Pax Mongolica and a Transcontinental Traffic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Cultural Diffusion ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Precious Stones

This chapter examines the conditions created by the Mongol conquests, summed up in the phrase Pax Mongolica, and the role of the Silk Roads in the transcontinental travel andcommunication to which the Mongols had given impetus. It begins with a discussion of commodities traded in Mongol Asia, including spices, silks and other luxury textiles, pearls, precious stones, bullion and furs. It then considers the Mongols' diversion of trade routes within Western Asia and their role in the emergence of new termini, along with the steps taken by Mongol khans to foster trade. It also analyses the obstacles and risks involved in overland trade and travel in the era of the successor-states, the growth in the maritime trade of Asia during the Mongol epoch, and the limits of cultural diffusion brought by transcontinental trade across Mongol Asia.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HOI AN TO THE MARITIME SILK ROAD (FROM THE FIRST HALF OF 16TH CENTURY TO THE SECOND HALF OF 18TH CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Chanh Tin Tang ◽  
Nguyen Huy Chinh Phan
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The World

The Maritime Silk Road is considered the beginning of all international maritime trade routes, not only in terms of trade; the Maritime Silk Road is also the foundation for human discoveries and understanding about geography, nature, politics and society of many parts of the world. Thanks to its significantly geopolitical and geo-cultural position; from a very early age, Hoi An trading port (Vietnam) has participated and played an important role on this arterial route. This article will focus on clarifying the birth as well as the role of Hoi An to the Maritime Silk Road from) early 16th century to the end of 18th century.

The Uruk Phenomenon

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-244
Author(s):  
Gebhard J. Selz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Features

The city of Uruk in southern Iraq was the main force for urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia during the Uruk period (ca. 3800–3300 BC), which takes its name from this “first city.” This chapter discusses this formative period for the social, political, and cultural history of Mesopotamia and beyond, as well as the ensuing transitional period (Uruk III/Jemdet Nasr period; ca. 3300–3000 BC). The focus lies on the key elements of Uruk culture and its spread across Western Asia, including Syria, Anatolia, and Iran; the invention of cuneiform writing; and aspects of social, religious, and political organization of this emergent state. Contextualized in climatic, demographic, and geographic observations, the chapter evaluates key cultural features, stressing the role of population growth intertwined with technological, agricultural, and administrative improvements. These cultural features’ dissemination along trade routes to the Levant, Anatolia, and Iran is linked to the establishment of strongholds that secured the exchange of goods, with the south of Mesopotamia serving as the commercial hub. While the available sources—both textual and iconographic—provide no unequivocal evidence for the alleged monocratic governance of Uruk-period society, the identifiable political structures were strongly intertwined with religious functions, indicating great societal complexity. The alleged collapse of the Uruk culture was predominantly the breakdown of the Uruk (trade) network. Culturally, however, many features of the Uruk phenomenon provided the founding charter for Mesopotamian social structures in subsequent periods.

scholarly journals Plague and the Fall of Baghdad (1258)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Nahyan Fancy ◽  
Monica H. Green
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
A Minor

AbstractThe recent suggestion that the late medieval Eurasian plague pandemic, the Black Death, had its origins in the thirteenth century rather than the fourteenth century has brought new scrutiny to texts reporting ‘epidemics’ in the earlier period. Evidence both from Song China and Iran suggests that plague was involved in major sieges laid by the Mongols between the 1210s and the 1250s, including the siege of Baghdad in 1258 which resulted in the fall of the Abbasid caliphate. In fact, re-examination of multiple historical accounts in the two centuries after the siege of Baghdad shows that the role of epidemic disease in the Mongol attacks was commonly known among chroniclers in Syria and Egypt, raising the question why these outbreaks have been overlooked in modern historiography of plague. The present study looks in detail at the evidence in Arabic sources for disease outbreaks after the siege of Baghdad in Iraq and its surrounding regions. We find subtle factors in the documentary record to explain why, even though plague received new scrutiny from physicians in the period, it remained a minor feature in stories about the Mongol invasion of western Asia. In contemporary understandings of the genesis of epidemics, the Mongols were not seen to have brought plague to Baghdad; they caused plague to arise by their rampant destruction. When an even bigger wave of plague struck the Islamic world in the fourteenth century, no association was made with the thirteenth-century episode. Rather, plague was now associated with the Mongol world as a whole.

