Rate of Opportunistic Pap Smear Screening and Patterns of Epithelial Cell Abnormalities in Pap Smears among Women Attending a Teaching Hospital in Ajman , United Arab Emirates

Aims: This study was done to find out age wise distribution pattern, cellular abnormality and adequacy of Pap smears. Methods: A retrospective study of 470 Pap smears based on laboratory record was done from September 2019 to April 2020 at B and C Medical College Teaching Hospital, Birtamod, Jhapa, Nepal. Descriptive analysis performed using MS Excel and SPSS 16. Results: Out of 470 analyzable data 2.55% had abnormal cytology, all high-grade lesions were in 30-49 age group and 0.21% were detected as carcinoma. Mean age of women was 39.2±10.5 years. Age distribution follows the normal Gaussian curve. Age group of 30-60 years consists of four-fifth (75.5%, n=355) and Two-third of cases (66.4%, n=312) were of age group 30-49 years. Conclusions: Pap samples were normally distributed by age. Test requisition forms lack adequate clinical information. Even the inadequately sampled Pap smears were satisfactory for evaluation. Keywords: cancer, cervix, intraepithelial lesion, Pap smear, screening

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Present potential of exfoliative cytology in detection of cervix cancer

Journal of Lumbini Medical College ◽

10.22502/jlmc.v1i1.6 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Sushila Jain ◽

Anuj Paudel ◽

S K Jain

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cell ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

National Policy ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Low Grade ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Epithelial Lesions

Introduction: Conventional Pap smear is the mainstay for cervical cancer screening in developing countries and women should be motivated for cervical screening program to detect early dysplastic cells. This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of abnormalities in Pap smears, particularly pattern of epithelial cell abnormality in women attending Lumbini Medical College in western Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out and 1066 Pap smears were studied to look for epithelial cell abnormality according to revised Bethesda system 2001. Results: Out of 1066 patients who underwent Pap smear examination, 71 (6.6%) revealed epithelial cell abnormality; most were low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL) occupying 4.59% at the age between 23 to 29 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 0.37 % of patients at the age 40 years and above. In our scenario, per vaginal discharge was the major finding of the patients who showed premalignant features. Conclusions: Women above 40 years are at a risk of premalignant as well as malignant lesions and these women should undergo screening for abnormal cells at the age of 18 or when sexual activity starts and as per recommendations to look for early dysplastic cells. Cervical screening program should be motivated by the national policy makers and also by health professionals.

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Spectrum of cytological patterns in cervical PAP smears in a tertiary care center of Western region of Nepal

Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/njms.v4i1.24118 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 2-8

Author(s):

Pragya Gautam Ghimire ◽

Durga BC Rawat ◽

Kavita Sinha ◽

Kamar Jahan ◽

Richa Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Epithelial Cell ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Care Center ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Low Grade ◽

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽

Intraepithelial Lesion

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a common health problem in Nepal. There is paucity of data regarding the spectrum of findings in cervical Pap in western Nepal. This study was aimed to study the cytological patterns in cervical Pap smears in patients in a tertiary hospital of Nepal. Methods: This is a prospective, cross sectional, hospital based study. Clinical features of patients who had presented with Pap smear was noted in a structured proforma. Pap smears were studied by a senior pathologist and reported based on revised Bethesda system (2014). Results: Most of the cases belonged to 31-40 years 399 (42.8%). Unsatisfactory/ inadequate sample was present in 133(14.05%) with obscuration due to inflammatory exudate being most common cause. Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy rate was noted in 798 (85.54%) with 477(51.2%) being normal findings. Epithelial cell abnormalities were noted in 116 (14.5 %) smears. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion constituted 321(34.5%), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion 273(29.3 %) and Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance 153(16.4%) of epithelial cell abnormalities. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 9(1%) of all reviewed smears. There was no statistical significance between the age and abnormalities of Pap smear (p=0.9). Conclusions: Pap smear is pivotal in cervical cancer screening in developing countries. It also identifies various inflammatory, infective, benign and malignant pathologies at the earliest thereby decreasing the morbidity and mortality.

