scholarly journals State Security and Refugees: Operationalizing the “Ladder of Options” by the Government of Lebanon

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guita G. Hourani
Keyword(s):  
State Security ◽  
The Government

1848 and Parliamentary Reform

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Quinault
Keyword(s):  
Solid Support ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
State Security ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Parliamentary Reform ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
History Books

1848 has gone down in history – or rather in history books – as the year when England was different. In that year a wave of revolution on the Continent overthrew constitutions, premiers and even a dynasty but in England, by contrast, the middle classes rallied round the government and helped it preserve the status quo. This interpretation of 1848 has long been the established orthodoxy amongst historians. Asa Briggs took this view thirty years ago and it has lately been endorsed by F. B. Smith and Henry Weisser. Most recently, John Saville, in his book on 1848, has concluded that events in England ‘demonstrated beyond question and doubt, the complete and solid support of the middling strata to the defence of existing institutions’. He claims that ‘the outstanding feature of 1848 was the mass response to the call for special constables to assist the professional forces of state security’ which reflected a closing of ranks among all property owners. Although some historians, notably David Goodway, have recently stressed the vitality of Chartism in 1848 they have not challenged the traditional view that the movement failed to win concessions from the establishment and soon declined. Thus 1848 in England is generally regarded as a terminal date: the last chapter in the history of Chartism as a major movement. Thereafter Britain experienced a period of conservatism – described by one historian as ‘the mid-Victorian calm’–which lasted until the death of Palmerston in 1865.

The Administration of Religion in the Newly Independent Republics

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-182
Author(s):  
Bayram Balci
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Government ◽  
Traditional Islam

Faced with an Islamic revival from the inside and incoming foreign Islamic trends, leaders in Central Asia and the Caucasus have developed specific policies for a better management of Islam. With a new attitude toward Islam, different from the Soviet approach to religion, the new leaders have developed their own “national” Islam, also called a traditional Islam, one that accepts the control of the State. Security and stability of the country are the first parameters determining management of Islam by the government. For that, Islamic education and the existence of appropriate committees are the main tools and instruments that help the regimes to control the transformation of Islam.

The Politics of Emergency Rule in Egypt

2002 ◽  
Vol 101 (651) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Singerman
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Military Law ◽  
And Control

What has warranted the Egyptian government's use of state security courts, military courts, military law, and exceptional regulation and control of political life over the course of more than five decades? Clearly, Islamist radicals who have been willing to use violence against the state and civilians outside the parameters of the law warrant strong measures…. [Yet] these laws have remained in place even as the government has claimed that its policies have vanquished the Islamist threat.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Tindak Pidana Makar dalam KUHP Indonesia, Malaysia, Austria dan Konsep Hukum Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Rossa Ilma Silfiah
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
State Security ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military

This study aimed to analyze the forms of treason and a comparison of the criminal acts of treason against the Indonesian, Malaysian, Austrian, and Indonesian Criminal Codes and the concept of Islamic law. The research used a normative law with a statutory approach and a comparative approach. The research data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study found that forms of treason included treason that attacked the legal interests of the head of state, territorial integrity, and government. The crime of treason in Indonesia was distinguished between crimes against security within the country and outside the country, both committed by diplomats and the military. Sanctions for perpetrators of the crime of treason in Malaysia range from the threat of capital punishment, imprisonment, and fines. The crime of treason in Austria did not affect the sentence and did not distinguish between crimes against justice and against the government, all those involved in treason were sentenced to death. The concept of Islamic law provided an extraordinary warning for perpetrators of treason against the government because state security greatly determined the smooth running of worship and the welfare of all citizens.

scholarly journals "Procedural Guarantees for EU Citizens against Expulsion in the Light of Directive 2004/38/EC"

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wojnowska-Radzińska
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Public Order ◽  
State Security ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
The Government ◽  
Scope Of Protection ◽  
Legal Procedures ◽  
The Eu

The present paper analyses the scope of protection of EU citizens against expulsion under Directive 2004/38/EC and in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the Eu-ropean Union. According to the provision of this Directive, an EU citizen threatened with expulsion must have access to relevant documents and accessible information on the legal procedures to be followed in his/her case. Even if the government claims that national security interests keep courts from disclosing the evidence to the EU citizen, it is obliged to submit any material or evidence capable of corroborating that the interests of national security or public order are at stake. The CJEU requires that the evidence has to be scrutinised by the adversarial proceedings. In particular, the EU citizen must be informed, in any event, of the essence of the grounds on which an expulsion decision is based, as the necessary protection of State security cannot have the effect of denying the person concerned of his/her right to be heard.

