scholarly journals Spatial pattern of tuberculosis (TB) and related socio-environmental factors in South Korea, 2008-2016

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255727
Author(s):  
Changmin Im ◽  
Youngho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Insurance Payment ◽  
Eigenvector Spatial Filtering ◽  
Image Position

Tuberculosis (TB) incidence and corresponding mortality rates in S. Korea are unusual and unique compared to other economically developed countries. Korea has the highest TB incidence rate in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. TB is known as a disease reflecting socio-economic and environmental conditions of a society. Besides, TB is an infectious disease spread through the air, naturally forming spatial dependence of its incidence. This study investigates TB incidences in Korea in socio-economic and environmental perspectives. Eigenvector spatial filtering applied accounts for spatial autocorrelation in the TB incidence, and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic tracks the changes of TB clusters at given time. The results show that population composition ratio, population growth rate, health insurance payment, and public health variables are significant throughout the study period. Environmental variables make minor effects on TB incidence. This study argues that unique demographic features of Korea are a potential threat to TB control in the future.

scholarly journals Spatial Approach to Diseases of Affluence Epidemiology and Regional Economic Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-218
Author(s):  
Alicja Olejnik ◽  
Agata Żółtaszek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Spatial Approach

Abstract Diseases of affluence (of the 21st c.) by definition should have higher prevalence and/or mortality rates in richer and more developed countries than in poorer, underdeveloped states (where diseases of poverty are more common). Therefore, it has been indicated that it is civilizational progress that makes us sick. On the other hand, substantial financial resources, highly qualified medical personnel, and the cutting-edge technology of richer states, should allow for effective preventions, diagnostics, and treatment of diseases of poverty and of affluence. Therefore, a dilemma arises: is progress making us sick or curing us? To evaluate the influence of country socioeconomic and technological development on population health, a spatial analysis of the epidemiology of diseases of affluence and distribution of economic resources for European NUTS 2 has been performed. The main aim of this paper is to assess, how regional diversity in the prevalence of diseases of affluence is related to the regional development of regions.

scholarly journals Mortality rates in pediatric septic shock

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desy Rusmawatiningtyas ◽  
Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Septic Shock ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Fluid Overload ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Survival Group

Background Septic shock remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children admitted to the intensive care unit. Recent investigations from developed countries have reported mortality rates of 20-30%. Few studies have reported mortality rates from pediatric septic shock in intensive care settings in developing countries with limited resources.  Objective  To determine the current mortality rates for pediatric patients with septic shock in a developing country.Methods A retrospective study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at DR. Sardjito General Hospital. Medical records and charts were reviewed and recorded for diagnoses of septic shock, from November 1st, 2011 to June 30th, 2014. Results  A database of all PICU admissions was assembled, and cases with diagnoses of septic shock were reviewed. The final data consisted of 136 patients diagnosed with septic shock. Septic shock was defined as a clinical suspicion of sepsis, manifested by hyperthermia or hypothermia, and accompanied by hypoperfusion  The overall mortality rate for the study cohort was 88.2%.  The median age of patients was 16 months, with 52.2% males. Median initial PRISM III and PELOD scores were 10 and 22, respectively. The median length of PICU stay was 4 days. A total of 48.5% of the subjects were in need of crystalloid and colloid fluid at a median amount of 40 mL/kg. The median time required to complete the initial resuscitation was 60 minutes. Mechanical ventilator support in the first 24 hours was required in 79.4% of the cases. Fluid overload of > 10% (FO>10%) was found in 58.8% of the subjects.Conclusion The mortality rate in pediatric septic shock in our hospital is very high. There is a higher incidence of fluid overload in the non-survival group .

scholarly journals Drugs Implicated, Mortality and Use of Corticosteroids in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Cases: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Sunil Dogra ◽  
Samir Malhotra ◽  
Promila Pandhi ◽  
Sharonjeet Kaur ◽  
Sujit Rajagopalan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Nonsignificant Difference ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

