The Era of Inter-Mongol Warfare

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Urban Economy ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the conflicts among the Mongol successor-states that developed after 1260, along with the turbulent activities of nomads within such states and the measures of reconstruction that the various Mongol regimes put in place. It begins with a discussion of the Mongol empire's fragmentation into four virtually independent khanates, where the conquered Muslims of the empire were now divided: the dominions of the ‘Great Khan’ (qaghan) in China and Mongolia proper; the Ilkhanate in Iran, Iraq and Anatolia; the ulus of Chaghadai in Central Asia; and the ulus of Jochi in the western steppes. The chapter then considers the relationship between the khans and the qaghans, the problems of warfare between different Mongol khanates, and the Jochids' incursions into Ilkhanid territory. It also explores the impact of the inter-Mongol warfare upon the agrarian and urban economy of the Islamic world.

SOME COMMENTS ON THE USE OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Shazamanov Sh. I. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Russian Language

The article analyzes the status and history of the Uzbek language in Central Asia, the relationship with foreign languages, the state policy in the development of the Uzbek language, the impact of Russian phrases on Uzbek speech. The article is the result of practical observations of the Uzbek language in public life. The article is important in terms of studying the phrases learned from the Russian language in the Uzbek spoken language. Issues related to it are among the most studied articles in Uzbek sociolinguistics. In this regard, some of the points raised in the article may be controversial

scholarly journals A economia urbana e os artistas de rua: performance, mobilidades e conflitos em um espaço público turistificado

GeoTextos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
António Cláudio do Nascimento Silva ◽  
Daniel Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Economy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Historic Centre ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

<p>Este artigo pretende refletir sobre a complexa relação entre os artistas de rua, as suas performances e o espaço urbano. Para esta reflexão, baseamo-nos num estudo desenvolvido na Baixa lisboeta, localizada no centro histórico da cidade de Lisboa, Portugal. Metodologicamente, o estudo implicou observação sombreada com recurso a caminhadas e à videografia entre 2016 e 2021, bem como um conjunto de 15 entrevistas realizadas a artistas de rua em 2018. Conceptualmente, o estudo recorre ao crescente corpo de bibliografia no âmbito da geografia sensorial e da etnomusicologia, nomeadamente em relação aos artistas de rua e às suas performances, e a sua intersecção com questões económicas, os aspetos da urbanidade, a influência do turismo e as experiências sensoriais. Os nossos resultados desvendam o processo de territorialização dos locais de performance na Baixa lisboeta, o impacto das performances artísticas no espaço público, e a relação dos artistas de rua com os agentes formais da economia urbana. Concluímos o artigo com uma breve reflexão sobre a importância do turismo para a expansão do busking.</p><p><span>Abstract</span></p><p>URBAN ECONOMY AND STREET ARTISTS: PERFORMANCE, MOBILITY, AND CONFLICT IN A TOURISTIFIED PUBLIC SPACE</p><p>This article reflects on the complex relationship between street artists, their performances and urban space. For this reflection, we draw upon a study conducted in the Baixa, located in the historic centre of the city of Lisbon, Portugal. Methodologically, the study involved shadowed observation, including walks and videography, which took place between 2016 and 2021, as well as a set of 15 interviews with street artists which were conducted in 2018. Conceptually, the study draws upon the growing body of works within the scope of sensory geography and ethnomusicology, namely regarding street artists and their performances, and their intersection with economic issues, aspects of urbanity, the influence of tourism and sensory experiences. Our results reveal the process of territorialization of performance sites in Lisbon’s Baixa, the impact of artistic performances in the public space, and the relationship of street artists with the formal agents of the urban economy. We conclude the article with a brief reflection on the significance of tourism for the expansion of busking.</p>

scholarly journals The Impact Of Social Media On The Acceptance Of Fatwas Among Malaysian Muslims

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Mohd Harifadilah Rosidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
World Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Social media plays an important role in the spread of Islam around the world today and has been recognized for its use in the Islamic world. However, the use of social media in disseminating fatwas is still not widespread. Thus, this study aims to highlight previous studies related to the use of social media in the dissemination of fatwas and its impact on the acceptance of fatwas among the community. The results show that the use of social media in disseminating fatwa information and explanation of fatwas can increase the acceptance of fatwas among the Malaysian Muslim community. At the end of the study, the researchers suggested that more empirical studies could be done to confirm the relationship between the use of social media and the acceptance of fatwas among the Malaysian Muslim community

