The impact of stress level on fecal bacteria and pathogen shedding in feedlot cattle

Purpose. It has been well documented that nursing students across the world experience stress and anxiety throughout their education and training. The purpose of this randomized controlled study is to investigate the impact of biofeedback intervention program on nursing students' levels of stress and anxiety during their first clinical training. Methods. Participants consisted of 60 second-year baccalaureate nursing students. The 30 participants in the biofeedback group received training on how to use the biofeedback device to assist in stress and anxiety management for 5 weeks while the 30 in the control group did not receive any training. Findings. Results indicated that the biofeedback group was able to maintain the stress level while the control group had a significant increase in the stress level over the 5-week period of clinical training. Additionally, the biofeedback group had a significant reduction in anxiety, while the control group had a moderate increase in anxiety. Conclusions. The better the nursing students can manage their stress and anxiety, the more successful they can be in their clinical training. Ultimately, the more psychologically healthy the nursing students are, the more likely they will flourish and graduate to become productive and contributing members of the nursing profession.

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PSIII-13 Preliminary assessment of the impact of liver abscess presence on stress-related physiological parameters associated with well-being in feedlot cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.389 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 188-189

Author(s):

Faith Baier ◽

Temple Grandin ◽

Terry Engle ◽

Lily Edwards-Callaway

Keyword(s):

Infrared Thermography ◽

Liver Abscess ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Well Being ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Infrared Analysis ◽

Hair Cortisol ◽

Liver Abscesses ◽

Hair Samples ◽

The Impact

Abstract Liver abscesses can affect cattle performance, though the impact on well-being is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between liver abscess presence and stress-related parameters in feedlot cattle. Three hundred and sixty-three feedlot steers (675 ± 2.3 kg) that were enrolled in a nutrition feeding experiment were allocated to one of three groups based on the liver abscess score assigned after slaughter. The liver abscess scoring groups were: no liver abscess presence (NLA; n = 316); mild liver abscess presence (MLA; n = 21) and severe liver abscess presence (SLA; n = 24). Two animals were unable to be assigned liver abscess scores. Two days prior to slaughter, at the time of weighing, hair samples were collected from the right rump of each animal and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Additionally, during restraint, infrared thermography was used to quantify eye temperatures and a mobility score was assigned to each animal upon chute exit. During slaughter, exsanguination blood was collected from 115 of the 363 animals and analyzed for serum cortisol concentrations. Cattle were blocked by nutrition feeding treatments and data were analyzed using analyses of variance to determine differences in outcome variables between liver abscess score groups. All animals were included in the infrared analysis and 115 animals were included in the serum and hair cortisol analyses. Infrared thermography (P = 0.55), hair cortisol (P = 0.96), and serum cortisol (P = 0.21) were similar across all liver abscess scores. All animals exhibited normal mobility, thus these values were not included in the analysis. The data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment, liver abscesses did not impact measured stress-related outcomes. Additional research is necessary to understand the impact of liver abscess presence on other stress-related parameters associated with well-being in cattle.

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Impact of ivermectin-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in feedlot cattle in Argentina

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2012000500010 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 419-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luis E. Fazzio ◽

Nicolas Yacachury ◽

Walter R. Galvan ◽

Elias Peruzzo ◽

Ricardo O. Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mixed Model ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Average Weight ◽

Buenos Aires Province ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Block Variables ◽

Feedlot Calves ◽

The Impact

The aim was to evaluate for 75 days the impact on production of the remaining burden of ivermectin (IVM)-resistant parasites in naturally infected feedlot calves. The herds came from tick-infested areas of cattle breeding where the systematic use of IVM to control tick increases the gastrointestinal parasites resistant to this drug. This investigation was carried out in two commercial feedlots in Buenos Aires province. In feedlot A, two groups of 35 animal each received IVM 1% and the other received ricobendazole (RBZ) 10% respectively. The same was done in feedlot B. On day 0, two groups of 35 animals were made in feedlots A and B. Fecal samples were taken on days 0, 22, 54 and 75 pos-treatment (PT), and body weight was registered, from each animal. Fecal samples were processed for individual count of eggs per gram (EPG) and pooled fecal culture was carried out for identification of the parasite genus in each sampling. Fecal egg count reduction test (FECR) was calculated on day 22 PT. The study design used was a totally randomized block, with commercial feedlot and sex as block variables. For data analysis, a mixed model of the SAS statistical program was used. The FECR average on day 22 was 28.4% in the IVM group, and 94,2 % in the RBZ group . From this date on, significant differences in EPG were kept until day 54. EPG counts were only equal near the end of the trial, on day 75 (p=0.16). In both commercial feedlots, especially in the IVM group, Cooperia spp. was the most prevalent parasite in the fecal cultures. Significant differences in weight (P<0.01) on post-treatment day 75 was found between the average weight in the RBZ and the IVM group (246 vs. 238 kg respectively), what means a difference of 8.3% in gains. The importance for production in the antiparasite failure treatment in commercial feedlots was demonstrated, and the need of pos-treatment controls to evaluate the efficacy of the antiparasitic administered is emphasized.

