Diversity of fungal pathogens associated with loquat and development of novel virulence scales

Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] is an important fruit crop in Pakistan; however, a constant decline in its production is noted due biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly disease infestation. Fungal pathogens are the major disease-causing agents; therefore, their identification is necessary for devising management options. This study explored Taxila, Wah-Cantt, Tret, Chatar, Murree, Kalar-Kahar, Choa-Saidan-Shah and Khan-Pur districts in the Punjab and Khyber Paktoon Khawa (KPK) provinces of Pakistan to explore the diversity of fungal pathogens associated with loquat. The samples were collected from these districts and their microscopic characterizations were accomplished for reliable identification. Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Aspergilus flavis, Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium globosum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae and Phomopsis sp. were the fungal pathogens infesting loquat in the study area. The isolates of A. alternata and C. lunata were isolated from leaf spots and fruit rot, while the isolates of L. theobromae were associated with twig dieback. The remaining pathogens were allied with fruit rot. The nucleotide evidence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) were computed from all the pathogens and submitted in the database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). For multigene analysis, beta-tubulin (BT) gene and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions were explored for A. alternata and C. lunata isolates, respectively. The virulence scales of leaf spots, fruit rot, and twig dieback diseases of loquat were developed for the first time through this study. It is the first comprehensive study with morpho-molecular identification, and newly developed virulence scales of the fungal pathogens associated with loquat, which improves the understanding of these destructive diseases.

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Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1694-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (5) ◽

pp. 951-958

Author(s):

Shan Lin ◽

Francesca Peduto Hand

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Plant Production ◽

Mature Fruit ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Maximum Minimum

Fruit rot of deciduous holly, caused by species of the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, and Epicoccum, is affecting plant production in Midwestern and Eastern U.S. nurseries. To determine the sources of inoculum, dormant twigs and mummified fruit were collected, and leaf spot development was monitored throughout the season from three Ohio nurseries over two consecutive years. Mummified fruit was the main source of primary inoculum for species of Alternaria and Epicoccum, whereas mummified fruit and bark were equally important for species of Colletotrichum and Diaporthe. Brown, irregular leaf spots developed in the summer, and disease incidence and severity increased along with leaf and fruit development. Coalesced leaf spots eventually resulted in early plant defoliation. When tested for their pathogenicity on fruit, leaf spot isolates were able to infect wounded mature fruit and induce rot symptoms, which indicated that leaf spots could serve as a source of secondary inoculum for fruit infections. In addition, spore traps were used to monitor seasonal inoculum abundance in the nurseries. Fruit rot pathogens were captured by the spore traps throughout the season, with peak dissemination occurring during flowering. In this study, we also attempted to understand the role of environmental factors on leaf spot development. Although leaf spot incidence and severity were negatively correlated to mean maximum, minimum and average temperature, a decrease in temperature also coincided with leaf senescence. The role of temperature on leaf spot development should be further studied to fully interpret these results.

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Resistance of Pepper Cultivars and Accessions of Capsicum spp. to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.303 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 303-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Y. Yanar ◽

S. A. Miller

Keyword(s):

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽

Management Options ◽

Bell Peppers ◽

Capsicum Spp ◽

Serious Disease ◽

High Level ◽

First Time

Sclerotinia stem and fruit rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a potentially serious disease of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), affecting both seedlings and mature plants. Management options for the disease are limited and information is not available on resistance in Capsicum spp. to this pathogen. The level of resistance of 12 commercial pepper cultivars and 110 Capsicum spp. accessions to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was determined by using limited-term and ascospore inoculation methods. None of the commercial cultivars tested were resistant to Sclerotinia stem rot. Stem rot incidence among the Capsicum spp. accessions tested by ascospore inoculation ranged from 0 to 100%. Fifty-eight accessions had significantly less stem disease than the susceptible commercial cultivar Marengo. There was no correlation between results of the limited-term and ascospore inoculation tests. These results demonstrate for the first time that a high level of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance exists among the Capsicum spp. accessions. Several accessions may be suitable for use in breeding programs to increase resistance in commercial pepper cultivars.

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Antagonistic potential of rhizosphere fungi against leaf spot and fruit rot pathogens of brinjal

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v43i2.21675 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 213-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MT Aktar ◽

KS Hossain ◽

MA Bashar

Keyword(s):

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Fusarium Moniliforme ◽

Soil Fungi ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Curvularia Lunata ◽

Volatile Metabolites ◽

Rhizosphere Fungi ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Antagonistic Potential

Antagonistic potentials of seven rhizoshere soil fungi viz., Aspergillus flavus Link., A. fumigatus Fresen., A. niger Tiegh., A. terreus Thom., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma harzianum Refat. and T. viride Pers. were tested in opposition to six pathogenic fungi viz., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum and Phomopsis sp. isolated from different leaf spots and fruit rots of brinjal. Out of seven soil fungi, Trichoderma harzianum was found most effective to control the growth of all the test fungi in the study of colony interactions and effects of volatile and non-volatile metabolites. This fungus may be exploited commercially to biocontrol the diseases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i2.21675 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(2): 213-217, 2014 (September)

