The Battle over National Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Benezra Strote
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
National Government ◽  
International Understanding ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

This chapter looks at the volatile debate about the future of German youth and the ability of the schools to turn them away from nationalism and toward a vision of international understanding. After the resignation of Heinrich Brüning in May 1932, a battle over the future of national education exposed a dangerous ideological rift running through Germany. Although conflicts over constitutive issues such as the separation of legal powers and political economy had been fierce in the preceding years, German journalists began writing about the actual possibility of “civil war” in the summer of 1932. It was the precise point at which a new national government, led by chancellor Franz von Papen, began laying plans for a radical centralization of educational policy. It was the first time since Germany's political unification sixty years earlier that the national regime in Berlin took administration of schools and curriculum away from the individual states and began centralizing decision making in the capital.

FISCAL PESSIMISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: TOCQUEVILLE'S CROSS REVISITED

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Isabel Cepeda ◽  
Pedro Fraile Balbín
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Modern School ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Future

ABSTRACT This paper explores Alexis de Tocqueville's thought on fiscal political economy as a forerunner of the modern school of preference falsification and rational irrationality in economic decision making. A good part of the literature has misrepresented Tocqueville as an unconditional optimist regarding the future of fiscal moderation under democracy. Yet, although he initially shared the cautious optimism of most classical economists with respect to taxes under extended suffrage, Tocqueville's view turned more pessimistic in the second volume of his Democracy in America. Universal enfranchisement and democratic governments would lead to higher taxes, more intense income redistribution and government control. Under democracy, the continuous search for unconditional equality would eventually jeopardise liberty and economic growth.

Is there Life after Kohl? The CDU Crisis and the Future of Party Democracy in Germany

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludger Helms
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Party System ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Christian Democratic Union ◽  
The Future ◽  
Christian Social Union ◽  
The Individual

There are few Chapters of the Federal Republic'S History that could be written without a prominent reference to the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Since 1949 Christian Democratic chancellors have led German governments for no less than 37 years. Even when in opposition, the Christian Democrats - composed at the national level of the CDU and the Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU)1 - constituted more often than not the strongest parliamentary party group (Fraktion) in the Bundestag, such as after the federal elections of 1969, 1976 and 1980. Also at state level and in the Bundesrat, which represents the individual states (L-nder) in the national decision-making process, the Christian Democrats quite often held a dominant position justifying occasional remarks of a ‘CDU/CSU bias’ within the German party system.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan Gurukkal
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Policy Document ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
National Education ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
National Education Policy

As the introductory to the Special Issue reviewing the Draft National Education Policy (NEP), 2016, the article seeks to provide a theoretical framework of critical political economy in examining the context, compulsions, quality implications, and social consequences of the policy document. It mentions certain social theories that compliment the framework of critical political economy by explaining subtleties in the inter-relationship between the economy and educational policy. As background factors essential for a critique of the policy document the special demographic situation, features of national socio-economics, the problem of low GER, dominance of Techno-capitalist Knowledge Economy on the educational policy, and the possible consequences have been summarised. A very brief statement of the purport of articles that make the Special Issue is given at the end.

scholarly journals Educating About and For the Future

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Electronic Discourse ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

Education for citizenship is more important than ever. The author describes a technology-supported curriculum that engages young teens in electronic discourse with peers on significant personal and societal issues and assists them in decision making on topics ranging from their personal futures to the futures of their communities, nation, and world. A further purpose is to use discourse as a bridge in developing the individual argumentive writing that students of all ages find so challenging.

scholarly journals A big data analysis of the relationship between future thinking and decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. E1740-E1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Thorstad ◽  
Phillip Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Far Future

We use big data methods to investigate how decision-making might depend on future sightedness (that is, on how far into the future people’s thoughts about the future extend). In study 1, we establish a link between future thinking and decision-making at the population level in showing that US states with citizens having relatively far future sightedness, as reflected in their tweets, take fewer risks than citizens in states having relatively near future sightedness. In study 2, we analyze people’s tweets to confirm a connection between future sightedness and decision-making at the individual level in showing that people with long future sightedness are more likely to choose larger future rewards over smaller immediate rewards. In study 3, we show that risk taking decreases with increases in future sightedness as reflected in people’s tweets. The ability of future sightedness to predict decisions suggests that future sightedness is a relatively stable cognitive characteristic. This implication was supported in an analysis of tweets by over 38,000 people that showed that future sightedness has both state and trait characteristics (study 4). In study 5, we provide evidence for a potential mechanism by which future sightedness can affect decisions in showing that far future sightedness can make the future seem more connected to the present, as reflected in how people refer to the present, past, and future in their tweets over the course of several minutes. Our studies show how big data methods can be applied to naturalistic data to reveal underlying psychological properties and processes.