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Circulating Leukocytes and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: A State of the Art

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2019/2650429 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Speranza Rubattu ◽

Maurizio Forte ◽

Salvatore Raffa

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Stress Level ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Pathological Condition ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Oxidative Stress Level ◽

The Impact

Increased oxidative stress from both mitochondrial and cytosolic sources contributes to the development and the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and it is a target of therapeutic interventions. The numerous efforts made over the last decades in order to develop tools able to monitor the oxidative stress level in patients affected by CVDs rely on the need to gain information on the disease state. However, this goal has not been satisfactorily accomplished until now. Among others, the isolation of circulating leukocytes to measure their oxidant level offers a valid, noninvasive challenge that has been tested in few pathological contexts, including hypertension, atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, and heart failure. Since leukocytes circulate in the blood stream, it is expected that they might reflect quite closely both systemic and cardiovascular oxidative stress and provide useful information on the pathological condition. The results of the studies discussed in the present review article are promising. They highlight the importance of measuring oxidative stress level in circulating mononuclear cells in different CVDs with a consistent correlation between degree of oxidative stress and severity of CVD and of its complications. Importantly, they also point to a double role of leukocytes, both as a marker of disease condition and as a direct contributor to disease progression. Finally, they show that the oxidative stress level of leukocytes reflects the impact of therapeutic interventions. It is likely that the isolation of leukocytes and the measurement of oxidative stress, once adequately developed, may represent an eligible tool for both research and clinical purposes to monitor the role of oxidative stress on the promotion and progression of CVDs, as well as the impact of therapies.

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Fecal Bacteria as Biomarkers for Predicting Food Intake in Healthy Adults

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa285 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leila M Shinn ◽

Yutong Li ◽

Aditya Mansharamani ◽

Loretta S Auvil ◽

Michael E Welge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Compact Set ◽

Fecal Bacteria ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽

Model Accuracy ◽

Microbial Biomarkers ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Background Diet affects the human gastrointestinal microbiota. Blood and urine samples have been used to determine nutritional biomarkers. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the utility of fecal biomarkers, including microbes, as biomarkers of food intake. Objectives This study aimed to identify a compact set of fecal microbial biomarkers of food intake with high predictive accuracy. Methods Data were aggregated from 5 controlled feeding studies in metabolically healthy adults (n = 285; 21–75 y; BMI 19–59 kg/m2; 340 data observations) that studied the impact of specific foods (almonds, avocados, broccoli, walnuts, and whole-grain barley and whole-grain oats) on the human gastrointestinal microbiota. Fecal DNA was sequenced using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Marginal screening was performed on all species-level taxa to examine the differences between the 6 foods and their respective controls. The top 20 species were selected and pooled together to predict study food consumption using a random forest model and out-of-bag estimation. The number of taxa was further decreased based on variable importance scores to determine the most compact, yet accurate feature set. Results Using the change in relative abundance of the 22 taxa remaining after feature selection, the overall model classification accuracy of all 6 foods was 70%. Collapsing barley and oats into 1 grains category increased the model accuracy to 77% with 23 unique taxa. Overall model accuracy was 85% using 15 unique taxa when classifying almonds (76% accurate), avocados (88% accurate), walnuts (72% accurate), and whole grains (96% accurate). Additional statistical validation was conducted to confirm that the model was predictive of specific food intake and not the studies themselves. Conclusions Food consumption by healthy adults can be predicted using fecal bacteria as biomarkers. The fecal microbiota may provide useful fidelity measures to ascertain nutrition study compliance.

