The Leaf Greenness Index SPAD and Selected Features of Potato Following an Application of Herbicides and Biostimulants

The study presents the results of two field studies (Experiment I, Experiment II), whose aim was to assess the impact of agriculture factors on maize green mass and leaf greenness index (Soil and Plant Analysis Development, SPAD) in critical growth stages, as well as to determine the relationship between the SPAD index and the yield of green maize for ensiling. It was shown that thermal and humidity conditions in maize growing seasons determined the value of the SPAD leaf greenness index and the yield of maize harvested for silage. Row application of mineral fertilizer (N, NP) and selection of “stay-green” varieties guarantee a higher yield of maize green mass. Growing maize in direct sowing reduces chlorophyll content expressed in SPAD units, thereby reducing plant nitrogen condition, which significantly decreases the yield of biomass intended for silage. The SPAD leaf greenness index determined in critical stages of maize growth can be considered as a yield predictor of green mass for ensiling. The examined maize cultivars were divided into two groups on the basis of hierarchically grouping using the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means. The first group comprised cultivars SY Cooky and Drim “stay-green,” while the second one included cultivars ES Paroli “stay-green” and ES Palazzo.

Download Full-text

Effect of growth regulator Kelpak SL on the formation of aboveground biomass of Festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) A. Camus

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2013.031 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 149-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jacek Sosnowski ◽

Kazimierz Jankowski ◽

Beata Wiśniewska-Kadźajan

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulator ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Biomass Yield ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Soil Material ◽

Natural Plant ◽

Full Period ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

Greenness Index

A study on the cultivation of Festulolium braunii cv. 'Felopa' was carried out using polyurethane rings with a diameter of 36 cm and a height of 40 cm, which were sunk into the ground to a depth of 30 cm and filled with soil material. In this experiment, Kelpak SL was used as a bioregulator. It consists of natural plant hormones such as auxins (11 mg in dm3) and cytokinins (0.03 mg in dm3). The experimental factors were as follows: A1-control; A2 – 20% solution of the growth regulator; A3 – 40% solution; and A4 – 60% solution. The preparation was applied to all three regrowths in the form of spray, at a rate of 3 cm3 ring-1, at the stem elongation stage. The full period of this experiment was in the years 2010–2011. During this time, detailed investigations were carried out on aboveground biomass yield (g DM ring-1), number of shoots (pcs ring-1), leaf blade length (cm), width of the leaf blade base (mm), leaf greenness index (SPAD). The study showed a significant effect of the growth regulator on the formation of Festulolium braunii biomass. However, its highest effectiveness was observed when the 60% solution was applied.

Download Full-text

Influence of various chemical compounds on postharvest longevity of cut leaves of Waldsteinia geoides Willd.

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2014.038 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 83-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria P. Ulczycka-Walorska ◽

Agnieszka Krzymińska

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Application Method ◽

Postharvest Longevity ◽

Cut Leaves ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

Greenness Index ◽

Methods Of Application

The influence of conditioning and different methods of application of chemical compounds on cut leaves of Waldsteinia geoides was assessed. Gibberellic acid and benzyladenine at a concentration of 50 or 100 mg × dm-3, and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate at a concentration of 200 mg × dm-3 were used in the process of conditioning. The leaves were conditioned in two different ways. In the first one, half of leaf stalks were soaked for 24 hours. In the latter, whole leaf blades were dipped for thirty seconds. Cut leaves were stored either in water or in the solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate at a concentration of 200 mg × dm-3. It was both the chemical compounds applied and the application method that influenced the postharvest longevity of the leaves. The leaves conditioned in 8HQS and stored in water, those conditioned in BA at a concentration of 50 mg × dm-3 and stored in 8HQS, and those which were not conditioned and stored in 8HQS exhibited the highest level of postharvest longevity. The application of 8HQS for conditioning had a favorable effect on the increase in the weight of Waldsteinia geoides cut leaves. 8HQS applied in storing resulted in a smaller decrease in the values of the leaf greenness index.

Download Full-text

By-Plant Prediction of Dry Matter Yields at Various Growth Stages of Maize Plants (Zea mays L.) Using Leaf Greenness Indicator in Climatic Conditions of Poland

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11209513 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (20) ◽

pp. 9513

Author(s):

