scholarly journals Chemical characteristics of Falcataria moluccana wood infested by Boktor stem borer (Xystrocera festiva)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
NOOR FARIKHAH HANEDA ◽  
ASEP HENDRA SUPRIATNA ◽  
HASYYATI SHABRINA ◽  
Yunik Istikorini ◽  
Ulfah J Siregar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Healthy Tree ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Old Trees

Abstract. Haneda NF, Supriatna AH, Shabrina H, Istikorini Y, Siregar UJ, Wahyudi I. 2021. Chemical characteristics of Falcataria moluccana wood infested by Boktor stem borer (Xystrocera festiva). Biodiversitas 22: 4203-4208. Boktor (Xystrocera festiva Thoms.) is the most destructive and detrimental pest in Falcata plantations in Indonesia. It attacks the inner bark of sapwood when the tree reaches 3-years-old. This study aimed to analyze the chemical characteristics of Falcata woods, which were infested with Boktor in trees aged 3 and 4 years, compared to the healthy tree at 2 years old. The primary chemical components and type of extractive compounds were analyzed using standard procedures. The results showed a decrease in hemicellulose and an increase in lignin content of infected wood. This condition occurs because Boktor larvae prefer hemicellulose rather than lignin, which is related to the presence of enzymes in the digestive system of the larvae. The decreasing extractive contents as trees grow and undergo age-related shifting metabolism can be alleged as the start of Boktor infestation in 3-years-old trees. Boktor infestation also altering the wood chemical components by degrading the lignin that produced 4-vinyl-syringol. The isoeugenol compound is thought to prevent Boktor infestation in the early period of tree growth.

Age-related changes of some chemical components in the leaves of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 4337-4352
Author(s):  
Nezahat Turfan ◽  
Sezgin Ayan ◽  
Esra Nurten Yer Celik ◽  
Halil Baris Ozel ◽  
Saadettin Murat Onat
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Old Trees

The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental physiology of sweet chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) of different age groups (≥ 25, ≥ 50, ≥ 100, ≥ 200, and ≥ 400) in the Catalzeytin district of Kastamonu, Turkey. For this purpose, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total soluble protein, glucose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrate and starch values, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, and also ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in leaf samples. Hence, significant differences were found in the amounts and concentrations of all types of chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, total soluble protein, glucose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrate, starches, MDA, H2O2, APX, CAT, and SOD among the trees of different age groups. While the chlorophyll a value was low in young trees, the chlorophyll b value was low in older trees. It was determined that the MDA content was high in old trees, whereas it was low in young trees. While the amounts of glucose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrate, and starch were highest in ≥ 400-year-old trees, they were lowest in the young trees. Both APX and CAT activities were high in young trees, whereas SOD activity was lowest in ≥ 400-year-old trees.

scholarly journals Age-related changes of some chemical components in the leaves of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 4337-4352
Author(s):  
Nezahat Turfan ◽  
Sezgin Ayan ◽  
Esra Nurten Yer Çelik ◽  
Halil Baris Ozel ◽  
Saadettin Murat Onat
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Old Trees

The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental physiology of sweet chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) of different age groups (≥ 25, ≥ 50, ≥ 100, ≥ 200, and ≥ 400) in the Catalzeytin district of Kastamonu, Turkey. For this purpose, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total soluble protein, glucose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrate and starch values, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, and also ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in leaf samples. Hence, significant differences were found in the amounts and concentrations of all types of chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, total soluble protein, glucose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrate, starches, MDA, H2O2, APX, CAT, and SOD among the trees of different age groups. While the chlorophyll a value was low in young trees, the chlorophyll b value was low in older trees. It was determined that the MDA content was high in old trees, whereas it was low in young trees. While the amounts of glucose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrate, and starch were highest in ≥ 400-year-old trees, they were lowest in the young trees. Both APX and CAT activities were high in young trees, whereas SOD activity was lowest in ≥ 400-year-old trees.

A Review of the Bioactive Ingredients, Pharmacological Functions and Mechanisms of Inonotus obliquus

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulinigaer Anwaier ◽  
Cong Wen ◽  
Yi-ni Caoili ◽  
Rong Qi
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Inonotus Obliquus ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Medicinal Fungus ◽  
Digestive System Diseases

: As a medicinal fungus, Inonotus obliquus (IO) has been widely used in the treatment of cancer and digestive system diseases. Despite the progress that has been made in the studies of IO and its active compounds, their applications in other important clinical diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, which are major global issues with limited treatment strategies, are seldom reported. This review summarizes the separation and purification methods of chemical components of IO, the advances in their applications, and research progress on the pharmacological effects and related mechanisms of IO in disease prevention. This review will help researchers and clinicians to further understand the pharmacological functions and mechanisms of IO and its active components, which may extend their medical applications in the prevention and treatment of other diseases in addition to tumors and digestive system diseases in the near future.

scholarly journals Sensorial, Melissopalynological and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Honey from Babors Kabylia’s Region (Algeria)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Asma Ghorab ◽  
María Shantal Rodríguez-Flores ◽  
Rifka Nakib ◽  
Olga Escuredo ◽  
Latifa Haderbache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Pollen Spectrum ◽  
Botanical Origin ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Pollen Types

