scholarly journals What Can Epidemiological Studies Tell Us about the Impact of Chemical Mixtures on Human Health?

2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Braun ◽  
Chris Gennings ◽  
Russ Hauser ◽  
Thomas F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Chemical Mixtures ◽  
The Impact

Menangle virus: one of the first of the novel viruses from fruit bats

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Peter D Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Management Program ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Sound Management ◽  
The Impact

‘Brainless pig disease swoops on Sydney.' This was a media headline that threatened to emerge during the early stages of a disease outbreak in pigs in NSW. However, identification of the viral cause and epidemiological studies that supported a sound management program minimised the impact of this outbreak on animal and human health.

scholarly journals PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bonato ◽  
Francesca Corrà ◽  
Marta Bellio ◽  
Laura Guidolin ◽  
Laura Tallandini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Environmental Distribution ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
The Impact

Due to their unique properties, perfluorinated substances (PFAS) are widely used in multiple industrial and commercial applications, but they are toxic for animals, humans included. This review presents some available data on the PFAS environmental distribution in the world, and in particular in Europe and in Veneto region of Italy, where it has become a serious problem for human health. The consumption of contaminated food and drinking water is considered one of the major source of exposure for humans. Worldwide epidemiological studies report the negative effects that PFAS have on human health, due to environmental pollution, including infertility, steroid hormone perturbation, thyroid, liver and kidney disorders and metabolic disfunctions. In vitro and in vivo researches correlated PFAS exposure to oxidative stress effects (in mammals as well as in other vertebrates of human interest), produced by a PFAS-induced increase of reactive oxygen species formation. The cellular antioxidant defense system is activated by PFAS, but it is only partially able to avoid the oxidative damage to biomolecules.

scholarly journals ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD INFLUENCES ON HUMAN HEALTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Miodrag Šmelcerović
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Portable Communication ◽  
The Impact

The environment we live in is exposed to the increasing and increasing frequency of electromagnetic radiation in our homes and workplaces. In addition to natural radiation from the sun, radiation sources such as high-voltage transmission lines and powerful radar devices are sources of strong electric and magnetic fields. Increasing the number of portable communication and entertainment devices also increase the human body's exposure to additional electromagnetic radiation. This paper describes the most common effects of low-frequency non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (ELFs), which can cause biological changes, sometimes negative for human health. Different methods and approaches are used to investigate the effect of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on biological systems. In vitro cell culture studies provide important insights into the underlying mechanisms of biological effects of low radiation levels. It is often not possible to deduce the functional response of a human organism to a particular biological effect. In vivo animal and human studies provide more convincing evidence of possible adverse health effects. There is a problem with the extrapolation of the results obtained from animal experiments to humans. Epidemiological studies provide the most direct information on the risk of adverse effects in humans. However, it is difficult to find good control groups that in all aspects (gender, similar life habits, etc.) fit the exposed groups. Care should be taken in interpreting the results of epidemiological studies, especially if low risk is found, as this may be due to other factors. Epidemiological studies are important for monitoring the impact of new technologies on human health [1].

scholarly journals Chemical mixtures and neurobehavior: a review of epidemiologic findings and future directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
Ann M. Vuong ◽  
Kimberly Yolton ◽  
Joseph M. Braun ◽  
Bruce P. Lanphear ◽  
Aimin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Chemical Mixtures ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiological studies have historically focused on single toxicants, or toxic chemicals, and neurodevelopment, even though the interactions of chemicals and nutrients may result in additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or potentiating effects on neurological endpoints. Investigating the impact of environmentally-relevant chemical mixtures, including heavy metals and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), is more reflective of human exposures and may result in more refined environmental policies to protect the public.ObjectiveIn this review, we provide a summary of epidemiological studies that have analyzed chemical mixtures of heavy metals and EDCs and neurobehavior utilizing multi-chemical models, including frequentist and Bayesian methods.ContentStudies investigating chemicals and neurobehavior have the opportunity to not only examine the impact of chemical mixtures, but they can also identify chemicals from a mixture that may play a key role in neurotoxicity, investigate interactive effects, estimate non-linear dose response, and identify potential windows of susceptibility. The examination of neurobehavioral domains is particularly challenging given that traits emerge and change over time and subclinical nuances of neurobehavior are often unrecognized. To date, only a handful of epidemiological studies examining neurodevelopment have utilized multi-pollutant models in the investigation of heavy metals and EDCs. However, these studies were successful in identifying contaminants of importance from the exposure mixtures.Summary and OutlookInvestigators are encouraged to broaden their focus to include more environmentally relevant mixtures of chemicals using advanced statistical approaches, particularly to aid in identifying potential mechanisms underlying associations.

