, что предложенная методология привела Бержеля к размытости и непроясненности понятийного аппарата и «терминологическому анархизму». Представив свой анализ его концепции общей теории права, автор статьи приходит к выводу, что основанием методологии Бержеля являются характерные для французской социогуманитарной мысли принципы экзистенциальной философии и постмодернистских штудий. Именно в этом коренится отсутствие целостности в теоретических построениях, наличие эклектизма и туманности употребляемых терминов и понятий. В эту парадигму прекрасно укладывается импрессионистский метод, используемый французским правоведом. Если читатель сам определяет понимание читаемого текста, то смысл уже не определяется объективной реальностью. Он выступает проблемой изолированного индивида, находящегося в произвольно выстроенном им фрагментированном мире, в том числе и мире права The subject of the article is the explication of the methodological basis of the concept of the general theory of law developed by the French jurist Jean-Louis Bergel. The author notes that the methodology of this construction differs in fundamental specificity from the classical rationalism of scientific knowledge. Bergel used the impressionist method to develop problems in the theory of law, which fundamentally went beyond the framework of scientific methodology. This leads to the fact that the reader turns into a co-author, building his own idea of the subject of the theory of law. Moreover, the imagination of the author and the reader is not limited by anything, for it moves away from the historical transformations of the development of legal reality and the traditions of theoretical legal discourse. The article shows that the proposed methodology led Bergel to a vague and unclear conceptual apparatus and «terminological anarchism». Having presented his analysis of his concept of the general theory of law, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the basis of Bergel's methodology is the principles of existential philosophy and postmodern studies that are characteristic of French socio-humanitarian thought. This is the root of the lack of integrity in theoretical constructions, the presence of eclecticism and the vagueness of the terms and concepts used. The impressionistic method used by the French jurist fits perfectly into this paradigm. If the reader himself determines the understanding of the text being read, then the meaning is no longer determined by objective reality. It acts as a problem of an isolated individual who is in a fragmented world arbitrarily built by him, including the world of law


2021 ◽  
pp. 226-242
Author(s):  
Steven L. Goldman

From the 1970s on, the treatment of modern science as simultaneously an induction-based account of experience and a deduction-based account of reality became an increasingly contentious issue in the academic world. A great deal was at stake in how one answered the question of whether scientific knowledge was objective and validated by its correspondence with reality. Respect and privileged social status were accorded to science, not to mention public support for research. At the same time, however, scientists faced the more fundamental question of whether there existed a neutral arbiter of questions relating to truth, or at least truths about the world. Philosophers and social scientists lined up on both sides of this issue, either attacking scientific knowledge as a socially constructed belief system or defending it as objective and correlated with reality.


2019 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 00063
Author(s):  
Natalia Shnyakina ◽  
Anna Klyoster

The study of language as a cognitive phenomenon makes it possible to identify patterns of categorical division of the world. This paper considers the issue of the characteristics of everyday knowledge categories verbalization in professional discourse. On the basis of language fragments, objectifying ideas about the cognitive situation, through frame analysis, surface realizations of significant cognitive categories are investigated, among which are the subject of cognition, the object, the cognitive action, the instrument, the result, space and time. The named semantic nodes form the categorical structure of the frame behind the language fragment. The analysis demonstrates the compatibility of everyday and scientific knowledge division by a speaker; still, it illustrates the specificity of the language expression of frame nodes within the framework of professional discourse.


10.12737/1341 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Переверзева ◽  
E. Pereverzeva

The issues of aesthetic education in the primary school are discussed. Primary schoolchildren get aesthetic education while learning the subject called “The World Around Us” and in the course of after-school activities, where they are taught the basic knowledge about wildlife and develop the ability to recognize and percept beauty of the nature. The paper provides plentiful material, demonstrating distinct kinds of wildlife beauty, and also a questionnaire to assess how the pupils’ attitude to animals changes after they have studied their life and habits.


2020 ◽  
pp. 302-319
Author(s):  
M. T. Satanar

The relevance of the study is due, on the one hand, to the insufficient knowledge of the semiotics of the Yakut epos olonkho, and on the other, the need to implement a new paradigm of modern science, which involves the convergence of scientific knowledge. It is noted that the fundamental categories in the worldview are the modes of space and time, which in total lead to another mode of being - a chronotope. The subject of this article is the codes of cosmological mythology in the texts of the epic olonkho from the perspective of a peculiar spatio-temporal organization of the epic world of olonkho. The purpose of the study is to decode the elements of mythology, as a result of which “compressed” messages about scientific knowledge that indicate the existence of a single source of typology of culture are found. Particular attention is paid to the variety of codes, the rules for their emergence, taking into account the national characteristics of language and thinking. A systematic approach to the subject of study, structural-semiotic analysis, methods of review and description are used in the study. The novelty of the study is in an attempt to partially solve the problem of the disunity of two types of cultures (folklore and fundamental laws of nature) in the context of a general typology of culture. This study indicates the prospects for further consideration and definition of the elements of a peculiar symbolic-semiotic system of space-time organization in the texts of the Yakut epos olonkho.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
G. Aydarbekova ◽  
B. Abdyraliev