Increasing the level of economic security of Russia in the conditions of digital transformation of the economy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.Kh. Zoidov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Medkov ◽  
A.Sh. Kadyrbayev ◽  
M.M. Chernyshov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Western Asia

The monograph provides a system of arguments that prove, based on the application of a historical approach, that the routing and filling of trade routes with cargo flows, the implementation of current infrastructure and integration projects are due not only to economic, but also political and military-strategic considerations. The results of historical research are given, according to which the Great silk road was not a specific route, not several routes, or even a transport and trade network, but, first of all, an entire political, military-strategic, social, economic, cultural and religious space, concentrated in certain points (centers). New results of constructing the theoretical base of the transit economy (TE) in terms of identifying the geopolitical base and directions of its functioning are presented. It is shown that Russia's priority in the Central Asian countries is not so much economic interests as political activity and the development of fuel and energy complex and the growth of the country's foreign policy weight and capabilities in global and regional cooperation are interrelated. The role of geopolitical and military-strategic considerations in Russia's relations with China, India, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Syria is revealed. It is proved that the basis for expanding Russia's influence in Central and Western Asia should be the development and implementation of joint regional infrastructure integration projects and their integration with global initiatives. Special attention is paid to the identification and analysis of positive and negative geopolitical results of digitalization of trade routes, scaling up the use of information technologies in the implementation of infrastructure and integration projects in Russia and in the space of Global Eurasia. It is shown that a large role in the implementation of Russian interests is played by solving the problems of generating, distributing and assigning revenues from the implementation of infrastructure and integration projects, forming nodes for creating added value in the conditions of creating and implementing intelligent transport systems. The monograph is intended for managers and specialists of public administration and corporate management, researchers, politicians, postgraduates and students.

Physicochemical approaches to gold and silver work, an overview: Searching for technologies, tracing routes, attempting to preserve

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria F. Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Gold Alloys ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
Corrosion Mechanisms ◽  
Challenging Question

Abstract Gold alloys and silver alloys have always been widely employed in the production of significant objects. With high reflectivity, precious metals are perceived as both materials and colours, and can be skilfully combined to produce metallic polychrome effects. Because their structure and composition contain information on their manufacture, use, disclaim and degradation, items in gold and in silver enclose major information on the technologies employed by past societies and on exchange networks. This information can be acquired using appropriate analytical protocols, established according to the nature of the query and the characteristics of the objects. By using physicochemical techniques, it is possible to identify the technologies, materials and tools used by the artisan and, in particular cases, to situate the sources of raw materials and the workshops producing the objects, as well as to follow the trade routes. The aim of this work is to outline major achievements in the study of goldwork and silverwork based on the different physicochemical methods that are available, and to refer the analytical difficulties that have to be faced when studying objects made from precious metals. Based on several examples, three topics are addressed. The first concerns the major role of the techniques of exam when describing shaping, decorating, assembling and finishing; the second considers the search for metallic polychrome effects in some cultural areas; and the third discusses the challenging question of fingerprinting. A fourth section is dedicated to a short reflection on the difficulties related to the identification of the atmospheric corrosion mechanisms of precious metals.

scholarly journals Rise and Fall of Kema Port in Sulawesi Sea Trade Routes During Colonial Period: Based on Infrastructure Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Irfanuddin Wahid Marzuki
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Communications Networks ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Phase Data ◽  
Collection Phase