ABSTRACT Background Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare idiosyncratic mucocutaneous reaction associated with high mortality. Drugs are most commonly implicated in TEN. The treatment constitutes stopping the offending drug, along with symptomatic management. In this study, we searched for case reports/series of TEN and analyzed data to find the most commonly implicated drugs in TEN, effects of use of corticosteroids on mortality in TEN patients, changing trends in mortality over the past 3 decades and difference in mortality rates in both developing and developed countries. Materials and methods We searched for case reports/series of TEN to evaluate most commonly implicated drugs in TEN, effects of use of corticosteroids on mortality in TEN patients, changing trends in mortality over the past three decades and difference in mortality rates in both developing and developed countries. Results Antibiotics (28.6%) followed by antiepileptics (17.4%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (9.6%) are most commonly implicated. There was nonsignificant decrease in mortality among steroids users as compared to nonusers (OR = 2.0, CI 0.96-4.24). During the period between 1980 and 1989 the reported mortality in TEN cases was approximately 33.4%, which decreased to 27% in the next two decades. There was a nonsignificant difference in mortality in develo- ping countries as compared to developed countries (OR: 0.70, CI 0.32-1.53). Conclusion Corticosteroids have been associated with non significant reduction in the mortality. Apart from this, mortality did not differ over years together in both developing and developed countries. How to cite this article Kaur S, Rajagopalan S, Shafiq N, Dogra S, Srinivasan A, Pandhi P, Malhotra S. Drugs Implicated, Mortality and Use of Corticosteroids in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Cases: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):132-138.

The prevalence of ethnocentric tendencies in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Made In

Purpose – This paper aims to argue that the traditional belief that “consumer ethnocentrism is a phenomenon of the developed countries only” is no longer true. To establish this argument, our study assesses the applicability of the Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale (CETSCALE) in Bangladesh by judging the unidimensionality feature of the same. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is based on sample of 788 respondents collected from 27 border and non-border districts of Bangladesh. Findings – Statistically significant results show that for the consumers of border and non-border districts, the original CETSCALE is, to a great extent, applicable as those groups have shown positive attitudes in retaining 12-14 items out of the 17 items of the original scale. However, the groups and the respondents as a whole did not agree with the unidimensionality feature of the CETSCALE. Practical implications – The results of the study show that Bangladeshi consumers prefer to see “Made in Bangladesh” tags when buying consumer products – a significant potential threat that the multinational companies need to address while planning to expand business in Bangladesh. Originality/value – This type of rigorous study on Bangladesh has never been done before. Moreover, the study identifies the difference in ethnocentric behavior of the consumers living in border and non-border areas – a study of ethnocentrism from a different point of view.

scholarly journals Examination of the Effect of Aphid Vector Population Composition on the Spatial Dynamics of Citrus Tristeza Virus Spread by Stochastic Modeling

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Gottwald ◽  
G. J. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Garnsey ◽  
M. Irey
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Aphid Vector ◽  
Melon Aphid ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

Aphid vector species population composition is known to affect the spatial patterns of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and the changes in these patterns over time. However, the biological processes that are associated with virus spread have not been well defined. The spatiotemporal dynamics of CTV were examined using data collected from research plots in the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica, where the brown citrus aphid (BCA), Toxoptera citricida, was the predominant species, and in Florida, where the BCA was absent and the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, was the predominant vector. Data were analyzed using a spatiotemporal stochastic model for disease spread, and parameter values were evaluated using Markov chain Monte Carlo stochastic integration methods. Where the melon aphid was the dominant species, the model parameter likelihood values supported the hypothesis that the disease was spread through a combination of random background transmission (transmission originating from inoculum sources outside the plot) and a local interaction (transmission from inoculum sources within the plot) operating over short distances. Conversely, when BCA was present, results often suggested a local short-range transmission interaction that was not restricted to nearest-neighbor interactions and that the presence of background infection was not necessary to explain the observations.

The current potential of tobacco harm reduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Tobacco Harm Reduction ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Laboratory Workers ◽  
Behavioural Therapies ◽  
Current Potential

Smoking is the cause of the highest number of cancers and chronic diseases as well as the highest mortality rates in developed countries. Despite a variety of methods to combat tobacco dependence (behavioural therapies, nicotine replacement therapy, pharmacotherapy), the decrease in the number of smokers is slow. Alternative forms of nicotine delivery, which have been introduced in the consumer market in recent years, may help reduce harm caused by smoking in individuals for whom smoking cessation is not feasible. These include electronic cigarettes and more recently developed smokeless tobacco products. Due to the absence of tobacco combustion in these products, the number of harmful compounds inhaled by the user is significantly reduced compared to tobacco smoke. Based on previous studies, a number of prestigious organizations express their positive opinion on the reduced adverse effects on health following transition from conventional tobacco products to electronic cigarettes, while expressing their concern over the continued dependence of the users of these devices on nicotine as well as the risk of nicotine addiction among adolescents. Most of the few reports on their harmfulness were published by laboratory workers employed by tobacco companies. It seems, however, that these new products can actually reduce tobacco-related damage, but to what extent it remains to be seen.

