scholarly journals Prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors: A community survey in Thirvallur District, south India

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0247245
Author(s):  
Chandra Kumar Dolla ◽  
Bhaskaran Dhanaraj ◽  
Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran ◽  
Sriram Selvaraj ◽  
Pradeep Aravindan Menon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
South India ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Associate Risk

Background Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys add to the active case detection in the community level burden of TB both national and regional levels. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the community. Methods Household community-based tuberculosis disease survey was conducted targeting 69054 population from 43 villages of 5 blocks in Tiruvallure district adopting cluster sampling methodology of ≥15 years old adult rural population of South India during 2015–2018. All eligible individuals with suspected symptoms of PTB were screened with chest X-ray. Two sputum specimens (one spot and the other early morning sample) were collected for M.tb smear and culture examination. Conversely demographical, smoking and alcohol drinking habits information were also collected to explore the risk factor. Stepwise logistic regression was employed to associate risk factors for PTB. Results A total of 62494 were screened among 69054 eligible population, of whom 6340 were eligible for sputum specimen collection. Sputum for M.tb smear and culture examination were collected in 93% of participants. The derived prevalence of PTB was 307/100000 population (smear-positive 130; culture positive 277). As expected that PTB has decreased substantially compared to preceding surveys and it showed that older age, male, low BMI, diabetes, earlier history of TB and alcohol users were significantly associated (p < .0001) with an increased risk of developing PTB. Conclusion Upshot of the active survey has established a reduction in the prevalence of PTB in the rural area which can be accredited to better programmatic implementation and success of the National TB Control Programme in this district. It also has highlighted the need for risk reduction interventions accelerate faster elimination of TB.

scholarly journals Early morning off in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a Chinese nationwide study and a 7-question screening scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Han ◽  
◽  
Wei Mao ◽  
Jing An ◽  
Lifei Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Functional Dependency ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Muscle Cramp ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Disease Stages

Abstract Background Early morning off (EMO) is a common feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to characterize its clinical features and develop a convenient and pragmatic self-assessment instrument in a Chinese nationwide population. Methods This study was conducted on 942 PD patients admitted to 55 clinic centers for movement disorders between June 2018 and May 2019 in China. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed to determine potential risk factors and the most predictive symptoms of EMO, as well as whether EMO was an independent risk factor of functional dependency in daily life. Based on this, a 7-question scale was derived for EMO screening. Diagnostic accuracy of this scale was assessed from the area under the receiver operative characteristic curve (AUROC) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We further calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for the optimal cutoff point. Results EMO occurred in 49.2% of PD patients across all disease stages. We identified 7 symptoms most predictive of EMO, including bradykinesia or rigidity, excessive sweating or salivation, difficulty in turning on or getting out of bed, muscle cramp, fatigue or sleepiness, frozen state or freezing gait, and tremor. The resulting 7-item scale was confirmed to be of good discrimination with a relatively large AUROC of 0.83, a relatively high sensitivity of 75.7%, specificity of 77.5%, PPV of 76.5%, and NPV of 76.7%. Nonideal nighttime sleep, long PD duration, advanced H&Y stages, posture instability gait difficulty-dominant or mixed subtypes, and high levodopa dose were independently associated with increased risk of EMO. EMO patients were at 87% higher (OR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.07–3.32) risk of experiencing functional dependency in daily living compared with their counterparts. Conclusions We demonstrated that EMO is a common feature for PD patients across all disease stages and put forward an EMO-specific screening card of sufficient accuracy and brevity. Meanwhile we have thrown some light upon potential determinants and negative health effects of EMO. Our findings may exert great impact on improving the awareness, recognition and management of EMO in PD patients.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors for Adult Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Metropolitan City of South India

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e0124260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baskaran Dhanaraj ◽  
Mohan Kumar Papanna ◽  
Srividya Adinarayanan ◽  
Chandrasekaran Vedachalam ◽  
Vijayaraj Sundaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
South India ◽  
Metropolitan City

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV Infection among Clients Attending ICTCs in Six Districts of Tamilnadu, South India

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rajeswari Ramachandran ◽  
V. Chandrasekaran ◽  
M. Muniyandi ◽  
K. Jaggarajamma ◽  
Anasua Bagchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
South India ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Objective. To assess the HIV serostatus of clients attending integrated counseling and testing centres (ICTCs) in Tamilnadu, south India (excluding antenatal women and children), and to study its association with demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors.Design. In a prospective observational study, we interviewed clients attending 170 ICTCs from six districts of Tamilnadu during 2007 utilizing a standard pretest assessment questionnaire. All the clients were tested for HIV with rapid test kits. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants of HIV infection.Results. Of 18329 clients counseled, 17958 (98%) were tested for HIV and 732 (4.1%; range 2.6 to 6.2%) were tested positive for HIV. Median age of clients was 30 years; 89% had never used condoms in their lives and 2% gave history of having received blood transfusion. In multivariate analysis HIV seropositivity was associated with HIV in the family (adjusted odds ratio) (AOR 11.6), history of having sex with sex workers (AOR 2.9), age ≥31 years (AOR 2.8); being married (AOR 2.5), previously tested for HIV (AOR 1.9), illiteracy (AOR 1.7), unemployment (AOR 1.5), and alcoholism (AOR 1.5).Conclusion. HIV seroprevalence being high in ICTC clients (varied from 2.6 to 6.2%), this group should also be included in routine programme monitoring of sero-positivity and risk factors for better understanding of the impact of the National AIDS Control Programme. This would help in evolving appropriate policies and strategies to reduce the spread of HIV infection.