Waldemar Zielewicz ◽

Barbara Wróbel ◽

Piotr Szulc ◽

Henryk Bujak ◽

Barbara Stachowiak

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Stay Green ◽

Maize Varieties ◽

Maize Plants ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

K Fertilization ◽

Greenness Index

Predicting yield at an early growth stage allows one to optimize the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilization to maximize crop yield. The aim of the study was to determine how different nitrogen doses would affect the nutrition of two maize varieties (Zea mays L.) with this element and their yields, and to demonstrate the potential of using the SPAD index as an early-stage predictor of dry matter yield (DMY) of maize biomass. The field experiment, with different pre- and post-sown N fertilizer doses, was conducted for two years in Poland. The two-factor experiment was set up in a randomized block design with three field replicates. There were four mineral fertilization variants: (I) 120 kg N·ha−1 without P and K fertilization, (II) 120 kg N·ha−1 + PK, (III) 160 kg N·ha−1 + PK, and (IV) 200 kg N·ha−1 + PK. The second-order factor was two stay-green maize varieties: Delitop (FAO 240) and Magitop (FAO 270). The mean values of the SPAD index of maize depended on the nitrogen dose. When the dose was increased from 120 kg·ha−1 to 200 kg·ha−1 with constant P and K fertilization, the value of the leaf greenness index increased significantly. The plants of both maize varieties fertilized with nitrogen at a dose of 120 kg N·ha−1 without P and K were characterized by the lowest values of the SPAD index, regardless of the year of the experiment. When the nitrogen dose was supplemented with P and K, the plants’ nutrition with nitrogen improved significantly. The values of the SPAD index in the maize plants of the variety Magitop were significantly greater than in the plants of the variety Delitop. The coefficients of correlation calculated for both maize varieties were highly significant at all measurement dates. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the SPAD leaf greenness index can be used as an important, reliable, and non-invasive indicator for maize yield prediction. Nutrition of maize plants with nitrogen proved to be the main determinant of variability of the biomass yield. For this reason, it was the basis for the verification of individual mineral fertilization variants. The lack of phosphorus and potassium in the dose of mineral fertilizer limited the yield regardless of the variety, as compared to the variant that was optimally balanced with the nitrogen dose.

Download Full-text

Effect of daminozide and flurprimidol on growth, flowering and bulb yield of Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt.

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.1515/fhort-2017-0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 33-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Piotr Salachna ◽

Agnieszka Zawadzińska

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Height ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Foliar Sprays ◽

Commercial Plant ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

Greenness Index ◽

Pot Plant ◽

Bulb Yield

AbstractEucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt., commonly known as pineapple lily, is a new ornamental pot plant with great marketing potential. This work evaluated the effects of two gibberellin synthesis inhibitors (daminozide and flurprimidol) applied as commercial plant growth regulators (PGRs) B-Nine and Topflor on the growth, flowering, and bulb yield in E. autumnalis. The PGRs were applied three times as substrate drenches or foliar sprays at the concentration of 15 mg dm-3(flurprimidol) or 4250 mg dm-3(daminozide). Plant growth was restricted only by flurprimidol, particularly when it was applied as substrate drenches. Plant height was reduced by 48% at anthesis and by 38% at flower senescence, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of the application method, flurprimidol increased the leaf greenness index (SPAD) and bulb weight. Daminozide treatments were ineffective in controlling plant height and negatively influenced bulb weight. Foliar sprays of daminozide increased the length of inflorescences and the number of flowers per inflorescence.

Download Full-text

Immobilization of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) by Mineral-Based Amendments: Remediation of Contaminated Soils in Post-Industrial Sites

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10020087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 87 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maja Radziemska ◽

Agnieszka Bęś ◽

Zygmunt M. Gusiatin ◽

Grzegorz Majewski ◽

Zbigniew Mazur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soils ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Potentially Toxic Elements ◽

Lupinus Luteus ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Industrial Sites ◽

Yellow Lupine ◽

Post Industrial ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

Greenness Index

In many post-industrial sites, the high contents and high mobility of different potentially toxic elements (PTEs) make the soils unsuitable for effective management and use. Therefore, immobilization of PTE seems to be the best remediation option for such areas. In the present study, soil samples were collected in post-industrial areas in Northeastern Poland. The analyzed soil was characterized by especially high contents of Cd (22 mg·kg−1), Pb (13 540 mg·kg−1), and Zn (8433 mg·kg−1). Yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) and two types of mineral-based amendments were used to determine their combined remediation effect on PTE immobilization. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of chalcedonite and halloysite on plant growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence, the leaf greenness index (SPAD), PTE uptake, and the physicochemical properties and toxicity of soil. The application of chalcedonite resulted in the greatest increase in soil pH, whereas halloysite contributed to the greatest reduction in the contents of Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cr in soil, compared with the control treatment. The addition of halloysite significantly increased plant biomass. The application of mineral-based amendments increased the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in yellow lupine leaves. The leaf greenness index was highest in plants growing in soil amended with chalcedonite. The results of this study suggest that mineral-based amendments combined with yellow lupine could potentially be used for aided phytostabilization of multi-PTE contaminated soil in a post-industrial area.