This study aimed to characterize the honeys of Babors Kabylia through sensory, melissopalynological and physico-chemical parameters. Thirty samples of honey produced in this region were collected over a period of two years and analyzed. All the samples presented physico-chemical parameters in conformity with legislation on honey quality, with few exceptions, linked mainly to beekeeping management. The pollen spectrum revealed a great diversity with 96 pollen types. The main pollen types were spontaneous species as Fabaceae (Hedysarum, Trifolium, Genisteae plants), Asteraceae plants, Ericaceae (Erica arborea L.) or Myrtus and Pistacia. The sensory properties of samples showed a high tendency to crystallization, the colors were from white to brown, but most of them had gold color. Smell and odor corresponded mainly to vegetal and fruity families and in taste perceptions besides sweetness highlighted sourness and saltiness notes. Seventeen samples were polyfloral, one was from honeydew and twelve were monofloral from heather, genista plants, sulla, blackberry or Asteraceae. Heather and the honeydew samples showed the darkest color, the highest electrical conductivity and phenol and flavonoid content. A statistical analysis based on the most representative pollen types, sensory properties and some physico-chemical components allowed the differentiation of honey samples in terms of botanical origin.

scholarly journals Apple Autotetraploids with Enhanced Resistance to Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) Due to Genome Duplication-Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Podwyszyńska ◽  
Monika Markiewicz ◽  
Agata Broniarek-Niemiec ◽  
Bożena Matysiak ◽  
Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Old Trees

Among the fungal diseases of apple trees, serious yield losses are due to an apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis. Protection against this disease is based mainly on chemical treatments, which are currently very limited. Therefore, it is extremely important to introduce cultivars with reduced susceptibility to this pathogen. One of the important sources of variability for breeding is the process of polyploidization. Newly obtained polyploids may acquire new features, including increased resistance to diseases. In our earlier studies, numerous tetraploids have been obtained for several apple cultivars with ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids manifesting enhanced resistance to apple scab. In the present study, tetraploids of ‘Free Redstar’ were assessed in terms of phenotype and genotype with particular emphasis on the genetic background of their increased resistance to apple scab. Compared to diploid plants, tetraploids (own-rooted plants) were characterized with poor growth, especially during first growing season. They had considerably shorter shoots, fewer branches, smaller stem diameter, and reshaped leaves. In contrast to own-rooted plants, in M9-grafted three-year old trees, no significant differences between diplo- and tetraploids were observed, either in morphological or physiological parameters, with the exceptions of the increased leaf thickness and chlorophyll content recorded in tetraploids. Significant differences between sibling tetraploid clones were recorded, particularly in leaf shape and some physiological parameters. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis confirmed genetic polymorphism of tetraploid clones. Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis showed that the level of DNA methylation was twice as high in young tetraploid plants as in a diploid donor tree, which may explain the weaker vigour of neotetraploids in the early period of their growth in the juvenile phase. Molecular analysis showed that ‘Free Redstar’ cultivar and their tetraploids bear six Rvi genes (Rvi5, Rvi6, Rvi8, Rvi11, Rvi14 and Rvi17). Transcriptome analysis confirmed enhanced resistance to apple scab of ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids since the expression levels of genes related to resistance were strongly enhanced in tetraploids compared to their diploid counterparts.

scholarly journals Chemical characteristics and Kraft pulping of tension wood from Eucalyptus globulus labill

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Graciela Aguayo ◽  
Regis Teixeira Mendonça ◽  
Paulina Martínez ◽  
Jaime Rodríguez ◽  
Miguel Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Kraft Pulps ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Alkali Consumption ◽  
Pulp Strength

Tension (TW) and opposite wood (OW) of Eucalyptus globulus trees were analyzed for its chemical characteristics and Kraft pulp production. Lignin content was 16% lower and contained 32% more syringyl units in TW than in OW. The increase in syringyl units favoured the formation of β-O-4 bonds that was also higher in TW than in OW (84% vs. 64%, respectively). The effect of these wood features was evaluated in the production of Kraft pulps from both types of wood. At kappa number 16, Kraft pulps obtained from TW demanded less active alkali in delignification and presented slightly higher or similar pulp yield than pulps made with OW. Fiber length, coarseness and intrinsic viscosity were also higher in tension than in opposite pulps. When pulps where refined to 30°SR, TW pulps needed 18% more revolutions in the PFI mill to achieve the same beating degree than OW pulps. Strength properties (tensile, tear and burst indexes) were slightly higher or similar in tension as compared with opposite wood pulps. After an OD0(EO)D1 bleaching sequence, both pulps achieved up to 89% ISO brightness. Bleached pulps from TW presented higher viscosity and low amount of hexenuronic acids than pulps from OW. Results showed that TW presented high xylans and low lignin content that caused a decrease in alkali consumption, increase pulp strength properties and similar bleaching performance as compared with pulps from OW.