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NEW VARIETIES OF CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRY BREEDING PLANTS

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2020/4/41-46 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 41-46

Author(s):

O. D. Golyaeva ◽

O. V. Kurashev ◽

S. D. Knyazev ◽

А. Yu. Bakhotskaya

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Black Currant ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Agricultural Sciences ◽

Berry Crops ◽

New Varieties ◽

First Time ◽

Red Currant

The main goal of the scientific institution was and remains to improve the assortment of fruit and berry crops for the development of domestic horticulture. Black currant breeding at VNIISPK was started by A.F Tamarova and continued by the doctor of agricultural Sciences T.P.Ogoltsova and doctor of agricultural Sciences S.D. Knyazev. A long-term breeding program has been developed. The main goals of the program are to create black currant cultivars with continuous resistance to diseases, first of all powdery mildew, as wells resistance to pests, i.e. bud mite. As a result of the long-term work, over 40 black currant cultivars have been developed, 14 of them are zoned. Red currant breeding was led by the candidate of agricultural Sciences L.V. Bayanova; since 2001 the work has been continued by the candidate of agricultural Sciences O.D. Golyaeva. ‘Heinemanns Rote Spӓtlese’, the descendant of R. multiflorum Kit., was involved in the red currant breeding for the first time in Russia. On its genetic basis, a series of late maturing cultivars with long and dense racemes was created. At the Institute, in total 21cultivars of red currants have been developed, 13 of them are zoned. At present, red currant cultivars make up 25.5% of the zoned assortment in Russia. The first research on gooseberries was stated by V.P. Semakin and A.F Tamarova; since 1992 the systematic gooseberry breeding has been carried out by the candidate of agricultural Sciences O.V. Kurashev. On the basis of Grossularia robusta, we have created gooseberry forms that are resistant to powdery mildew and leaf spots. These forms are highly productive, weakly thorned, having bush habit suitable for mechanized harvest. The result of breeding activities was the transfer of 6 gooseberry cultivars to State agricultural testing: ‘Solnechny Zaychik’, ‘Nekrasovsky’, ‘Yupiter’, ‘Zemlianichny’, ‘Moryachok’ and ‘Discovery’.

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STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NAMES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF DISHES IN GERMAN RESTAURANT DISCOURSE

Tyumen State University Herald Humanities Research Humanitates ◽

10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-2-96-119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 96-119

Author(s):

Nadezhda G. KANTYSHEVA ◽

Inna V. Solovyova

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Semantic Features ◽

Institutional Discourse ◽

The World ◽

Different Types ◽

Complex Words ◽

First Time ◽

Comprehensive Study

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the structural and semantic features of dish names and their descriptions in German in the field of restaurant discourse. The study employs cognitive discourse analysis, elements of comparative and contextological approaches, taking into account linguocultural parameters. The relevance of the comprehensive study of the names of dishes in restaurant discourse is due to an increased interest in the parameterization of lexical units in different types of institutional discourse. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time, within the framework of a restaurant menu, not only the nomination of a dish is considered, but also the structural and semantic characteristics of its description are analysed. An attempt is made to analyse a connection between the nominations of dishes and their description in the restaurant menu, as well as to determine the semantic dominants of the genre under study. It is concluded that the text of the menu as a whole presents a combination of the language for special purposes and the language of advertising. In interaction with extralinguistic factors, the nominations of dishes and their descriptions not only document the culture of food in society, but also reflect the ethnocultural picture of the world. Based on the analysis of the menu texts, it is established that structurally the names of dishes are complex words or phrases, built mainly according to the attributive model. The description of dishes performs the function of verbalizing the sensations of taste and clarifying the method of preparing dishes, characterizing the quality of dishes, their ingredients, and the intensity of taste. Evaluative parameters in descriptions are expressed at the lexical, grammatical, syntactic and stylistic levels.

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Occurrence and spread of Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) in India

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.5039.4.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5039 (4) ◽

pp. 561-570

Author(s):

SUNIL JOSHI ◽

HASEENA BHASKAR ◽

V.S. AASHIQ POON ◽

B.R. JAYANTHI MALA ◽

P.D. KAMALA JAYANTHI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Scale Insect ◽

Indian Species ◽

Broad Host Range ◽

Management Options ◽

Soft Scale ◽

Plant Pest ◽

Plant Families ◽

First Time

The notoriously destructive and invasive soft scale, Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), is recorded for the first time from India. The scale is redescribed to facilitate its identification and information on its host range, natural enemies and distribution is provided. An identification key to the Indian species in this genus is given. Management options in the event of an outbreak are discussed briefly. The establishment of this scale insect warrants special attention in India as it is a potentially damaging plant pest and has a broad host range across many plant families.