Download Full-text

Relationship between leaf greenness index and leaf water status in wheat under different tillage systems

Phyton ◽

10.32604/phyton.2010.79.183 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 183-187

Author(s):

Mirass髇 HR ◽

ML Faraldo ◽

MN Fioretti ◽

M Miravalles ◽

RE Brevedan

Keyword(s):

Water Status ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Leaf Water Status ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

Greenness Index

Download Full-text

Response of Interspecific Geraniums to Waste Wood Fiber Substrates and Additional Fertilization

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11020119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Agnieszka Zawadzińska ◽

Piotr Salachna ◽

Jacek S. Nowak ◽

Waldemar Kowalczyk

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

High Quality ◽

Waste Wood ◽

Sustainable Horticulture ◽

Macro And Micronutrients ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

Greenness Index ◽

Cu And Zn

Promotion of sustainable horticulture via wider use of peat substrate substitutes makes wood fiber an increasingly popular substrate component. Interspecific geraniums are plants of huge potential in the floriculture market, but there are not enough specific guidelines on their cultivation. This study investigated the effectiveness of enriching peat substrate with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% (by volume) waste wood fiber in the pot cultivation of interspecific geraniums cv. ‘Calliope Dark Red’. It also examined plant response to additional fertilization with nitrogen in the form of Ca(NO3)2. Plants grown in the substrate with 10% and 20% of wood fiber did not differ in the leaf greening index, flower weight, and visual score from the plants grown in control (100% peat substrate). Wood fiber content of 40% negatively affected all growth parameters and leaf content of macro- and micronutrients. The plants growing in the peat substrate enriched with 20% of waste wood fiber and fertilized with nitrogen had the highest leaf greenness index, the greatest number of flowers, and the highest content of N, P, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. In summary, the study demonstrated that high quality ornamental plants can be successfully grown in peat substrate containing 20% of waste wood fiber and additionally fertilized with nitrogen.

Download Full-text

Aiming for a Standardized Protocol for Preparing a Process Green Synthesis Report and for Ranking Multiple Synthesis Plans to a Common Target Product

10.26434/chemrxiv.7931966.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

john andraos

Keyword(s):

Green Synthesis ◽

Block Diagram ◽

Computational Method ◽

Borda Count ◽

Target Product ◽

Material Efficiency ◽

Synthesis Report ◽

Common Target ◽

Greenness Index ◽

Multiple Synthesis

This paper proposes a standardized format for the preparation of process green synthesis reports that can be applied to chemical syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Such a report is comprised of the following eight sections: a synthesis scheme, a synthesis tree, radial pentagons and step E-factor breakdowns for each reaction step, a tabular summary of key material efficiency step and overall metrics for a synthesis plan, a mass process block diagram, an energy consumption audit based on heating and cooling reaction and auxiliary solvents, a summary of environmental and safety-hazard impacts based on organic solvent consumption using the Rowan solvent greenness index, and a cycle time process schedule. Illustrative examples of process green synthesis reports are given for the following pharmaceuticals: 5-HT2B and 5-HT7 receptors antagonist (Astellas Pharma), brivanib (Bristol-Myers Squibb), and orexin receptor agonist (Merck). Methods of ranking synthesis plans to a common target product are also discussed using 6 industrial synthesis plans of apixaban (Bristol-Myers Squibb) as a working example. The Borda count method is suggested as a facile and reliable computational method for ranking multiple synthesis plans to a common target product using the following 4 attributes obtained from a process green synthesis report: process mass intensity, mass of sacrificial reagents used per kg of product, input enthalpic energy for solvents, and Rowan solvent greenness index for organic solvents.

Download Full-text

Supporting Physiological Trait for Indirect Selection for Grain Yield in Drought-Stressed Popcorn

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081510 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1510

Author(s):

Samuel Henrique Kamphorst ◽

Gabriel Moreno Bernardo Gonçalves ◽

Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Júnior ◽

Valter Jário de Lima ◽

Kátia Fabiane Medeiros Schmitt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Morphological Traits ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Indirect Selection ◽

Leaf Angle ◽

Water Restriction ◽

Leaf Greenness ◽

Selection Of

The identification of traits associated with drought tolerance in popcorn is a contribution to support selection of superior plants under soil water deficit. The objective of this study was to choose morphological traits and the leaf greenness index, measured on different dates, to estimate grain yield (GY) and popping expansion (PE), evaluated in a set of 20 popcorn lines with different genealogies, estimated by multiple regression models. The variables were divided into three groups: morpho-agronomic traits—100-grain weight (GW), prolificacy (PR), tassel length (TL), number of tassel branches, anthesis-silking interval, leaf angle (FA) and leaf rolling (FB); variables related to the intensity of leaf greenness during the grain-filling period, at the leaf level, measured by a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and at the canopy level, calculated as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The inbred lines were cultivated under two water conditions: well-watered (WW), maintained at field capacity, and water stress (WS), for which irrigation was stopped before male flowering. The traits GY (55%) and PE (28%) were most affected by water restriction. Among the morpho-agronomic traits, GW and PR were markedly reduced (>10%). Under dry conditions, the FA in relation to the plant stalk tended to be wider, the FB curvature greater and leaf senescence accelerated (>15% at 22 days after male flowering). The use of multiple regression for the selection of predictive traits proved to be a useful tool for the identification of groups of adequate traits to efficiently predict the economically most important features of popcorn (GY and PE). The SPAD index measured 17 days after male flowering proved useful to select indirectly for GY, while, among the morphological traits, TL stood out for the same purpose. Of all traits, PR was most strongly related with PE under WS, indicating its use in breeding programs. The exploitation of these traits by indirect selection is expected to induce increments in GY and PE.

Download Full-text