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449 Late-Breaking: Impact of feeding a propriety yeast-based synbiotic product on fecal shedding of top-7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.288 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 141-141

Author(s):

Raghavendra Amachawadi ◽

Xiaorong Shi ◽

LeighAnn George ◽

Miles Theurer ◽

Twig Marston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shiga Toxin ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Control Group ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Fecal Shedding ◽

E Coli ◽

Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽

The Impact

Abstract Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O111, O103, O121, O145, and O157, called ‘top-7’, are major foodborne pathogens. Cattle are a major reservoir, in which STEC colonize the hindgut and are shed in the feces, which is a major source of contamination of food. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a proprietary yeast-based synbiotic product (prebiotic and probiotic; Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) on fecal shedding of top-7 STEC in feedlot cattle. Twenty existing pens, housing 40–112 steers per pen, with an estimated 60 to 90 days to slaughter, were randomly assigned to a control group or a treatment group that received 22 g of the synbiotic product per steer per day, as a top dress, in a finishing diet. Twenty pen-floor fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 0, 21, 42, and 54. Fecal samples were enriched and subjected to a multiplex PCR assay targeting serogroup-specific genes for the top-7 STEC and three major virulence genes, stx1 (Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), and eae (intimin). Bivariate descriptive statistics for the major serogroups and virulence genes were assessed prior to multivariable analysis using mixed effects logistic regression. The overall prevalence of the top-7 serogroups were 44.5% of O26, 41.3% of O157, 15.1% of O103, 13.7% of O45, 7.8% of O121, and 0.6% of O111. The overall prevalence of stx1, stx2, and eae were 43.9%, 70.8%, and 49%, respectively. E. coli O26, O157, and O45 had a significant treatment and sampling day interaction (P < 0.0001). On d 42, fecal samples from treated group had lower prevalence (P < 0.01) of O26, O103, and O45 compared to the control group. In conclusion, the in-feed administration of the synbiotic product appears to reduce fecal shedding of certain top-7 STEC serogroups in the feedlot cattle.

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Fecal bacterial community of finishing beef steers fed ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa058 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Tao Ran ◽

Peixin Jiao ◽

Ousama AlZahal ◽

Xiaolai Xie ◽

Karen A Beauchemin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Starch Content ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Fecal Bacteria ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Sequencing Platform ◽

Fecal Bacterial Community

Abstract Our previous study suggested that supplementation of high-grain diets with ruminally protected and non-protected active dried yeast (ADY) may potentially reduce manure pathogen excretion by feedlot cattle. We hypothesized that feeding ruminally protected ADY might change the fecal bacterial community of finishing cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding ruminally protected and non-protected ADY to finishing beef steers on their fecal bacterial community. Fresh fecal samples were collected on day 56 from 50 steers fed one of five treatments: 1) control (no monensin, tylosin, or ADY), 2) antibiotics (ANT, 330 mg monensin + 110 mg tylosin·steer−1d−1), 3) ADY (1.5 g·steer−1d−1), 4) encapsulated ADY (EDY; 3 g·steer−1d−1), and 5) a mixture of ADY and EDY (MDY; 1.5 g ADY + 3 g EDY·steer−1d−1). Bacterial DNA was extracted from fecal samples and sequenced using a MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. A total number of 2,128,772 high-quality V4 16S rRNA sequences from 50 fecal samples were analyzed, and 1,424 operational taxonomic units (OTU) were detected based on 97% nucleotide sequence identity among reads, with 769 OTU shared across the five treatments. Alpha diversity indices, including species observed, Chao estimate, abundance-based coverage estimator, Shannon, Simpson, and coverage, did not differ among treatments, and principal coordinate analysis revealed a high similarity among treatments without independent distribution. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were dominant phyla in the fecal bacterial community for all treatments, with a tendency (P < 0.10) for greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes but lesser Firmicutes with ANT, EDY, and MDY compared with control steers. Prevotella was the dominant genus in all treatments and steers supplemented with ANT, EDY, and MDY had greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella than control steers, but lesser (P < 0.03) relative abundance of Oscillospira. No differences between ADY and control were observed for the aforementioned variables. Fecal starch contents were not different among treatments, but the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, as well as Prevotella at genera level, tended (P < 0.06) to be positively correlated to fecal starch content. We conclude that supplementing ruminally protected or non-protected ADY or ANT had no effect on diversity and richness of fecal bacteria of finishing beef cattle, whereas feeding protected ADY or ANT to finishing beef steers altered the dominant fecal bacteria at phylum and genus levels. Therefore, supplementation of ruminally protected ADY may potentially improve intestinal health by stimulating the relative abundance of Prevotella.

