scholarly journals Seroconversion Studies of Indian Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates of Genotype XIII in 3 week Old Chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
S. J. Jakhesara ◽  
A. K. Patel ◽  
Priya Malsaria ◽  
J. K. Pal ◽  
C.G. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Adjuvant Vaccine ◽  
Cross Neutralization ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
New Vaccines ◽  
Genotype Ii

Poultry industry plays an important role in sustaining economy of India. Despite routine vaccination strategies has been a common practice to control commonly occurring diseases in poultry, outbreaks are commonplace. Recently, emergence of genotype XIII strains of NDV resulted in widespread economic losses in India. We prepared inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine derived from Lasota, ndv53/Haryana or ndv52/Sarsa, which is recently isolated genotype XIII virus in India. Three groups of SPF chickens were vaccinated once with each vaccine and serum samples were collected every 7 days interval and tested for HI titres with three different antigens prepared from same virus to assess cross neutralization antibodies amongst them. All three vaccines have shown some degree of cross reactivity after 14 days post vaccination. However, vaccine prepared from Lasota, a genotype II virus failed to generate significant titers against both ndv53/Haryana and ndv52/Sarsa. Our observation explains recent outbreaks of genotype XIII viruses in the field and necessitates development of new vaccines to control the recently emerged NDV strains in India.

Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated With a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713-1723
Author(s):  
Lisa Henss ◽  
Constanze Yue ◽  
Christine Von Rhein ◽  
Roland Tschismarov ◽  
Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cross Neutralization ◽  
Binding Avidity

Abstract Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after 1 week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. In this study, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. Methods Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. Results The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60–92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies and their binding avidity and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. Chikungunya virus and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was 2- to 6-fold lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination only induced cross-neutralization with ONNV, and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. Conclusions These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated with a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Lisa Henss ◽  
Constanze Yue ◽  
Christine von Rhein ◽  
Roland Tschismarov ◽  
Lia-Laura Lewis-Ximenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cross Neutralization ◽  
Binding Avidity

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after one week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. Here, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60–92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies, their binding avidity, and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. CHIKV and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored Chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination induced cross-neutralization with ONNV and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals PREPARATION AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA VACCINES USING EOLANE-150 AND EOLANE-170 AS OIL ADJUVANTS FOR CATTLE AND BUFFALO

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
W. Shahzad ◽  
B. Zameer ◽  
S. H. Sanghi ◽  
S. Hussain ◽  
N. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bacterial Antigen ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia ◽  
Serotype B

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 is an economically important disease of cattle and buffalo, causes heavy economic losses due to sudden death of animals in developing countries like Pakistan. In this country, animals are vaccinated by alum (adjuvant) precipitated vaccine twice a year. Immunity induced through this prophylactic measure lasts for 3-4 months only. Two new HS oil based vaccines were prepared by using two new oil adjuvants such as Eolane-150 and Eolane-170. The ratio of bacterial antigen and oil adjuvants was 1:1 while bacterial dry weight was adjusted to 2 mg/ml. The addition of enrichments and aeration resulted in dense bacterial growth of Pasteurella multocida. Both new vaccines passed sterility, safety and potency tests as per OIE, 2017. Active and passive Mouse Protection Tests were performed to evaluate its potency. Indirect Haem-Agglutination (IHA) test was conducted on serum samples of two rabbits, groups each of which was vaccinated with HS oil based vaccines adjuvanted with Eolane-150 and Eolane-170. IHA indicated that immune response was higher (GMT=32) initially on 45th day to 75th day post vaccination and then declined (GMT=16) in the rabbits vaccinated with HS vaccine adjuvanted with Eolane-150, while protective immune response remained constant (GMT=16) up to ninety days post vaccination in the rabbits vaccinated with HS vaccine adjuvanted with Eolane-170. Vaccines were easy to inject with no side effects, including swelling at the injection site and longer protection as well. That would hopefully motivate the livestock owners and farmers to use this new product to protect their animals against this fatal HS disease.

Structural basis of Zika virus cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization with flavivirus post-infection and post-vaccination sera

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. S20
Author(s):  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
Iris Medits ◽  
Stefan Malafa ◽  
Victoria Bradt ◽  
Georgios Tsouchnikas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Cross Neutralization

scholarly journals Canines vaccinated against visceral leishmaniasis develop a serological response to the Leishmania braziliensis antigen

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Julia De Assis Pinheiro ◽  
Silas Garcia Giori ◽  
Sayanne Luns Hatum de Almeida ◽  
Rafael Assis de Souza ◽  
Ana Paula Madureira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Common Antigens ◽  
Positive Frequency

American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a zoonosis caused by Leishmania, a protozoan. Common antigens occur in the strains found in America, which allow antigenic cross-reactivity. Therefore, multivalent vaccines can be used for this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of two different commercial vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis to induce an immune response to the soluble L. (Viannia) braziliensis antigens. In 2014, 70 seronegative dogs from the municipality of Iúna (Espírito Santo State, Brazil) were vaccinated and serologically evaluated by ELISA and immunoblotting by using the soluble antigen of L. braziliensis. Of the 121 dogs initially selected, only 70 received vaccination because 51 dogs tested positive by ELISA, yielding a positive frequency of 42.14% in the asymptomatic group. These 70 dogs were divided into two equal groups and administered three doses of each vaccine, according to the manufacturers’ instructions. We found that the sera of dogs immunized with three doses of both vaccines A and B had antibodies against the soluble antigens of L. (V.) braziliensis, as determined by ELISA and immunoblotting 120 days post vaccination. Antibodies produced in response to vaccines A and B were found in 22/35 and 18/35 serum samples, respectively, at T1 (120 days), while 7/35 and 4/35 serum samples tested positive at T2 (240 days). Furthermore, immunoblotting allowed us to differentiate between vaccinated and asymptomatic dogs.