The Creation of a Charitable Landscape

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-114
Author(s):  
Adam J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Urban Economy ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Institution ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
Institutional Landscape ◽  
Important Center ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the role of the counts and countesses in the provision of charity. While the counts' patronage of religious institutions has been studied, far less attention has been paid to their patronage of hospitals. Did they regard hospitals as simply another religious institution in need of support, or were there distinctive elements in their relationship to these charitable institutions, a number of which the counts had founded and which remained under their jurisdiction? The same question can be asked of Champagne's aristocracy, known for its benefaction of monastic houses, but which also showed a “compulsion for provisioning the poor and sick.” Champagne's increasingly influential urban bourgeoisie also played a prominent role in bequests to hospitals and in other economic transactions with these institutions. The chapter then looks at the relationship between Champagne's hospitals and other ecclesiastical institutions, such as monasteries, chapters, and cathedrals. Given that the county was such an important center for monastic life, particularly reformed monasticism, there is a need to consider the impact that monasteries may have had in supporting or eclipsing the provision of charity in hospitals. Scholars of medieval religious institutions have not examined the central role that these charitable institutions played, both in the larger religious and institutional landscape and in the urban economy.

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Customary Law ◽  
Black Death ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Imperial Culture ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mongol Rule

This epilogue discusses the impact of infidel Mongol rule on the Islamic world in the longer term, down to the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. It begins with an analysis of the more direct legacy of infidel Mongol rule: the survival of what might be termed a ‘Mongol imperial culture’, which involved new Chinggisid concepts of legitimacy, new techniques of government, and a persistent allegiance to Mongol customary law (the Yasa). It then considers other consequences of the Mongol expansion, including the Turkicization of nomadic Mongols and Turks, the strengthening of external Muslim states through immigration from Mongol-occupied territories; the spread of the Islamic faith, and the emergence of new Muslim ethnicities. The chapter also examines the the relationship between the Mongol conquests and the genesis of the Black Death, through the integration of the whole of Eurasia (including the entire Dār al-Islām as far west as Spain) within a single disease zone.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Business: Making Cents of Coding Systems: Billing for Professional Services

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Dee Adams Nikjeh
Keyword(s):  
Professional Services ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Coding Systems ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Program Funding ◽  
Fee Schedule ◽  
Procedure Codes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Administrators and supervisors face daily challenges over issues such as program funding, service fees, correct coding procedures, and the ever-changing healthcare regulations. Receiving equitable reimbursement for speech-language pathology and audiology services necessitates an understanding of federal coding and reimbursement systems. This tutorial provides information pertaining to two major healthcare coding systems and explains the relationship of these systems to clinical documentation, the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule and equitable reimbursement. An explanation of coding edits and coding modifiers is provided for use in those occasional atypical situations when the standard use of procedural coding may not be appropriate. Also included in this tutorial is a brief discussion of the impact that the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (HR 6331 Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act [MIPPA], 2008) has had on the valuation of speech-language pathology procedure codes.

The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Britta Renner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health State ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

Assessing the Impact of Suicide Exclusion Periods on Life Insurance

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Yip ◽  
David Pitt ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xueyuan Wu ◽  
Ray Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Insured Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We study the impact of suicide-exclusion periods, common in life insurance policies in Australia, on suicide and accidental death rates for life-insured individuals. If a life-insured individual dies by suicide during the period of suicide exclusion, commonly 13 months, the sum insured is not paid. Aims: We examine whether a suicide-exclusion period affects the timing of suicides. We also analyze whether accidental deaths are more prevalent during the suicide-exclusion period as life-insured individuals disguise their death by suicide. We assess the relationship between the insured sum and suicidal death rates. Methods: Crude and age-standardized rates of suicide, accidental death, and overall death, split by duration since the insured first bought their insurance policy, were computed. Results: There were significantly fewer suicides and no significant spike in the number of accidental deaths in the exclusion period for Australian life insurance data. More suicides, however, were detected for the first 2 years after the exclusion period. Higher insured sums are associated with higher rates of suicide. Conclusions: Adverse selection in Australian life insurance is exacerbated by including a suicide-exclusion period. Extension of the suicide-exclusion period to 3 years may prevent some “insurance-induced” suicides – a rationale for this conclusion is given.

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