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ISOTOPE-GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF AUTHENIC CARBONATES OF THE YU1 PRODUCING HORIZON OF THE VERKH-TARSKOYE OIL FIELD (SOUTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA)

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF SIBERIA ◽

10.20403/2078-0575-2020-4-20-28 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 20-28

Author(s):

L. G. Vakulenko ◽

◽

O. D. Nikolenko ◽

D. A. Novikov ◽

P. A. Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Isotopic Composition ◽

Carbonate Rocks ◽

Western Siberia ◽

Oil Field ◽

Third Generation ◽

The Third ◽

First Time ◽

Different Sources ◽

Sources Of Co2 ◽

Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study of the composition of sand and silt deposits of the Yu1 horizon of the Vasyuganskaya Formation upper part of the Verkh-Tarskoye oil field has been carried out. Associations of authigenic minerals have been determined in their cement, among which the calcite is the most widespread. According to petrographic parameters, three generations of calcite have been identified for which detailed isotopicgeochemical and ultramicroscopic studies were carried out for the first time. Wide and multi directional changes in the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen and in the chemical composition of carbonate minerals were recorded, they indicate significant variations in the conditions of diagenesis and catagenesis, primarily temperature, and different sources of CO2. Significant variations in the isotopic composition of formation waters and its relationship with the isotopic composition of carbonates have been established. Thus, a narrow interval of close δ13C values was revealed, amounting to –10.5 to –9.1 ‰ in the formation waters of group II, and from –10.7 to –9.1 ‰ in calcites of the third generation. The source of CO2 in this system should be considered a carbon dioxide, which is formed in the process of metamorphism of carbonate rocks of the Paleozoic age.

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Peach Brown Rot: Still in Search of an Ideal Management Option

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture8080125 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 125 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Vitus Ikechukwu Obi ◽

Juan José Barriuso ◽

Yolanda Gogorcena

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Crop Production ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Management Option ◽

Management Options ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Rot Disease ◽

Post Harvest Loss

The peach is one of the most important global tree crops within the economically important Rosaceae family. The crop is threatened by numerous pests and diseases, especially fungal pathogens, in the field, in transit, and in the store. More than 50% of the global post-harvest loss has been ascribed to brown rot disease, especially in peach late-ripening varieties. In recent years, the disease has been so manifest in the orchards that some stone fruits were abandoned before harvest. In Spain, particularly, the disease has been associated with well over 60% of fruit loss after harvest. The most common management options available for the control of this disease involve agronomical, chemical, biological, and physical approaches. However, the effects of biochemical fungicides (biological and conventional fungicides), on the environment, human health, and strain fungicide resistance, tend to revise these control strategies. This review aims to comprehensively compile the information currently available on the species of the fungus Monilinia, which causes brown rot in peach, and the available options to control the disease. The breeding for brown rot-resistant varieties remains an ideal management option for brown rot disease control, considering the uniqueness of its sustainability in the chain of crop production.

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A New Bacterial Disease on Bluberry (Vaccinium Corymbosum) Caused by Pseudomonas Spp.

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/jppr-2013-0004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 32-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Monika Kałużna ◽

Joanna Puławska ◽

Beata Meszka

Keyword(s):

Hypersensitivity Reaction ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

Leaf Spot Disease ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Pseudomonas Spp ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Pectolytic Activity ◽

Young Leaves ◽

First Time

Abstract In 2011, leaf spot disease was observed on the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cv. Nelson growing on a commercial field located in Central Poland. The disease symptoms could be seen as russet brown, irregular spots. The diameter of the spots was 0.3-0.5 cm, and the spots often coalesced. From these leaf spots, a fluorescent bacterium was repeatedly isolated in almost pure culture. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers Ps-for and Ps-rev, specific for Pseudomonas spp. confirmed that they belong to this genus. Based on LOPAT tests [levan production from sucrose (L), presence of oxidase (O), pectolytic activity on potato (P), the presence of arginine dihydrolase (A), hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco (T)], 6 isolates were classified to the LOPAT group Ib - group of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi and Pseudomonas delphini, and one isolate to group Ia - P. syringae. All isolates caused a hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco plants, and symptoms similar to those under natural conditions, when young leaves of blueberry cv. Nelson were inoculated. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes showed the highest similarity of 6 studied strains to the species P. avellanae. Further taxonomic study is necessary to enable definitive classification of these isolates. It is the first time that a bacterial disease caused by the Pseudomonas spp. was observed in Poland.

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First record of Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from India, with a key to the Indian species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4236.3.7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4236 (3) ◽

pp. 533 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

SUNIL JOSHI

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

First Record ◽

Indian Species ◽

Broad Host Range ◽

Similar Species ◽

Management Options ◽

Soft Scale ◽

Plant Pest ◽

Plant Families ◽

First Time

The notoriously destructive and invasive soft scale, Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), is recorded for the first time from India. This scale, with variable morphological appearance and similarities with other known scales of the same genus established in India, is redescribed to facilitate its identification and separation from other similar species. Information on its host range, natural enemies and distribution is provided. Management options in the event of an outbreak are discussed briefly. A key to the species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti in India is also provided. This new arrival warrants special attention in India as it is a potentially damaging plant pest and has a broad host range across many plant families.

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