scholarly journals A Comparison Of Three Versus Two Sputum Smear Microscopy In A Government Medical College, Patiala, India

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
J Kishan ◽  
P Kaur ◽  
A Mahajan ◽  
M Monika ◽  
K Navneet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
National Tuberculosis

Introduction: Under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme of India, three sputum samples are examined and 2 samples positivity criteria are used for labeling the patient as sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Recent studies advocate use of two samples (one spot & one morning) for diagnosis of Tuberculosis. The objective was to compare three versus two sputum smears and to study the relevance of third sputum sample for microscopy in the current practice under Revised National Tuberculosis and Control Programme. Methodology: A study of the laboratory register of the designated microscopic centre for the calendar year 2008 was undertaken. In all 9028 suspects were examined. An analysis of contribution of various sputum samples, S1 (fi rst spot sample), M (early morning) & S2 (second spot) towards diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis was undertaken. Results: Sputum smear examination results of all the patients examined during 2008 were analyzed. Twelve hundred and eighty eight patients (99.3%) were labeled as smear positive tuberculosis when three sputum samples positivity criteria was considered. By applying two samples and any smear positivity criteria 1296 (99.9%) patients were labeled as sputum smear positive. Among 1296 smears, S1 was positive in 1088 (83.8%) and M in 1293 (99.6%) patients. Early morning sample positivity yield was found higher. Conclusion: Considering 2 samples for examination with at least one morning specimen and one sample positivity criteria, the work load on laboratory can be reduced by 1/3rd without affecting case detection rate. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i2.5898 SAARCTB 2011; 8(2): 28-30

Abstract P201: Insomnia Symptoms Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Grandner ◽  
Pinyo Rattanaumpawan ◽  
Michael L Perlis ◽  
Philip R Gehrman ◽  
Nicholas J Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

Introduction: Insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder known to independently affect the onset, course, and response to treatment for a number of psychiatric disorders. In particular, insomnia is associated with neuroendocrine stress system changes. Less is known about medical risks, though recent evidence implicates insomnia in hypertension, metabolic dysregulation, and inflammation. We hypothesized that insomnia is positively associated with hypertension and objectively-assessed risk factors. Methods: Data from the 2007-2008 NHANES (N=4,072) examined which risk factors were associated with insomnia symptoms and previous insomnia diagnosis. In addition to previous diagnosis, insomnia symptoms were sleep latency (mins), difficulty falling asleep, difficulty resuming sleep upon awakening, and early morning awakening. The latter three were coded as never, rarely, sometimes, often or almost always. Cardiometabolic risk factors included hypertension history, systolic and diastolic BP, pulse, and fasting triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, and c-reactive protein (CRP). Weighted regression models explored relationships adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, marital status, BMI, diet, exercise, and smoking. Results: Overall, a pattern emerged, such that all insomnia variables were associated with increased risk of hypertension. Further, diastolic BP, triglycerides, and HbA1c were all positively associated with several insomnia variables. Other risk factors (e.g., cholesterol, glucose, CRP) were only associated with one of the insomnia variables. See Table for specific results. Conclusion: Symptoms of insomnia were associated with hypertension and a number of objectively-assessed cardiometabolic risk factors, including some in domains not previously explored relative to insomnia (e.g., lipids, HbA1c). Future prospective studies will be needed to ascertain whether pre-existing insomnia is a risk factor for the onset of cardiometabolic dysfunction. Associations between insomnia variables and cardiometabolic risk factors Variable β SE Previous Insomnia Diagnosis Hypertension (OR) Systolic BP Diastolic BP Pulse Triglycerides (log) Cholesterol Insulin (log) Glucose (log) HbA1c (log) CRP (log) ** 3.027 1.888 0.036 0.502 0.993 1.504 1.001 0.973 *** 0.966 1.000 1.067 2.315 1.515 1.182 0.102 6.561 0.111 0.022 0.009 0.173 Sleep Latency (Minutes) Hypertension (OR) Systolic BP Diastolic BP Pulse Triglycerides (log) Cholesterol Insulin (log) Glucose (log) HbA1c (log) CRP (log) *** 1.008 0.011 † 0.019 * 0.029 * 1.001 * 0.093 1.001 1.000 1.000 * 1.003 0.002 0.015 0.011 0.012 0.001 0.042 0.001 0.0002 0.0001 0.001 Difficulty Falling Asleep (“Almost Always” vs “Never”) Hypertension (OR) Systolic BP Diastolic BP Pulse Triglycerides (log) Cholesterol Insulin (log) Glucose (log) HbA1c (log) CRP (log) * 2.076 † 2.111 *** 2.804 † 1.585 ** 1.115 4.426 1.054 * 0.969 * 0.987 1.107 0.394 1.168 0.841 0.935 0.043 3.400 0.079 0.015 0.006 0.088 Difficulty Resuming Sleep (“Almost Always” vs “Never”) Hypertension (OR) Systolic BP Diastolic BP Pulse Triglycerides (log) Cholesterol Insulin (log) Glucose (log) HbA1c (log) CRP (log) *** 2.132 0.877 *** 3.830 1.029 * 1.098 3.779 1.028 0.990 ** 0.979 1.074 0.417 1.148 0.796 0.987 0.044 3.310 0.075 0.015 0.008 0.089 Early Morning Awakening (“Almost Always” vs “Never”) Hypertension (OR) Systolic BP Diastolic BP Pulse Triglycerides (log) Cholesterol Insulin (log) Glucose (log) HbA1c (log) CRP (log) ** 1.817 1.645 * 2.205 0.252 0.996 0.030 0.995 0.974 0.988 1.039 0.361 1.256 0.928 1.058 0.040 3.460 0.085 0.016 0.009 0.091 † p<0.10; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001