Kema merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara yang berada di pesisir selatan Sulawesi. Saat ini Kema dikenal sebagai perkampungan nelayan padat penduduk yang terbagi menjadi Kema I, Kema II, dan Kema III. Riwayat sejarah Kema sudah dikenal semenjak abad XVI oleh pelaut-pelaut Eropa yang singgah untuk mengisi air minum, kemudian berkembang hingga menjadi sebuah kota pelabuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pasang surut keberadaan pelabuhan kema dalam perdagangan global Laut Sulawesi masa kolonial berdasarkan data arkeologi dan sejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan arkeologi kesejarahan yang memadukan data arkeologi dengan data sejarah. Tahapan penelitian meliputi tahap pengumpulan data, analisis data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya bukti-bukti arkeologis yang mengindikasikan Kema dahulu merupakan sebuah permukiman yang sudah maju, meliputi pola permukiman dan jaringan jalan, pelabuhan dan saran pendukungnya, rumah ibadah, bangunan perumahan, pasar, dan jaringan komunikasi. Bukti arkeologis dan data sejarah mengungkap bahwa Kema dikenal sebagai pelabuhan laut yang memegang peranan penting dalam perdagangan global pada masa Kolonial. Pelabuhan Kema bahkan ditetapkan sebagai salah satu pelabuhan bebas di perairan Laut Sulawesi. Peran pelabuhan Kema saat ini mengalami kemunduran, hanya sebagai pelabuhan perikanan tidak lagi sebagai pelabuhan samudera.Kema is one of the districts in Minahasa Utara Regency located on the southern coast of Sulawesi Utara. Currently, Kema is known as a densely populated fishing village which is divided into Kema Satu, Kema Dua, and Kema Tiga. Based on historical data, Kema has been known since the 16 century by European sailors who stopped to fill drinking water, then expanded into a port city. This study aims to determine the rise and fall of the existence of Kema in the global trade of the Sulawesi Sea in the colonial period based on archaeological and historical data. This study uses a historical archeology approach that combines archaeological data with historical data. Research stages include data collection phase, data analysis, and conclusion. The results indicate archaeological evidence shows that Kema was an advanced settlement, covering the settlement patterns and road networks, ports and supporting facilities, houses of worship, residential buildings, markets, and communications networks. Archaeological evidence and historical data reveal that Kema is known as a seaport that plays an important role in global trading during the Colonial period. Kema is even designated as one of the free ports in Sulawesi Sea. The role of Kema is currently declining, only as a fishing port no longer as an ocean port. 

scholarly journals EGE DENİZİ’NDEKİ KARASULARI SORUNUNUN TÜRK VE ULUSLARARASI DENİZ TİCARETİ’NE ETKİLERİ

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökçe Çiçek CEYHUN
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Transition Regime ◽  
Trade Routes

In today's world, one of the most fundamental strategies of states is to develop their competitive power by controlling energy lines and energy resources. Turkey, has high competitive advantage when compared to other countries especially in terms of geographic location. For this reason, Turkey has an attractive position in terms of the sharing of freight transport and having key role with maritime trade policies. Although maritime trade routes are legally free, such as transit and innocent passage, they are affected by the problem of sovereignty of sea areas. In particular, commercial routes to be followed by ships in controversial maritime areas have the potential to be influenced by a number of measures in favor of the coastal state in relation to the transition regime. Although in theory the freedom of transition is accepted, the conflicts between the coastal states in practice constitute an indicator of the big problems that can be experienced in the future. There are many world-wide problems in the coastal states such as territorial waters, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone. One of the most well-known problem is the ongoing territorial waters matter in the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey. In this study, the possible effects of the developments related to the limitation of territorial waters in the Aegean Sea to the maritime trade of our country and international maritime trade were evaluated. Within the scope of the research, in-depth literature was searched, the current situation was examined through maps related to maritime trade routes, and the possible scenarios were discussed and the study was terminated by presenting future measures and predictions.

The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 686-764
Author(s):  
Piotr Michalowski
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
First Empire ◽  
The World ◽  
External Relationships ◽  
Over Time

This chapter is dedicated to the external relationships of the Sargonic (Old Akkadian) polity, often described as the world’s first empire, and focuses primarily on military and diplomatic matters. The kings of this dynasty reigned over all of southern and northern Babylonia as well as patchworks of outposts, trade routes, and territory in neighboring Iran and Syria for approximately two and a half centuries, although their reach varied over time. The martial exploits of its rulers were remembered by later generations of Mesopotamian scribes and poets, who fictionalized them for their own purposes. This chapter eschews such information, focusing exclusively on the critical evaluation of contemporary sources. The Akkad polity was the first successful state of such a large size in Western Asia, with armies and organizational structures that were developed for maintaining strong, centralized control over its peripheries and the unruly central provinces, which were prone to revolt. Its armies were engaged in constant warfare, putting down native rebellions and venturing far and wide in search of booty and access to metals and stone, but often also engaged in defensive actions in Iran, contending with the expansive activities of the powerful state of Marhaši to the east.

Introducing the Oxford History of the Ancient Near East

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Karen Radner ◽  
Nadine Moeller ◽  
D. T. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
North African ◽  
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues

With the emphasis of the Oxford History of the Ancient Near East firmly placed on the political, social, and cultural histories of the states and communities shaping Egypt and Western Asia (including the Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran), this introduction to the five-volume series seeks to place the region in its environmental context. It discusses the lay of the land between the North African coast and the Hindu Kush, including the role of tectonics and geomorphology. It also considers some key issues regarding climatic conditions, focusing in particular on the significance of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and the potential impact of megadroughts and pandemics.

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