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Utility of Pap Smear Screening for Prevention of Cervical Cancer-A 3yrs Study from Rural Tripura-A Northeastern State of India

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.18311/ijmds/2017/18832 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 1456

Author(s):

Debashis Saha ◽

Sumana Ghosh ◽

Sanjay Nath ◽

Habibul Islam

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cell ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

District Hospital ◽

Study Group ◽

Cervical Smear ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Pap Smear Screening ◽

Smear Testing

Background: Cancer cervix is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women worldwide. According to National Cancer Registry Program of India, cancers of cervix and breast are leading malignancies in Indian women. The morbidity and mortality could be significantly reduced with an active cervical smear screening programme.Objective: The study was done to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of women about cervical smear testing, to establish a cervical smear screening program and to evaluate the cervical cytological abnormalities. It was done to determine the applicability, limitations and utility of this screening in a district hospital.Materials and Methods: A total of 287 married women were included in our study. Knowledge about Pap smear testing was determined through printed questionnaires. Pap smear screening was performed on every woman in our study group. Detailed clinical data and cytology reports were noted in a proforma.Results: About 92% women of our study group had never heard or undergone Pap smear screening before. Maximum number of patients was in 4th decade. Of the 287 smears, 276(96.16%) were adequate. Normal smear were 78(27.18%), inflammatory 168(58.54%), whereas epithelial cell abnormalities were seen in 26(9.05%) cases. The 26 abnormal cases comprised of 17(5.92%) cases with ASCUS, 5(1.74%) cases of LSIL, 1(0.35%) cases of HSIL, 3(1.04%) cases of squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusions: Epithelial cell abnormality in our study group was less than Western countries. There is poor knowledge about Pap smear screening. Pap smear study can be easily done through a chain built between the primary health care unit and district hospital and laboratory.

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Pap Hub: A system to improve compliance with pap smear screening guidelines in a large health care system.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2013.31.31_suppl.193 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (31_suppl) ◽

pp. 193-193

Author(s):

Deanna Gek Koon Teoh ◽

Lisa A. Fall ◽

Erin A. Beitelspacher ◽

Charles W. Lais

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Tracking System ◽

Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽

The United States ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Health Maintenance ◽

Screening Guidelines ◽

Pap Smear Screening

193 Background: Cervical cancer is the most prevalent gynecologic cancer worldwide, but is third in the U.S. due to pap smear screening. However, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) guidelines are complex and frequently changed, resulting in guideline adherence as low as 33-44%. We describe a centralized pap smear tracking system (“pap hub”) and report preliminary results. Methods: On 1/1/13 we implemented the pap hub, routing all screening pap smear results to a dedicated OB/Gyn nursing staff with a new Epic workbench. Epic Health Maintenance Modifier updated to recommend pap smears for women age 21-65 years (not younger or older per guidelines). Screening Pap/HPV results auto routed to Pap Pool Epic inbasket (not to individual providers). Centralized nurse reviews results alongside past pap results on Pathology flowsheet in Epic If normal Normal history -> appropriate follow-up interval per screening guidelines If abnormal history -> repeat pap as determined by previous history and treatment If abnormal -> manage per ASCCP guidelines Document plan in Epic Result Note Update Epic problems list If Normal: document “Pap Hub Normal History” If Abnormal: document “Pap Hub Abnormal History” with specifics in Overview History Communicate results/plan to the patient. Update Health Maintenance Modifier with next step. Review abnormal results to ensure proper follow-up, with reminders as indicated. Results: Guideline recommendations against pap smears for patients <21 years and >65 years have not changed since 2009. Comparison of first-quarter data for 2010 (pre-Pap Hub) to 2013 (post-Pap Hub) have shown a 63.86% reduction in pap smears in women <21 years. Pap smears in women >65 years has always been low, but has decreased slightly from 2.4% of all pap smears in 2010 to 1.5% of all pap smears in 2013. The 2012 ASCCP guidelines have changed recommended pap smear frequency and abnormal pap smear follow-up, and compliance with these new recommendations is being collected. Conclusions: Pap smear screening has decreased the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in the United States. The Pap Hub, a centralized pap smear tracking system, improves compliance with pap smear screening guidelines.