Prevalence and risk factors for attempted suicide in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Hansheng Ding ◽  
Peng Su ◽  
Qin Xu ◽  
Lixia Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACTBackground:Previous studies have thoroughly investigated the prevalence and risk factors for completed suicide. In marked contrast is the lack of a better understanding of attempted suicide in the elderly. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of attempted suicide in the elderly and examine the associated factors.Methods:Using a multi-stage cluster sampling approach, a cross-sectional survey of 8,399 elderly house-dwelling residents was conducted in Shanghai, China.Results:The two-week prevalence of attempted suicide in the elderly was 0.75%. In the bivariate analysis, having no caregivers, depressive, anxiety, sad, fear, obsessive-compulsive and anger symptom, and lower scores on the Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living and the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale were significantly associated with an increased risk of attempted suicide in the elderly. In the multivariate analysis, sad and fear symptoms were significantly and independently associated with a higher risk of attempted suicide in the elderly.Conclusion:The two-week prevalence of attempted suicide in the elderly is relatively high when compared with the annualized or lifetime prevalence reported in China and foreign settings. Elderly individuals with certain mental symptoms should be targeted for suicide prevention and provided with timely mental health support.

scholarly journals Prevalence of adult eczema, hay fever, and asthma, and associated risk factors: a population-based study in the northern Grassland of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
Yan Zhuang ◽  
Yanlei Chen ◽  
Hongtian Wang ◽  
Xueyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Hay Fever ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Antibiotic Overuse ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background There has been research about the prevalence and risk factors of eczema, hay fever, and asthma in children, but little is known about these conditions in adults in China. Objectives To explore the prevalence of adult eczema/atopic dermatitis (AD) and its risk factors in northern China. Methods A cluster sampling randomized population-based survey was conducted using a face-to-face questionnaire combined with skin prick tests of ten common aeroallergens including nine pollen allergens and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinu (Dp) allergen. The questionnaire was designed by specialists and included questions on the prevalence of eczema, hay fever, and asthma, socioeconomic risk factors, family history of atopy and environmental exposures. The prevalence of eczema with asthma and/or hay fever (EAH) was applied as a proxy of AD in this study. Results Overall, 2096 subjects were enrolled and completed the study. The prevalence of eczema was 15.7% (95% CI 14.3–17.4), while the prevalence of hay fever and asthma were 20.6% (95% CI 18.9–22.4) and 6.5% (95% CI 5.5–7.6), respectively. In particular, the prevalence of EAH was 5.1% (95% CI 4.4–7.0). The prevalence of eczema and EAH was significantly associated with younger age, atopy family history, high education level, urbanization, and antibiotic overuse (P < 0.05, logistic regression). The sensitization rate was higher in EAH compared with eczema (48.2% vs 41.0%, P = 0.018), with weed pollen sensitization being the most common. Subjects with two or more concomitant allergic diseases had increased risk of eczema and EAH (P < 0.001). Allergen sensitization increased the risk of eczema and EAH (P < 0.001, both). Conclusions Adult eczema and EAH are prevalent in northern China under high pollen exposure. Socioeconomic and environmental factors affected the prevalence of adult AD in China. Dp had a particular impact on the prevalence of eczema/AD in the grassland region.

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