Development of Regulation on Accident Management and Statistics Analysis on Accident for China Special Equipment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbiao Yang ◽  
Jiong Zheng ◽  
Weijian Luo ◽  
Xufeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Statistics Analysis ◽  
Accident Management ◽  
Equipment Development ◽  
Accident Rates ◽  
Number Development

Regulations on safety supervision and accident management of special equipment since 1979 were analyzed in order to clarify the rules and characteristics of safety supervision for China’s special equipment. The accident management process of special equipment gradually tends to be standardized and procedural. In addition, the number development and accident evolvement trend of special equipment in China since 1979 were studied aiming at obtaining the characteristics and rules of the special equipment development, and a guideline is provided for the safety supervision of special equipment in China. On the whole, the accident rates and mortality rates per ten thousand equipments gradually decrease in the stages investigated in this paper, but compared with the corresponding accident rates of special equipment in developed countries, there is a space for the accident rates and mortality rates of China’s special equipment to decline.

scholarly journals Missing Unmarried Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1585-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwan Anderson ◽  
Debraj Ray
Keyword(s):  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
Missing Women

Abstract That unmarried individuals die at a faster rate than married individuals at all ages is well documented. Unmarried women in developing countries face particularly severe vulnerabilities, so that excess mortality faced by the unmarried is more extreme for women in these regions compared to developed countries. We provide systematic estimates of the excess female mortality faced by older unmarried women in developing regions. We place these estimates in the context of the missing women phenomenon. There are approximately 1.5 million missing women between the ages of 30 and 60 years old each year. We find that 35% of these missing women of adult age can be attributed to not being married. These estimates vary by region. India has the largest proportion of missing adult women who are without a husband, followed by the countries in East Africa. By contrast, China has almost no missing unmarried women. We show that 70% of missing unmarried women are of reproductive age and that it is the relatively high mortality rates of these young unmarried women (compared to their married counterparts) that drive this phenomenon.

Anticholinesterase Poisoning in Turkey - Clinical, Laboratory and Radiologic Evaluation of 269 cases

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Adnan Öztürk ◽  
F. Kelestimur ◽  
S. Kurtoglu ◽  
K. Güven ◽  
D. Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Late Complication ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Radiologic Evaluation ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Treatment Mortality ◽  
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities

A retrospective study was conducted on 269 patients with anticholinesterase poisoning who had been admitted to the Internal Medicine and Pediatric Clinics over the past 10 years. Their ages ranged from 17 d to 62 years. In adults, suicide was the most common means of intoxication. Miosis was the most frequent symptom and was seen in 80.66% of the patients. Hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyperchloraemia, hypochloraemia and hyponatraemia were among the electrolytic and haematologic disorders (hyperglycaemia 48.00%, hypoglycaemia 6.40%). There were also electrocardiographic abnormalities. Asthma, although usually a late complication, was also noted at the beginning of treatment. Mortality rates were 8.98% for children and 9.6% for adults. Since hypoglycaemia was found in all the patients who died, it was accepted as an ominous prognostic sign. We think that anticholinesterase poisoning is an important health problem in our country. It is much less common in developed than semi-developed countries, and a complete understanding of it is essential for the emergency physician.

DECREASE IN SEX DIFFERENCE IN PREMATURE MORTALITY DURING SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN POLAND

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
HALINA KOŁODZIEJ ◽  
MONIKA ŁOPUSZAŃSKA ◽  
EWA A. JANKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Transformation

SummaryIn recent years, sex differences in mortality have followed diverse patterns of change in developed countries. As there is no analogous evidence from Poland, the aim of this study was to describe the pattern of change in excess male mortality among Polish inhabitants aged 35–64 during 1995–2002, when the major socioeconomic transformation occurred, and compare it with sex differences in mortality observed in the late 1980s. During the study period, excess male mortality decreased significantly, independently of age and educational level. The reduction in mortality was observed in both sexes, but its magnitude was greater in men. These changes resulted mainly from a reduction in mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in males and a concomitant increase in mortality rates due to lung cancer and suicides in females. Although, in general, excess male mortality decreased, social gradients related to this phenomenon increased. Subjects (in particularly men) who had graduated from university benefited the most, their magnitude of reduction in mortality rates being the greatest. Changes in social environment during the transformation period in Poland are suggested as major determinants of these changes, but further studies are needed.

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