Responsibility

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Keith Dowding
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Responsibility Of Government ◽  
The Usa

Gun crime in the USA is wildly out of line with other nations. Obesity has taken off as a growing problem around the world in the past forty years. Homelessness is increasing, whilst the average age of home owners is rising. Governments tell their citizens that they ought to eat healthy food, tell the young to get good jobs to buy houses, and blame the bad guys for gun crime. In all cases, the problem lies with government regulation and government policy. This chapter looks at how governments blame citizens for failures which are caused by government. They have been encouraged by political philosophers who concentrate upon individual moral responsibility, freedom and autonomy, whilst ignoring the fact that governments no longer seem to want to legislate for the welfare of their citizens. This chapter sets up the argument of the book. Individuals are responsible for the choices they can reasonably make given the menu of opportunities available to them. That menu is the responsibility of government – and the menu is poor fare.

What We Owe Whistleblowers

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Jameel Jaffer
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
National Security ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Public Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
Espionage Act ◽  
Technological Developments

The legal, political, and technological developments of the past twenty years have rendered us more reliant on whistleblowers even as the developments have made whistleblowing more difficult and more hazardous. To promote informed public debate about national security and to preserve the connection between democratic consent and government policy in this sphere, we should extend legal protection, in some circumstances, to government insiders who responsibly disclose official secrets without authorization. Affording leakers a “public value” defense against prosecution would have benefits beyond those usually cited. It would, among other things, reduce the disincentive to socially beneficial leaks, lend legitimacy to Espionage Act prosecutions, more closely align our legal regime with widely shared intuitions about moral responsibility, and restore the courts to an appropriately central role in protecting the public’s access to an essential channel of information.

Western Europe and Scandinavia

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Brockliss
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Childhood Studies ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Childhood in western Europe is obviously a vast topic, and this entry will approach it historically and largely chronologically. The study of childhood is still relatively new, and historians have sometimes struggled to construct a history of childhood, with very few firsthand accounts and limited archives. So many children left very few traces of their lives, and historians have had to piece together their history, not from diaries or archives but from court reports, visual representations, and childcare manuals. They have had to struggle to recapture the world of childhood in eras prior to 1800, when sources are especially limited. They, like others interested in childhood studies, have had to address the issue of how to define a child and what childhood is. They have had to contemplate the different historical meanings of the word child prior to 1600 and to resist the temptation to believe that childhood has inevitably improved through the centuries. They have also had to become aware of the dangers of historicizing a phenomenon that has few stable parameters and, in some cultures, may not even exist at all. In several languages there is no word for child; even in English, the word has drastically shifted its meaning over the centuries. These shifts need to be historicized in order to see both the continuities and the discontinuities between the past and the present that suggest that childhood has always been a time of suffering; children have always been the victims of perilous disease, parental neglect, government policy, war, etc. Concurrently, children have also always been the hope of the future, the focus of special love and attention. A historical perspective on European childhoods brings this insight into sharp focus.

scholarly journals Physical and societal statistics for a century of snow-avalanche hazards on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands (1910–2010)

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (221) ◽  
pp. 409-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny A. Podolskiy ◽  
Kaoru Izumi ◽  
Vladimir E. Suchkov ◽  
Nicolas Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Kuril Islands ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Continuous Record ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Kuril Islands ◽  
Analyze Data

AbstractThe analysis of historical avalanche data is important when developing accurate hazard maps. The record of snow-avalanche disasters on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands is incomplete, due to the historical division into periods of Japanese and Russian rule. Here we combine and analyze data from Japanese and Russian sources to reconstruct a continuous record of avalanche catastrophes in the region from 1910 to 2010. Despite the relatively small scale of the majority of catastrophic avalanches, with a total vertical drop < 200 m, we document evidence that places the region among the most avalanche-affected areas in the world. In total, 756 fatalities and > 238 injuries have occurred in 275 incidents over a 100 year period (two-thirds of those killed were Japanese). This death toll is higher than that in Canada, New Zealand or Iceland, or non-recreational fatalities in France. A wave of avalanche disasters (1930s–60s) following intense colonization of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands is evident. Although this ‘wave’ could be considered a local issue of the past, many presently developing countries may face similar situations. The fatality rate has decreased over time, due to social factors, and differs from that of any other region, in its absence of deaths through recreational activities. Although in recent years the fatality rate is lower than that of Iceland or the USA, the per capita avalanche casualty rate on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands remains among the highest in the world.

