Childcare Matters: Female Business Owners and the Baby-Profit Gap

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solène Delecourt ◽  
Anne Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Mystery Shoppers ◽  
Combining Surveys

The previous literature documents that female-owned businesses are less profitable than male-owned businesses, including microenterprises that make up the majority of firms in developing countries. In this paper, we uncover an overlooked gendered constraint for these businesses: childcare. We collect field data through unannounced visits to a sample of microentrepreneurs in select areas of Uganda, combining surveys of business owners and real customers, as well as purchases by confederate buyers (i.e., mystery shoppers). We document that childcare duties in businesses are highly gendered: 37% of female owners bring small children to work, compared with 0% of men. Childcare duties are correlated with a “baby-profit gap,” as businesses where children are present earn 48% lower profits than even other female-owned businesses where a child is not present. Using our rich data, we analyze potential reasons why childcare obligations may affect profits. We find that prices, product quality, and other explanations are not robustly correlated with the presence of a baby. However, we find that women with children in the store are more likely to run out of stock than both men and women who do not have children in the store. Although we caution that our analysis is not causal, we consistently find that childcare duties are associated with profitability and may relate to the wider gender gap in business performance.

“ICT Is for Boys”

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Erica Norstedt ◽  
Annika Andersson ◽  
Evylyn Pettersson ◽  
Simon Klintestrand
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Ict Use ◽  
Information And Communication

There is worldwide consensus on how important women are for development where gender equality is seen as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are seen as one of the most promising tools for the empowerment of women in developing countries. Men and women therefore need to have equal opportunities to access and use ICTs. Here, the authors, however, find a huge gender gap, and the reasons for this gap are still not fully understood or investigated. The purpose of this study is therefore to further investigate the reasons for this gap in ICT use. Based on a review of existing literature, as well as interviews with men and women from developing countries, the main finding is that the impeding factor underlying all barriers described in the literature relates to social norms. Based on this insight, the authors end the paper by discussing implications for research and practice.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Marketing Skills and Small-Scale Business Performance: The Case of Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Andrews Ayiku ◽  
E. Stephen Grant
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Entrepreneurial Marketing ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Day To Day Operations

The development of SMEs serves as a tool for creating employment opportunities in developing countries. SME growth can be attributed to how owners and managers use entrepreneurial marketing skills in their day-to-day operations. A quantitative study was used to gain an understanding of the application of marketing skills in SMEs and the development of SMEs in Ghana. Findings indicate that entrepreneurs acquire marketing skills during their years of operation, however, these skills are not in tune with modern business trends and market competition. Establishing marketing departments and equipping business owners with marketing skills enables their ability to deal with volatile consumer demands. Likewise, requisite marketing skills enable market understanding, new marketing approaches, and the design of demand driven products and services

scholarly journals The Impact of the Trade War Between the USA and China on the Global Economy: The Reaction of Professional Men and Women in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Wendy Mumbi Margaret Chibesakunda
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trade War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Results

The purpose is to investigate if gender affects knowledge of the International Trade War. The results will show that if both men and women had knowledge in full, of the devastating effects of an International Trade War, before it's escalation, any trade war would be withheld. If women fully understood and participated in war issues, then the negotiations and agreements would be richer, stronger, subtler and firmly rooted especially in developing countries. The Author used the Chi Method to understand how knowledgeable are the Professional Men and Women in Zambia on The International Trade War and the data will show the knowledge imbalance. The Article confirms that more needs to be done with the dissemination of information and participation of women because the lack of knowledge and participation does not bring positive results according to the findings in research which is briefly referred to in the Literature Review. Sadly, it appears that the gender gap will always exist.

Techno-Feminist View on the Open Source Software Development

2008 ◽  
pp. 3365-3373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gender Issue ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
To Come

Current debate on women in free/libre open source software (FLOSS) tends to fall into the gender stereotype of men and women when coming across to the gender issue. This article stays away from a reductionism that simplifies the gender issue in the FLOSS community to the level of a fight between men and women. Instead of splitting women from men in the FLOSS development, this analysis helps motivate both men and women to work together, reduce the gender gap and improve the disadvantaged statuses of women and a wider users’ community in the FLOSS development. More importantly, it addresses not only the inequality that women face in computing, but also other inequalities that other users face, mainly emerging from the power relationships between expert and lay person (namely, developer and user) in software design. In so doing, the issue at stake is not only to create a welcome environment for women to join the FLOSS development, but also to come up with a better way of encouraging both sexes to collaborate with each other. This article starts from how FLOSS can make a difference for today’s information society, and present some successful stories of implementing FLOSS in developing countries and rural areas to empower women and the minority. Consequently, it discusses the problem of including more women and the minority in the FLOSS development through deconstructing the myth of the programming skill.

Techno-Femenist View on the Open Source Software Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 1148-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gender Issue ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
To Come

Current debate on women in free/libre open source software (FLOSS) tends to fall into the gender stereotype of men and women when coming across to the gender issue. This article stays away from a reductionism that simplifies the gender issue in the FLOSS community to the level of a fight between men and women. Instead of splitting women from men in the FLOSS development, this analysis helps motivate both men and women to work together, reduce the gender gap and improve the disadvantaged statuses of women and a wider users’ community in the FLOSS development. More importantly, it addresses not only the inequality that women face in computing, but also other inequalities that other users face, mainly emerging from the power relationships between expert and lay person (namely, developer and user) in software design. In so doing, the issue at stake is not only to create a welcome environment for women to join the FLOSS development, but also to come up with a better way of encouraging both sexes to collaborate with each other. This article starts from how FLOSS can make a difference for today’s information society, and present some successful stories of implementing FLOSS in developing countries and rural areas to empower women and the minority. Consequently, it discusses the problem of including more women and the minority in the FLOSS development through deconstructing the myth of the programming skill.