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ABNORMAL FINDING OF PAP SMEAR AMONG WOMEN HOSPITAL VISITORS IN CITY OF MOSUL, IRAQ

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 174-178

Author(s):

Sanaa Rajab ◽

Wasnaa A Elias ◽

Layla G Saeed ◽

Thukaa T Yahya

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cell ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Cervical Cytology ◽

Cervical Lesions ◽

Abnormal Finding ◽

Pap Smear Screening ◽

Negative Findings ◽

Glandular Cells

Objective: The research aims to test the use of the Pap smear screening system to identify precancerous lesions among women in City of Mosul, Iraq. Methods: This prospective study was carried out over 1 year at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Mosul Teaching Hospital, city of Mosul, Iraq. We screened 100 sexually active women who were more than 21 years of age. Women with different complaints, including vaginal discharge, blood‑mixed discharge, foul-smelling discharge, postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, abdominal pain, infertility, and secondary amenorrhea, were included in this study. The glass slides had been sent for cytopathological review to the pathology department. The laboratory results have been reported by the new Bethesda Cervical Cytology Reporting System 2014. The device divided the lesions narrowly into certain negative ones for intraepithelial neoplasia and with epithelial cell abnormalities (ECA) that involve squamous and glandular cells. Upon pap smear, the patient was treated accordingly. Results: The study had enrolled a total of 100 cases. All of these patients had an abnormal Pap smear finding that fell according to TBS-2014 criteria in the category of Epithelial Cell abnormality. We interviewed all patients in Detail by proforma. The data reported were statistically analyzed and were collected following observations and tests. Among the study subject, the most common abnormal findings (68.9%) were negative findings. Inflammatory constitute (15.4), and Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (7%) followed by LSIL (5.9) and HSIL (2.9). Conclusion: Pap smear is an effective method for screening for Cervical Lesions Precancerous and cancerous. Nevertheless, a cervical biopsy must be performed which Is gold standard if any epithelial defects are found to be confirmed in cervical cytology.

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Prevalence and Predictors of Cervical Cytological (Pap Smear) Abnormalities Among HIV-infected Women at the HIV Treatment Center of Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46916/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Olugbenga Akindele Silas ◽

Philip O. Akpa ◽

Tolulope O. Afolaranmi ◽

Samuel Robsam Ohayi ◽

Jonah Musa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Screening Program ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

University Teaching ◽

Treatment Center ◽

Adult Women ◽

Pap Smear Screening ◽

Women With Hiv

Abstract Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women living with HIV with the highest burden in sub-Sahara African countries with the highest prevalence of HIV. Early detection of precursor cervical lesions through routine Pap smear screening is central to cervical cancer prevention. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of abnormal Pap smear findings among women with HIV in our cervical cancer screening program. Methodology: We carried out a cross sectional study of adult women with HIV who presented for Pap smear test for the first time at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, North Central Nigeria between November2018 and January 2020. Prevalence of abnormal cervical finding was reported in percentage and also expressed per 100 population of women. The effects of the characteristics of the women of the abnormal pap smear finding was determined using the logistic regression model where 95% confidence interval and adjusted odds were used as point and interval estimates respectively while a probability value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 949 women with HIV participated in the cervical screening program with mean age 43.3 ± 8.1 years. Abnormal smear findings were observed among 183 (19.3%: 19 cases per 100 women) with ASCUS, ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL, HSIL with suspicion of invasion and AGUS accounting for 96 (10.1%), 50(5.3%), 27 (2.9%), 6 (0.6%), 2 (0.2%) and 2(0.2%) respectively. Of the abnormal smear findings, 125 (68.3%) were adjudged to have mild cytological feature while the complementing proportion adjudged to have severe cytological features. Unadjusted odds of abnormal Pap smear result was associated with increasing age, OR 1.15(95% CI 1.127, 1.186; p = 0.001); parity, OR1.08 (95% CI 1.019, 1.141; p = 0.009). In the adjusted model, increasing age remained the only factor predicting abnormal Pap smear finding. Conclusion: Prevalence of abnormal Pap smear results remains high in HIV- infected women and is associated with increasing age. Advocacy to institutionalize screening at earlier age is therefore key to improving dismal outcomes.