scholarly journals Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: An epidemiological study

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Ye. V. Trofimenko ◽  
N. B. Lebedev ◽  
N. V. Gubanov ◽  
Ye. N. Zlobina ◽  
I. I. Dedov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes ◽  
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most important problems of our time. This disease plays a significant role in the structure of chronic childhood pathology, leads to severe complications that invalidate a person, and significantly increases mortality at a young age. The study of the incidence of T1DM (the number of new cases of T1DM in a certain population within 1 year) allows you to get answers to a number of questions on its etiology and pathogenesis, to solve the problems of the need to allocate material resources for the organization of preventive and therapeutic measures. Information on the incidence of T1DM in the world applies in most cases to people under the age of 15 years, data for the age group up to 1820 years of age are less common. Epidemiological studies in various countries show an increase in the incidence of T1DM in children. This is shown by the example of Norway, the USA, Finland, Denmark from the 20s of our century, England - from the 50s and other countries over the past 20 years. It is possible to reliably distinguish a true increase in the incidence from an improvement in the detection of diabetes only on the basis of standardized epidemiological studies for certain periods of time. Many countries have compiled national childhood diabetes registries. Thus, in a number of countries standardized information on sex and age was obtained on the incidence of children with T1DM for at least 10 years, divided into 5-year periods. According to these data, the incidence rate has increased in the vast majority of countries over the past 10-20 years. It is noteworthy that the change, namely, an increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children, is uneven. In some regions of the world, this indicator remained virtually unchanged over fairly long periods of time.

Neuroexistentialism

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Second Wave

Existentialism is a concern about the foundation of meaning, morals, and purpose. Existentialisms arise when some foundation for these elements of being is under assault. In the past, first-wave existentialism concerned the increasingly apparent inability of religion and religious tradition to provide such a foundation, as typified in the writings of Kierkegaard, Dostoevsky, and Nietzsche. Second-wave existentialism, personified philosophically by Sartre, Camus, and de Beauvoir, developed in response to the inability of an overly optimistic Enlightenment vision of reason and the common good to provide such a foundation. There is a third-wave existentialism, a new existentialism, developing in response to advances in the neurosciences that threaten the last vestiges of an immaterial soul or self. With the increasing explanatory and therapeutic power of neuroscience, the mind no longer stands apart from the world to serve as a foundation of meaning. This produces foundational anxiety. This collection of new essays explores the anxiety caused by this third-wave existentialism and some responses to it. It brings together some of the world’s leading philosophers, neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and legal scholars to tackle our neuroexistentialist predicament and explore what the mind sciences can tell us about morality, love, emotion, autonomy, consciousness, selfhood, free will, moral responsibility, law, the nature of criminal punishment, meaning in life, and purpose.

Evolution of the Structure of the American Economy

2005 ◽  
pp. 84-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Porokhovsky
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Economy

The author pays special attention to the USA leading positions in the world economy. The basic significance of traditional industries, first of all manufacturing, in the structure of the American economy and its evolution are underlined. The article analyzes in detail the increasing role of services including finance. Information technologies create new economic structure and new quality of economic growth. A reader learns from the article about sustainable reproduction role of business cycle in the past and present.

Aborigines in Multilingual Australia

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
J. Budby
Keyword(s):  
Multicultural Education ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
The World ◽  
Equal Recognition ◽  
The Ideal