scholarly journals PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8020
Author(s):  
Marco Bonato ◽  
Francesca Corrà ◽  
Marta Bellio ◽  
Laura Guidolin ◽  
Laura Tallandini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Environmental Distribution ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
The Impact

Due to their unique properties, perfluorinated substances (PFAS) are widely used in multiple industrial and commercial applications, but they are toxic for animals, humans included. This review presents some available data on the PFAS environmental distribution in the world, and in particular in Europe and in the Veneto region of Italy, where it has become a serious problem for human health. The consumption of contaminated food and drinking water is considered one of the major source of exposure for humans. Worldwide epidemiological studies report the negative effects that PFAS have on human health, due to environmental pollution, including infertility, steroid hormone perturbation, thyroid, liver and kidney disorders, and metabolic disfunctions. In vitro and in vivo researches correlated PFAS exposure to oxidative stress effects (in mammals as well as in other vertebrates of human interest), produced by a PFAS-induced increase of reactive oxygen species formation. The cellular antioxidant defense system is activated by PFAS, but it is only partially able to avoid the oxidative damage to biomolecules.

scholarly journals Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Molina ◽  
Richard Toro A. ◽  
Carlos Manzano ◽  
Silvia Canepari ◽  
Lorenzo Massimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
The Impact

The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been systematically used in epidemiological studies as an indicator of exposure to air pollutants, connecting PM concentrations with a wide variety of human health effects. However, these effects can be hardly explained by using one single parameter, especially because PM is formed by a complex mixture of chemicals. Current research has shown that many of these adverse health effects can be derived from the oxidative stress caused by the deposition of PM in the lungs. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM, related to the presence of transition metals and organic compounds that can induce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), could be a parameter to evaluate these effects. Therefore, estimating the OP of atmospheric PM would allow us to evaluate and integrate the toxic potential of PM into a unique parameter, which is related to emission sources, size distribution and/or chemical composition. However, the association between PM and particle-induced toxicity is still largely unknown. In this commentary article, we analyze how this new paradigm could help to deal with some unanswered questions related to the impact of atmospheric PM over human health.

Role of Nutraceuticals in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: A Review in the Indian Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Sheena Chhabra ◽  
Apurva Bakshi ◽  
Ravineet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Immense Potential ◽  
Specific Health

Nutraceuticals have been around for quite some time. As the nomenclature suggests, they are placed somewhere between food (nutra-) and medicine (-ceuticals) in terms of their impact on human health. Researches have focused on the impact of various types of nutraceuticals on health, their efficacy in health promotion and disease prevention, and often on suitable uses of certain categories of nutraceuticals for specific health issues. However, we are still far from utilizing the immense potential of nutraceuticals for benefiting human health in a substantial manner. We review the available scholarly literature regarding the role of nutraceuticals in health promotion, their efficacy in disease prevention and the perception of nutraceuticals' health benefits by consumers. Thereafter we analyze the need for regulation of nutraceuticals and various provisions regarding the same.

Evaluation of Nanotechniques and Conventional Techniques for the Removal of Dioxins

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Vaishali V. Shahare ◽  
Rajni Grover ◽  
Suman Meena
Keyword(s):  
Soil Sample ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Dioxins And Furans ◽  
Palladized Iron ◽  
The Impact

Background: The persistent dioxins/furans has caused a worldwide concern as they influence the human health. Recent research indicates that nonmaterial may prove effective in the degradation of Dioxins/furans. The nanomaterials are very reactive owing to their large surface area to volume ratio and large number of reactive sites. However, nanotechnology applications face both the challenges and the opportunities to influence the area of environmental protection. Objective: i) To study the impact of oil mediated UV-irradiations on the removal of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, OCDD and OCDF in simulated soil samples. ii) To compare the conventional treatment methods with the modern available nanotechniques for the removal of selected Dioxins/furans from soil samples. Methods: The present work has investigated an opportunity of the degradation of tetra and octachlorinated dioxins and furans by using oil mediated UV radiations with subsequent extraction of respective dioxins/furans from soils. The results have been compared with the available nanotechniques. Results: The dioxin congeners in the simulated soil sample showed decrease in concentration with the increase in the exposure time and intensity of UV radiations. The dechlorination of PCDD/Fs using palladized iron has been found to be effective. Conclusion: Both the conventional methods and nanotechnology have a dramatic impact on the removal of Dioxins/furans in contaminated soil. However, the nanotechniques are comparatively costlier and despite the relatively high rates of PCDDs dechlorination by Pd/nFe, small fraction of the dioxins are recalcitrant to degradation over considerable exposure times.

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