Conclusions

Free Traders ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 163-181
Author(s):  
Malcolm Fairbrother
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
North America ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future

Globalization’s origins are not just a historical concern. Democracy and expertise confer legitimacy. Insofar as the foundations of today’s global economy were neither very democratic nor based on serious expertise, it is unsurprising that globalization remains contentious. In this light, Chapter 8 considers the implications of the book’s analysis for the future of globalization. It also compares the case of North America to cases elsewhere, and reflects on the implications for the social science literatures on international political economy and ideas in politics. This chapter closes with a discussion of the costs of thinking about trade in the informal, anti-expert way of the businesspeople and politicians who defended CUFTA and NAFTA back in the 1980s and 1990s. Such thinking biases domestic decision-making against the interests of workers and the environment.

scholarly journals Utopia as social psychotherapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 03021
Author(s):  
Michail Ingerlab ◽  
Taisiya Paniotova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Individual Psychology ◽  
Multidisciplinary Research ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Mass Consciousness ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

The article considers the approach to modern utopian works as a means of social psychotherapy. This context is currently poorly developed, although for the first time “psychological utopia”, as a society of perfect mental health, was mentioned by A. Maslow. Utopia, remaining the object of multidisciplinary research, in the era of digitalization and information technology acquires the ability to quicker than before be reflected in the mass consciousness, to acquire the significance of a cultural phenomenon, to determine the values and meanings of the activities of its adherents. The authors analyze the significance of utopian ideas of rational individualism, techno-utopianism, trans-humanism as ideologies of social movements. The emerging phenomenon of socio-medial psychotherapy is presented for discussion. The authors conclude that the psychotherapeutic meaning of utopias consists in their openness to the future, the denial of the negative present and the ability to construct socially significant ideals reflected in the individual psychology of contemporaries.

scholarly journals Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer ◽  
Akram Bakkour ◽  
Tom Salomon ◽  
Daphna Shohamy ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Preference Change ◽  
Approach Training ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Surprisingly, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice. Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the role memory processes play in non-reinforced preference change. We used the cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm, that is specifically designed to influence choices without external reinforcements. Instead, the paradigm uses the mere association of cued items with a speeded motor response. Previous studies with this task showed that a single training session induces a long-lasting effect of enhanced preferences for high-value trained stimuli, that is maintained for several months. We hypothesized that CAT influences memory accessibility for trained items, leading to enhanced accessibility of their positive associative memories and in turn to preference changes. In two pre-registered experiments, we tested whether memory for trained items was enhanced following CAT, in the short- and long-term, and whether memory modifications are related to choices. We found that memory was enhanced for trained items and that better memory was correlated with enhanced preferences at the individual item level, both immediately and one month following CAT. Our findings show, for the first time, that memory plays a central role in value-based decision-making, even in the absence of external reinforcements. These findings contribute to new theories relating memory and value-based decision-making and set the ground for the implementation of novel behavioral interventions for long-lasting behavioral change.

Considerations with regard to Hereditary Influence

1863 ◽  
Vol 8 (44) ◽  
pp. 482-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Maudsley
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
The Future ◽  
Giordano Bruno ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

Although the axiom ex nihilo nihil fit may unquestionably in strict logic be pronounced to be a pure assumption, for as much as it is not impossible that an enlarged experience may sometime furnish us with an instantia contradictoria, yet it is plainly necessary within the compass of human knowledge to consider it an established truth. Within human ken there is, indeed, no beginning, no end; the past is developed in the present, and the present in the prediction of the future; cause produces effect, and effect in its turn becomes cause. Dust is man, and to dust he returns; the individual passes away, but that out of which he is created does not pass away. The decomposition of one compound is the production of another, and death is an entrance into a new being. This is no new truth, although modern science is now for the first time making good use of it; the earlier Grecian philosophers distinctly recognised it, and it has many times been plainly enunciated since their time. “All things,” said Empedocles, “are but a mingling and a separation of the mingled, which are called birth and death by ignorant mortals.” Plato expressed himself in like manner; and the plain statement of the truth was one of the heresies of the unfortunate Giordano Bruno. The imagination of Shakspeare, faithful to the scientific fact, traces the noble dust of Alexander till it is found stopping a bung-hole, and follows imperious Caesar till he patches a hole to keep the wind away. The immortality of matter and of force is an evident necessity of human thought.

Contending with a Planet in Peril: An Optimal Educational Response

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burns H. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Adequate Response ◽  
The Future ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
Participation In Decision Making ◽  
The Individual

The paper surveys the global scene and finds it in deep turmoil and heading toward what may eventually be disaster. It analyzes the causes of this and comes to the conclusion that the challenge is one of changing course by making profound transformations at every level and in all spheres to work toward the preferred world of the future that is anchored to the values of autonomy and dignity of the individual and of peoples, equality and justice as principles of social organization, participation in decision-making structures and in the productive process, elimination of oppression and coercion both between and within nations, and harmony between humans, society, nature and technology. One of the indispensable instruments in this process is education that makes an appropriate and adequate response to the present challenge instead of, as at present, preparing for yesterday's reality. Such an education has to be global and holistic in perspective, structural in analysis, informed by humanistic values, oriented to the future and committed to fundamental change. The paper gives a tentative framework for syllabi to this end.

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