The article discusses the features of the evolution of political and legal values of a traditional society in the conditions of nomadic statehood on the example of a cultural and legal monument — the Epic of Manas. The topic of Eurasian nomadic civilization, the legal life of Kirghiz, signs of statehood, culture and customs of the people are actively considered by scientists in connection with the growth of the nation’s identity and identity since along with Kirghiz and Kazakhs other modern massifs historically coexisted in the Eurasian nomadic civilization. The subject of the research is political and legal values in a nomadic society on the example of a cultural and legal monument — the Epic of Manas. The object of the research is the formation of individual political and legal values of a traditional society in the context of nomadic statehood and the characteristics of the evolution of the national legal culture. In the study of the problems were used: universal and private scientific methods of cognition: analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, historical and legal and comparative. The results of the study allow to conclude about the need for further study, preservation and popularization of historical and cultural monuments, allowing people to identify themselves in the world community, in this case, the Epic of Manas, which concentrates a complex of social, cultural, political, legal and other information about life and Kirghiz life.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Rogério Miranda de Almeida ◽  
Irineu Letenski

Estas reflexões têm como objetivo principal analisar a crise dos fundamentos das ciências modernas na perspectiva de Edmund Husserl. Com efeito, na primeira metade do século XX, o autor das Investigações lógicas levanta o brado em torno da existência de uma crise científica e, ao mesmo tempo, procura diagnosticar as causas e remediar os males que acarretaram tal crise. Mais precisamente, o pensamento husserliano tem como ponto de partida a crítica aos limites e à possibilidade do conhecimento proposto pelas filosofias de Descartes e de Kant. Mas Husserl ataca igualmente o espírito reducionista do positivismo científico – com o desenvolvimento e a sofisticação de suas técnicas – assim como a imposição não menos reducionista do historicismo que, ao afastarem o “sujeito do mundo”, romperam suas “relações primigênias”, espoliando assim o papel do sujeito na construção do conhecimento.Abstract: These reflections aim principally at analyzing the crisis of the modern science foundations from Edmund Husserl’s perspective. Indeed, at the first half of the 20th century, the author of Logical Investigations points vehemently out to the existence of a scientific crisis and tries, at the same time, to diagnose the causes and to show a solution to the disadvantages that brought about such a crisis. More precisely, the Husserlian thought has as its starting point the critique against the limits and the possibilities of knowledge proposed by the philosophies of Descartes and Kant. However, Husserl also attacks the reducing spirit of scientific positivism – together with the development and sophistication of its techniques – as well as the no less reducing and imposing historicism. Both trends have not only removed the “world subject”, but also disrupted its “primeval relations” having, thus, deprived the role of the subject in the construction of knowledge.Keywords: Husserl, crisis, sciences, subject, knowledge.  


2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
ANAKSHI BORA

The modern system of education has been built primarily upon the foundation of ancient educational ideals and the practices of modern education have been largely influenced by past experiences. Vedic views are the root of our civilization, hence  we cannot neglect the sphere of those views from which our civilization has developed to its present form. The Upanisads are the most important part of the Vedic literature. Theyguide the students through the valuable advices of the preceptors for choosing the correct path in life. The policy of education described in our Upanisads had some special characteristics and it is to be noted that it could be connected to the modern field of education. In this regard, we may refer to the Siksavalli section of the Taittiriyopanisad where education has been handled as a philosophical policy where  the teacher stands at the beginning, the students at the end and the subject of teaching in the middle. Through this  paper an attempt is being made to interpret the policy of education reflected in the Siksavalli section and its utilization in modern educational fields.  A query of investigation would also made to explain how the Vedic people plunged into the world of unknown only with the help of their powerful intellect and deep insight and managed to explain the happenings of the world through their own perception, without any help of modern science and technology. This paper will try to locate the presence and application of the instructions delivered to the students by the preceptor as prescribed in the Taittiriyopanisad, which can still be implemented successfully in the current educational institutions for a smooth and well managed society. A study of the Vedic texts reminds us of the same procedure to be followed for the smooth functioning of the society.


Author(s):  
Vladimir Sergeevich Gorban

The subject of this research is the problem of interpretation of continuity and novelty in carrying out historical-philosophical and problematic-theoretical reconstructions of legal doctrines of the past and modernity. The absence of due knowledge on the origin, history of acquisition and application of theoretical ideas of the past often leads to significant modifications, distortions and loss of historical linkage within the legal picture of the world. The repetition of legal ideas and theoretical constructs of the past is natural, but firstly it can and should be viewed as a methodological prerequisite for searching of approaches and means to substantiate the interests to certain aspects of law, and secondly, for ensuring scientific value of modern research, it must be clarified not by the conventionality of scientific knowledge, but based on the reconstruction of origin, application and valid meaning and designation of ideas. The methodology leans on the comparative analysis of legal ideas of the past and modernity in synchronic and diachronic angle. The novelty of the conducted research consists in interpretation of the problem of novelty in legal science based on the requirement for preservation of continuity in terms of their historical-philosophical and problematic-theoretical reconstruction. At the same time, such requirement reveals in a number of specific reconstructions and examples of utilization of methodological approaches for their conduct.


Author(s):  
N.V. Efremova ◽  
E.N. Belova

The article is dedicated to the one of the key problems in modern science - the problem of translation of scientific knowledge - and takes medical texts as an example. Due to analysis of the medical texts from the same author we can see a realization of the scientific model of the world by choice of an actual discursive space. As his/her aim is to translate his/her point of view to the readers, author can do it directly, in an accessible and easy way, for non-specialists, or indirectly, sharing his/her knowledge, experience and ideas with colleagues. According to the need for analysis of communicative strategies and tactics of the contemporary medical discourse, an actuality of the article is associated with an analysis of linguistic and stylistic methods of creating both types of texts.


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