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Stress Analysis of Grain Steel Silo with Hole

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.666 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 594-597 ◽

pp. 666-671

Author(s):

Qi Feng Peng ◽

Fan Wang

Keyword(s):

Finite Element Analysis ◽

Finite Element ◽

Stress Concentration ◽

Service Life ◽

Circular Hole ◽

Stress Level ◽

Vertical Displacement ◽

Principal Strain ◽

Element Analysis ◽

The Impact

The stress of the grain steel silo is complex. Recently, many grain silos scraped during their service life. The results of finite element analysis by COMSOL show that the cause of the structure failure is the stress concentration caused by the expanding of the hole. Analysis on different hole on the wall of the silo and different frame to strengthen the hole was also studied. Considering the impact of the weight of the structure, the pressure and friction force caused by the storage of the grain and wind load. The analysis turn out that, if the frame of the hole is identical, the stress level and the first principal strain in condition of circular hole is lower than that of rectangular condition, and the maximum vertical displacement of circular hole is smaller than rectangular. In addition, if the hole is the same, the stress level and the first principal strain in condition of U-shaped frame is lower than that of square condition, but the maximum vertical displacement U-shaped frame is bigger than square frame. Therefore, we can’t reduse the stress level by strenthening the frame.

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Metagenomic characterization of the effect of feed additives on the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome of feedlot cattle

10.1101/153536 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Milton Thomas ◽

Megan Webb ◽

Sudeep Ghimire ◽

Amanda Blair ◽

Kenneth Olson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Metagenome Sequencing ◽

The Impact

AbstractIn North America, antibiotic feed additives such as monensin and tylosin are added to the finishing diets of feedlot cattle to counter the ill-effects of feeding diets with rapidly digestible carbohydrates. While these feed additives have been proven to improve feed efficiency, and reduce liver abscess incidence, how these products impact the gastrointestinal microbiota is not completely understood. Furthermore, there are concerns that antibiotic feed additives may expand the antibiotic resistome of feedlot cattle by enriching antimicrobial resistance genes in pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota. In this study, we analyzed the impact of providing antibiotic feed additives to feedlot cattle using metagenome sequencing of treated and untreated animals. Our results indicate that use of antibiotic feed additives does not produce discernable changes at the phylum level however treated cattle had reduced the abundance of gram-positive bacteria at the genus level. The abundance of Ruminococcus, Erysipelotrichaceae and Lachanospira in the gut of treated steers was reduced. This may impact the ability of these animals to exclude pathogens from the gut. However, our results did not show any correlation between the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in the gut microbiota and the administration of antibiotic feed additives.

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Numerical study on the fracture characteristics and failure mode of hard coal under coupled static and dynamic loads

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202019204002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 192 ◽

pp. 04002

Author(s):

Lihai Tan ◽

Ting Ren ◽

Xiaohan Yang ◽

Xueqiu He

Keyword(s):

Fracture Mode ◽

Stress Level ◽

Coupling Effect ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Dynamic Loads ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Fracture Characteristics ◽

Shpb Test ◽

Static And Dynamic Loads ◽

The Impact

It has been well accepted by mining researchers that coal tends to undergo abrupt fracture under the coupling effect of dynamic and static loads. Hence, the study of influence of coupled static and dynamic loads on coal failure behaviour is meaningful for the understanding of coal burst. In this paper, PFC modelling of SHPB test is adopted to investigate the fracture mode and energy evolution of Australian hard coal under different combinations of pre-stress levels and impact velocities. Results have shown that high dynamic load will make the fracture mode and energy release of coal samples more violent even the static load is low. Although the strain energy increases with pre-stress level, the kinetic energy remains on a low level with the increase of pre-stress level when the impact velocity is 4 m/s.

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