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STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL

10.36106/gjra/5301080 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 31-33

Author(s):

S. Preetika ◽

Sahayaraj Sahayaraj

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Age Groups ◽

Pap Test ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Cervical Lesions ◽

College Hospital ◽

Medical College ◽

Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common gynaecological cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the less developed countries. Cervical cancer may be prevented or diagnosed at early stages due to the easy accessibility and clinical evaluation of the cervix. A pap test is a simple, easy, painless procedure which can be carried out as an outpatient procedure to detect specic, nonspecic inammations, precancerous and cancerous lesions In our study we have analysed the results of PAP smears of women in all age groups and have tried to evaluate the prevalence of cervical lesions and the importance of cervical cancer screening. Material And Methods: Our study was conducted between October 2020 to JULY 2021 and patients who have visited the Gynaec OP during this period were included for this study. We received Pap smears from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, stained the slides with Pap stain and studied the smears according to the new Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology 2014. Results: In our study, majority of the patients were in the age group of 41-50 years. Smears showing ASCUS were 14 , LSIL reports were 5, HSIL reports were 4. No Smears showed squamous cell carcinoma in our study. Reports in our study like many other studies has shown the importance of Pap smear test in screening cervical cancer. By conducting health camps, increasing health awareness and performing Pap smear screening programmes the incidence of cervical carcinoma can be decreased.

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Genital Papillomavirus Infection in Women Treated for Chlamydial Infection

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/095646249200300110 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 42-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A Andersson-Ellström ◽

L Forssman

Keyword(s):

Chlamydial Infection ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Young Patients ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Papillomavirus Infection ◽

Pap Smear Screening ◽

Vaginal Cytology ◽

Cytological Changes

Samples for chlamydia testing were taken from 298 and PAP smear from 284 non-pregnant sexually active young women in a midwife-run family planning service. Chlamydia was found in 36 (12.1%). Three women (1.1%) had cytological atypia corresponding to CIN I or II. Koilocytosis was seen in 9 smears (2.8%). Thirty-two of the chlamydia-positive women were followed for a mean of 15 months by a gynaecologist with chlamydia tests, colposcopy, PAP-smears and in some cases biopsies. There were 7 reinfections with chlamydia (22%). Signs of genital papillomavirus infection (GPVI) were found in 24 of the 32 chlamydia cases during follow-up. Twenty chlamydia-positive patients had abnormal colposcopy, 15 of them had other changes suggestive of GPVI, seven of these had CIN I or II. At follow-up 6 patients had cytologic atypia (18.8%) compared with the average 1.5% in this department during this period. Among 12 patients with normal colposcopy there were no cytological changes. Chlamydial infection calls for increased alertness regarding abnormal vaginal cytology even among young patients not commonly included in PAP smear screening programmes.

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31. WHY HAS TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS DECLINED DRAMATICALLY AMONG VICTORIAN WOMEN (1947-2005)?

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/shv4n4ab31 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 296

Author(s):

J. Marrone ◽

C. K. Fairley ◽

M. Saville ◽

C. Bradshaw ◽

F. J. Bowden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Behaviour ◽

Similar Pattern ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Health Centre ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Victorian Women ◽

Screening Participation ◽

Pap Smear Screening ◽

Notification Data

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) diagnosis rates have decreased considerably in some countries during the last two decades. It is unclear why TV has decreased only in some countries. This study investigated the relationships between: 1) TV diagnosis rates among women attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC), and among Pap smears screened by Victorian Cytology Services (VCS); 2) the use of nitroimidazoles in Australia and; 3) gonorrhoea notification data for Victoria to assess changes in sexual behaviour. TV diagnosis rates among women attending MSHC rose from under 5% in the 1940's, to 20% to 30% in the 1960's and then declined 5% to 10% during the 1970's. From 1980 onwards, TV diagnosis rates fell progressively to below 1% by 1991, with 0.1% in 2004. A similar pattern was seen in TV at VCS, but with lower absolute percentages. Metronidazole was introduced into Australia in 1961 and tinidazole in 1976 and by 1987 there were 400 000 nitroimidazole prescriptions per year. Pap smear screening in Victoria began in 1965, only including 20% of women per year (aged 15 to 69) by the mid 1980's. Post 1980's, screening rose until 2000, stabilising at 35% of women per year. Gonorrhoea notification rates peaked during times TV was experiencing its greatest falls. The initial decline of TV seen in Victoria was associated with the introduction of effective antibiotics. The further decline to less than 1% was seen when Pap smear screening participation increased during the 1990's.

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