Women and Entrepreneurship – Albanian Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Anna Xheka
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Difference

Women’s entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women’s economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant comparative aspect, it is the difference between full and part –time women entrepreneurship. While in full time entrepreneurship in a convince way, men are those that dominate, in part time entrepreneurship clearly it’s evident the opposite trend, women's representation is much higher. It’s very interesting the fact, that the women’s entrepreneurship in Albania, presented in a significant optimistic situation, ranking in the second place, after Greece in the European level

scholarly journals The Career Length and Service of Female Policymakers in the US House of Representatives

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Praino ◽  
Daniel Stockemer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Career Length ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Various studies have outlined the institutional (e.g. the existence of quota laws and the electoral system type of a country) and non-institutional factors (e.g. the political culture of a country) that account for variation in women’s representation, in general, and, in more detail, the low representation of women in the US Congress. However, no study has, so far, compared the Congressional career paths of men and women in order to understand whether this gender gap in representation stems from a difference in terms of the duration and importance of the careers of male and female policymakers. Using data on all US House elections between 1972 and 2012, we provide such an analysis, evaluating whether or not the political careers of women in the US House of Representatives are different from the political careers of their male counterparts. Our findings indicate that the congressional careers of men and women are alike and, if anything, women may even have a small edge over their male colleagues.

scholarly journals Does the environment matter, a closer look at the environmental approach by small businesses in Africa developing countries.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Bobo Chazireni
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Chambers Of Commerce ◽  
Sustainability Strategy ◽  
Strategy Alignment ◽  
Mixed Approach

Environmental Social Responsibility (ESR) is a notion, where business integrates environmental concerns in their operations and the interaction with stakeholders, without compromising profit. To this day, ESR studies are limited to areas of ethics, society and employees while literature is blunt on its impact on societies, consumer behaviour and governments. SMEs in developing countries are not spared their approach to ESR as a sustainability strategy. SMEs’ approach seems to digress from leverage on loyalty which emanates from their nearness to communities who in turn are potential customers. This paper takes a closer look at SMEs’ approach to ESR driven by SME business owners’ perception towards ESR. The paper will take account of SMEs’ behavioural response towards ESR and establish whether they regard ESR a strategic sustainability approach with long-term positive bottom-line benefits. Results were attained through assessing perceptions of SMEs towards ESR; assessing impact practice of ESR by SMEs; exploring factors that undermining practise of ESR by SMEs. A mixed approach was adopted where data was obtained using face to face interviews. Results showed that the majority of SME business owners had a negative approach towards the practice of ESR. SMEs believe ESR was mainly for large corporations since their operations were hideously affecting the environment. As new knowledge, recommendations from this paper will be shared with Chambers of Commerce in Africa developing countries. Some of the recommendations were that the chambers of commerce, local authorities must proactively support SMEs to practise ESR through awareness workshops, train and share the ESR strategy alignment with business strategy.

scholarly journals BARRIERS OF SMES’ SUSTAINABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A PLS-SEM APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-24
Author(s):  
John Amoah ◽  
Abdul Bashiru Jibril ◽  
Bayuasi Nammei Luki ◽  
Michael Amponsah Odei ◽  
Charles Yawson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Sub Saharan

Undoubtedly, entrepreneurial knowledge is a prerequisite for the survival of every business organization. To this, the contribution of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the socio-economic development in most developing economies cannot be underestimated. Both developed and developing countries are living testimonies of their contributions to their nation’s growth and development. However, extant literature shows that as competition and innovation intensify in the global business market, many SMEs in developing countries are constrained by external forces that hinder the sustainability of these businesses.   Hence, this paper aims to find out the mitigating factors warranting SMEs’ sustainability from the viewpoint of entrepreneurs and business owners, particularly in the manufacturing sector of Ghana, a Sub-Saharan Africa region. To achieved this objective, the study deployed a simple random sampling technique with 370 valid responses through a structured questionnaire for the analysis. Relying on PLS-SEM (partial least square and structural modeling) with the aid of ADANCO 2.2.1 software version revealed that factors such as financial challenges, technology; market penetration & acceptability; and research & development are barriers facing SMEs sustainability in the Ghanaian manufacturing sector. This study would be beneficial to entrepreneurs and business owners of SMEs in most developing countries and provide deeper insight into the SME literature at large. This study would further strengthen SME entrepreneurs and business owners to fully devise strategies that can help them to override such migrating challenges and equipped them to effectively stay competitive in the long term for the firm’s growth and survival. The limitation and future research directions are equally presented in the paper.

scholarly journals KESADARAN GENDER YANG ISLAMI

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Nurdeni Dahri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Biological Differences

Biological differences between men and women have in the implementation of social and cultural life. There has been a gender gap due to the multiplicity of interpretations of the notion of gender itself. In-depth research is needed to determine the cause of the gap, let alone Islam declared the doctrine that leads to gender bias. Based on the discussion in this paper is declared Gender division of roles and responsibilities between women and men as a result of socio-cultural construction of society, which can be changed according to the demands of the changing times. While sex (gender: male and female) are not changed and the nature of God. In the teachings of Islam there is no difference between women and men in all its aspects, distinguishing only charity and piety

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