(Address given to the World Education Fellowship – Queensland Section, 28 July 1983).The topic chosen for discussion at this gathering is entitled, ‘Towards a Multilingual Australia’. Because of my particular upbringing, experience and knowledge, my presentation will specifically focus on the place of Aborigines within such a society. My fellow speaker will broaden the issue by outlining aspects of the wider Australian society and their relationship to the new ideal. Since we constitute between one and two per cent of the Australian population, perhaps I should limit myself to this proportion of time in presenting my paper. However, I shall adopt an important principle of multilingualism, namely, that of equal recognition, and spend considerably more time in presenting an Aboriginal viewpoint on the contribution my peoples can make to a multilingual Australia. I hope that my fellow speaker does not permit me to ‘hog the microphone’ for too long as I am sure that he will have some important perspectives to add to tonight’s discussion.To present my people’s place within a multilingual Australia I believe it is necessary to present the current attitudes. The current attitudes can be attributed largely to what has occurred in the past. The settlement of Australia has significance. Therefore I will begin my presentation by outlining the structure of the Australian population and how it came to be. Then to present the Aboriginal view of this and the attitude to the suggested new Australia. To do this I will diverge from the major topic initially to express a view of multiculturalism. Language is an important component of culture and therefore one cannot easily divorce one from the other. A multilingual Australia must also be multicultural, in my opinion. Most Aborigines have a particular attitude to this new Government policy. My people’s attitude will be defined and made explicit through the historical perspective and through a critical analysis of statements made by three groups on multiculturalism. The three groups who have made a statement include, the Working Party on Multiculturalism, established by the Queensland Department of Education, the Commonwealth Education Portfolio, and the Committee on Multicultural Education who reported to the Commonwealth Schools Commission. Having established the current Aboriginal attitude, I will provide some strategic ideas as to how I consider the ideal of multilingual Australia can be achieved. In providing strategies I hope to leave food for thought for later discussion and review.

African Girls' Samplers from Mission Schools in Sierra Leone (1820s to 1840s)

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 189-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Strickrodt
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Mission Schools ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
British Colony ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Insight Into

In an article in this journal almost fifteen years ago, Colleen Kriger discussed the reluctance of historians of Africa to use objects as sources in their research. She pointed to the rich reservoir of objects “made by African hands” in museum collections around the world, which lies virtually untapped by historians. However, she also noted that while objects are “unusually eloquent remnants from the past,” they are problematic sources, presenting “special difficulties in evaluation and interpretation.”The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the existence of a number of embroidery samplers that were stitched by African girls in mission schools in the British colony of Sierra Leone in the period from the 1820s to the 1840s. So far, I have found thirteen of these samplers, which are preserved in a number of archival, private and museum collections in Europe and the USA. To historians, these pieces of needlework are of interest because they were generated by a group of people for whom we do not usually have first-hand documentary material. Moreover, they represent the direct material traces of the activity of the girls who made them, and thus appear to offer the possibility of an emphatic insight into their experience.However, these “textile documents” present serious problems of interpretation. What exactly can they be expected to tell the modern historian? In particular, how far, in fact, do they express the perspectives of the African girls who made them, as distinct from the European missionaries who directed their work? Careful source criticism and an examination of the purpose for which they were produced will help to clarify these issues.

scholarly journals Proton tomography through deeply virtual Compton scattering

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-223
Author(s):  
Xiangdong Ji
Keyword(s):  
Compton Scattering ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering ◽  
Virtual Compton Scattering ◽  
Great Honor ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Physical

Abstract In this prize talk, I recall some of the history surrounding the discovery of deeply virtual Compton scattering, and explain why it is an exciting experimental tool to obtain novel tomographic pictures of the nucleons at Jefferson Lab 12 GeV facility and the planned Electron-Ion Collider in the USA. It is certainly a great honor to have received the 2016 Herman Feshbach Prize in theoretical nuclear physics by the American Physical Society. I sincerely thank my colleagues in the Division of Nuclear Physics to recognize the importance of some of the theoretical works I have done in the past, particularly their relevance to the experimental programs around the world.

scholarly journals The World Experience and a Unified Model for Government Regulation of Development of the Automotive Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Illia A. Dmytriiev ◽  
Inna Yu. Shevchenko ◽  
Vyacheslav M. Kudryavtsev ◽  
Olena M. Lushnikova ◽  
Tetiana S. Zhytnik
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Life Cycle Stage ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Government Support ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Automotive Manufacturing ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The article summarises the advanced world experience in government regulation of the automotive industry using the example of the leading automotive manufacturing countries – China, Japan, India, South Korea, the USA, and the European Union. Leading approach to the study of this problem is the comparative method that has afforded revealing peculiarities of the primary measures applied by governments of the world to regulate the automotive industry have been identified. A unified model for government regulation of the automotive industry has been elaborated. The presented model contains a set of measures for government support for the automotive industry depending on the life cycle stage (inception, growth, stabilisation, top position, stagnation, decline, crisis) of the automotive industry and the level (high, medium, low) of competitiveness of automotive enterprises.

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