Primate retroviruses: immunological cross-reactivity between major structural proteins of new and old world primate virus isolates.

1978 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Devare ◽  
L O Arthur ◽  
D L Fine ◽  
J R Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Old World ◽  
World Primate ◽  
Primate Virus ◽  
Virus Isolates

scholarly journals A Label and Probe-Free Zika Virus Immunosensor Prussian Blue@carbon Nanotube-Based for Amperometric Detection of the NS2B Protein

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Bárbara V. M. Silva ◽  
Marli T. Cordeiro ◽  
Marco A. B. Rodrigues ◽  
Ernesto T. A. Marques ◽  
Rosa F. Dutra
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Prussian Blue ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Polypyrrole Composite ◽  
Congenital Disabilities

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne infection, predominant in tropical and subtropical regions causing international concern due to the ZIKV disease having been associated with congenital disabilities, especially microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities in the fetus and newborns. Development of strategies that minimize the devastating impact by monitoring and preventing ZIKV transmission through sexual intercourse, especially in pregnant women, since no vaccine is yet available for the prevention or treatment, is critically important. ZIKV infection is generally asymptomatic and cross-reactivity with dengue virus (DENV) is a global concern. An innovative screen-printed electrode (SPE) was developed for amperometric detection of the non-structural protein (NS2B) of ZIKV by exploring the intrinsic redox catalytic activity of Prussian blue (PB), incorporated into a carbon nanotube–polypyrrole composite. Thus, this immunosensor has the advantage of electrochemical detection without adding any redox-probe solution (probe-less detection), allowing a point-of-care diagnosis. It was responsive to serum samples of only ZIKV positive patients and non-responsive to negative ZIKV patients, even if the sample was DENV positive, indicating a possible differential diagnosis between them by NS2B. All samples used here were confirmed by CDC protocols, and immunosensor responses were also checked in the supernatant of C6/36 and in Vero cell cultures infected with ZIKV.

scholarly journals Dogs as Sentinels for Flavivirus Exposure in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Hanoi, Vietnam

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 507
Author(s):  
Long Pham-Thanh ◽  
Thang Nguyen-Tien ◽  
Ulf Magnusson ◽  
Vuong Bui-Nghia ◽  
Anh Bui-Ngoc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Household Level

Diseases caused by flaviviruses, including dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis, are major health problems in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study explored the feasibility of domestic dogs as sentinels to better understand risks of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi city. A total of 475 dogs serum samples from 221 households in six districts of Hanoi were analyzed by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for antibodies to the pr-E protein of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses due to cross-reactivity. The overall flavivirus seroprevalence in the dog population was 70.7% (95% CI = 66.4–74.8%). At the animal level, significant associations between seropositive dogs and district location, age, breed and keeping practice were determined. At the household level, the major risk factors were rural and peri-urban locations, presence of pigs, coil burning and households without mosquito-borne disease experience (p < 0.05). Mosquito control by using larvicides or electric traps could lower seropositivity, but other measures did not contribute to significant risk mitigation of flavivirus exposure in dogs. These results will support better control of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi, and they indicate that dogs can be used as sentinels for flavivirus exposure.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molhima M. Elmahi ◽  
Mohammed O. Hussien ◽  
Abdel Rahim E. Karrar ◽  
Amira M. Elhassan ◽  
Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Abstract Background Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminant and camelid species which is transmitted by Culicoides spp. The causative agent of BT is bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. The clinical disease is seen mainly in sheep but mostly sub-clinical infections of BT are seen in cattle, goats and camelids. The clinical reaction of camels to infection is usually not apparent. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade and high mortality and morbidity rates associated with bluetongue outbreaks. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the infection. A cross sectional study using a structured questionnaire survey was conducted during 2015–2016. A total of 210 serum samples were collected randomly from camels from 8 localities of Kassala State. The serum samples were screened for the presence of BTV specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results Seropositivity to BTV IgG was detected in 165 of 210 camels’ sera accounting for a prevalence of 78.6%. Potential risk factors to BTV infection were associated with sex (OR = 0.061, p-value = 0.001) and seasonal river as water source for drinking (OR = 32.257, p-value = 0.0108). Conclusions Sex and seasonal river as water source for drinking were considered as potential risk factors for seropositivity to BTV in camels. The high prevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, necessitates further epidemiological studies of BTV infection in camels and other ruminant species to better be able to control BT disease in this region.

scholarly journals Serological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in East Shewa and Arsi Zones, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Gari ◽  
Biressaw Serda ◽  
Dejene Negesa ◽  
Fethu Lemma ◽  
Hagos Asgedom
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Important Disease

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographical distribution. There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia. A total of 700 serum samples were collected from goats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPR virus using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA). An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 48.43% in the area. There is no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (50.85% and 46.68%), respectively. However, there was statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (33.9%) and adult (55.8%) age categories. The seroprevalence in male and female was 42.07% and 50.09%, respectively, where the variation was statistically not significant (P>0.05). High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation and endemicity of the disease. The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, control measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease.

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