scholarly journals Improvement of glymphatic-lymphatic drainage of beta-amyloid by focused ultrasound in Alzheimer’s disease model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngsun Lee ◽  
Yoori Choi ◽  
Eun-Joo Park ◽  
Seokjun Kwon ◽  
Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Beta Amyloid ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Early Dementia ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

AbstractDrainage of parenchymal waste through the lymphatic system maintains brain homeostasis. Age-related changes of glymphatic-lymphatic clearance lead to the accumulation beta-amyloid (Aβ) in dementia models. In this study, focused ultrasound treatment in combination with microbubbles (FUS-MB) improved Aβ drainage in early dementia model mice, 5XFAD. FUS-MB enhanced solute Aβ clearance from brain, but not plaques, to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space and then deep cervical lymph node (dCLN). dCLN ligation exaggerated memory impairment and progress of plaque formation and also the beneficial effects of FUS-MB upon Aβ removal through CSF-lymphatic routes. In this ligation model, FUS-MB improved memory despite accumulation of Aβ in CSF. In conclusion, FUS-MB enhances glymphatic-lymphatic clearance of Aβ mainly by increasing brain-to-CSF Aβ drainage. We suggest that FUS-MB can delay dementia progress in early period and benefits of FUS-MB depend on the effect of Aβ disposal through CSF-lymphatics.

scholarly journals Chemical characteristics of snow in the region along the Sea of Japan

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhide Satow
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Sea Of Japan ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Heavy Snowfall ◽  
Asian Continent ◽  
Ph Values

The amount of acidity in precipitation has been measured in heavy-snowfall regions facing the Sea of Japan. The average pH value of precipitation measured throughout the year at Nagaoka was 4.80 during 4.5 years, 1987–92. During winter the pH value is lower and electric conductivity higher. The spatial distribution of chemical components in new-fallen snow was studied along a 55 km-long sampling route. Results from four surveys showed that acidic snows have average pH values of 4.63–4.90. From the distribution of anion and cation concentration in new-fallen snow, it is concluded that strong northwest monsoons during winter bring an abundance of snow with salt components and many non-salt components from the Sea of Japan and also, possibly, from the Asian continent.

ANATOMY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA STEMS INCLINED AT DIFFERENT ANGLES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokiko Hiraiwa ◽  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Liriodendron Tulipifera ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
S2 Layer

The anatomical and chemical characteristics of reaction wood (RW) were investigated in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Stems of seedlings were artificially inclined at angles of 30 (RW-30), 50 (RW-50) and 70° (RW-70) from the vertical, and compared with normal wood (NW) from a vertical seedling stem. The smallest values for the wood fibre length and vessel number were observed in RW-50. The pit aperture angle was less than 10° in RW-30 and RW-50, in which reduced lignin content was observed in the S2 layer of the wood fibres. An increase in the glucose content and a decrease in the lignin and xylose content was observed in RW-50. The stem inclination angle affected the degree of RW development with regard to anatomical and chemical characteristics: the severest RW was observed in RW-50, followed by RW-30. RW-70 was similar in anatomical and chemical characteristics to NW, apparently because the inclination was too strong to enable recovery of its original position. In this case a vertical sprouting stem was formed to replace the inclined stem.

Comparison of Pineapple Leaf and Cassava Peel by Chemical Properties and Morphology Characterization

2014 ◽  
Vol 974 ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zawawi Daud ◽  
Halizah Awang ◽  
Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim ◽  
Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta ◽  
Ashuvila Mohd Aripin
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Cassava Peels ◽  
Pineapple Leaves ◽  
Cassava Peel

Proper waste management in Malaysia is needed for the organic wastes such as pineapple leaf and cassava peel where affects the increase the amount of solid waste dump into landfill. Thus, to overcome this problem agro waste material can be constructed in many production industries to commercialize the use of alternative fibre for the paper industry. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of fibrous in pineapple leaf and cassava peel by production of alternative fibre based on chemical properties and surface morphology characteristic. This study conducted for the chemical composition by analysed by TAPPI Test method, Chlorination method and Kuchner-Hoffner method. Every chemical components analyse; Cellulose (Kuchner-Hoofner), Holocellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose, Ash content (T211-om-93), Lignin content (T222-om-98) and Sodium Hydroxide soluble (T203-om-88). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and determine the morphological characteristic of both crops. The result indicates that pineapple leaf more suitable for becoming an alternative fibre than cassava peels. Pineapple leaves have a high Holocellulose content (85.7%), cassava peels 66%, followed by Cellulose pineapple leaf (66.2%), cassava peels (37.9%). However, hemicellulose content in pineapple leaf (19.5%) less than cassava peels (37.0%). Lignin content of pineapple leaf is lower (4.2%) compared to cassava peels (7.52%) in this study. From SEM images, cassava peel contained abundance fibre such as hemicellulose and cellulose that is held by the lignin in it and Pineapple leaves give a condensed composition of fibre structure. The chemical compositions and morphology study of pineapple leaf and cassava indicate pineapple leaf have a high percentage to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry, promoting the green technology. However, cassava peels make some of properties that can also be through for the paper industry.

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