Police activity in Tunisia may hinder transition

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Security ◽  
Arab Uprisings ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
The Government ◽  
Police Activity

Subject Tunisia's police service. Significance Elements of the state security sector have been acting autonomously from the state since the Arab uprisings. The threat of terrorism continues to facilitate this trajectory, and parliamentary and presidential elections planned for 2019 could bring the issue into sharp focus. Impacts Increased terrorist attacks may prompt the government to allow the police greater leeway when investigating suspects. Victims of police mistreatment are unlikely to secure justice. Increased terrorist attacks may lead to legislation to strengthen the security forces’ ability to avoid transparency.

Islands deal may end Egyptian judges' independence

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relative Autonomy ◽  
State Security ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Government ◽  
Religious Establishment

Significance The approval of the deal aligns parliament with the government against the judiciary. After a series of legal challenges, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled in January that the agreement was void. The case has been referred to the Supreme Constitutional Court, which has not yet ruled on the issue. The islands’ transfer has exposed a rift between Sisi and senior judges and threatens the latter's autonomy. Impacts State security forces will be prepared to deal with any protests against the islands deal. There may be small, isolated demonstrations, which police will almost certainly crush before they develop momentum. Implementation of the deal will consolidate Sisi’s relationship with Saudi Arabia. Sisi is also showing some frustration with the religious establishment, which has so far maintained its relative autonomy.

China

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Goldsmith ◽  
Tim Wu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychology Student ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Communist Manifesto ◽  
State Security ◽  
People’S Daily ◽  
Normal University ◽  
The Government

“Long live prostitutes” was the title of Wang’s posting. Fifteen years old, living in China, and full of teenage bluster, Wang had collected fifty-four reasons to think Chinese politicians worse than prostitutes. The list included:… • There is no indicator that prostitutes will disappear, but there are many indicators that the government will collapse. • Prostitutes allow others to oppose them, unlike the government which arrests opposition and “re-educates” them through labor. • Prostitutes have no power, unlike those who use their power to suppress others. • Prostitutes do not need you to love them, unlike that group which forces you to love it. • Prostitutes win customers with credibility, unlike those who maintain power with lies. • Prostitutes sell flesh, unlike those who sell soul…. Liu Di was a psychology student at Beijing Normal University who called herself the “Stainless Steel Mouse” and ran an “artist’s club” through her personal website. In 2002, in one of her many stunts, the twenty-two-year-old urged her followers to distribute Marxist literature:… Let’s conduct an experiment of behavioral art: disseminating communism on the street! We can print copies of “The Communist Manifesto.” However, we should take “Communist” out of the title. Then, like sociologists, we ask people on the street to sign their names onto the Manifesto…. Liu Di wrote an essay titled “How a national security apparatus can hurt national security.” Echoing typical criticism of governments everywhere, she called China’s security apparatus “limitless,” or possessed of “a tendency to expand, without limits, its size and functions.” Wang’s message and the writings of Liu Di appeared on obscure Internet sites. Nonetheless, they came to the attention of the Chinese authorities and provoked swift action. Soon after Wang posted his message, it was deleted. He was arrested in Henan and subjected to an unspecified punishment. Wang’s story was printed in the People’s Daily as a warning, with the headline “15-Year-Old Youth Punished For Making Reactionary Argument That the Government is Prostitute” The State Security Protection Bureau arrested Liu Di on her university campus on November 7, 2002.

scholarly journals Obstacles to the Russian Modernization Agenda Through a Two-Level Analysis Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marielle DeVos ◽  
Jill Berge
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
State Security ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Legislative Agenda ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Level Analysis

Economic modernization in Russia is heavily reliant on increased market competition and diversity within the Russian economy. However, modernization has been largely unsuccessful due to a misalignment between the goals of the Russian modernization agenda, including those in the PCA and P4M, and the state’s behavior both domestically and internationally. This study finds that domestic institutions within Russia continue to execute on a legislative agenda contradictory to their modernization agenda due to both state security priorities and the power imbalances within the government.

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