The effects of environmental enrichment on hatchery-performance, smolt migration and capture rates in landlocked Atlantic salmon

Enrichment of rearing environment with natural elements has been suggested to improve the welfare and post-release survival of cultured fish. We studied the combined effects of shelter structures, periodical water flow and water level changes on pre- and post-release performance of critically endangered landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago). Relative to standard (plain) rearing tanks, provision of enrichment improved fish condition factor and survival during the first year of rearing when most mortality was attributable to parasitic and bacterial infections. The consequent higher density in enriched tanks probably induced greater growth variation and more dorsal fin damages than found in fish of standard tanks. Possibly this was partly due to the applied changes in water level. Experimentally determined smolt migration tendency at age 3 did not differ, on average, between the rearing groups, but enriched-reared fish showed clearly less variation in total movement activity than standard-reared fish. Experimental angling in earthen ponds did not suggest divergent vulnerability between the differentially reared fish at age 3, but decreased condition during the preceding growth season increased vulnerability to fishing. Based on long-term post-stocking tag returns in large-lake fisheries, fish length at release but not rearing method affected the capture rates of fish released at age 2. When released at age 3 the fish grown in enriched environment had a higher risk to be captured with stationary gears and earlier by hook and line gears compared to standard-reared conspecifics. Earlier time of maximal smolt migration activity was associated with an increased risk of being captured. We suggest that environmental enrichment may modulate growth- and behavior-related qualities that indirectly increased the vulnerability to fishing in natural conditions but not in experimental setting. The favorable effects of enrichment on early survival encourages adopting enriched rearing practices in supportive breeding of landlocked salmon.

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Transcriptomic Responses of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Environmental Enrichment during Juvenile Rearing

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0118378 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. e0118378 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Melissa L. Evans ◽

Tiago S. Hori ◽

Matthew L. Rise ◽

Ian A. Fleming

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Transcriptomic Responses

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Protection againstStaphylococcus aureusColonization and Infection by B- and T-Cell-Mediated Mechanisms

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.01949-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fan Zhang ◽

Olivia Ledue ◽

Maria Jun ◽

Cibelly Goulart ◽

Richard Malley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Pathological Condition ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Immune Defense ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Content Type ◽

Increased Risk

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.S. aureuscolonizes 20 to 80% of humans at any one time and causes a variety of illnesses. Strains that are resistant to common antibiotics further complicate management.S. aureusvaccine development has been unsuccessful so far, largely due to the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of protection against this pathogen. Here, we studied the role of different aspects of adaptive immunity induced by anS. aureusvaccine in protection againstS. aureusbacteremia, dermonecrosis, skin abscess, and gastrointestinal (GI) colonization. We show that, depending on the challenge model, the contributions of vaccine-inducedS. aureus-specific antibody and Th1 and Th17 responses to protection are different: antibodies play a major role in reducing mortality duringS. aureusbacteremia, whereas Th1 or Th17 responses are essential for prevention ofS. aureusskin abscesses and the clearance of bacteria from the GI tract. Both antibody- and T-cell-mediated mechanisms contribute to prevention ofS. aureusdermonecrosis. Engagement of all three immune pathways results in the most robust protection under each pathological condition. Therefore, our results suggest that eliciting multipronged humoral and cellular responses toS. aureusantigens may be critical to achieve effective and comprehensive immune defense against this pathogen.IMPORTANCES. aureusis a leading cause of healthcare- and community-associated bacterial infections.S. aureuscauses various illnesses, including bacteremia, meningitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, sepsis, and skin and soft tissue infections.S. aureuscolonizes between 20 and 80% of humans; carriers are at increased risk for infection and transmission to others. The spread of multidrug-resistant strains limits antibiotic treatment options. Vaccine development againstS. aureushas been unsuccessful to date, likely due to an inadequate understanding about the mechanisms of immune defense against this pathogen. The significance of our work is in illustrating the necessity of generating multipronged B-cell, Th1-, and Th17-mediated responses toS. aureusantigens in conferring enhanced and broad protection againstS. aureusinvasive infection, skin and soft tissue infection, and mucosal colonization. Our work thus, provides important insights for future vaccine development against this pathogen.

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Zinc deficiency may play a crucial role in dialysis-associated bacterial infections

Journal of Renal Injury Prevention ◽

10.34172/jrip.2022.09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. e9-e9

Author(s):

Zahra Lotfi ◽

Abbas Ali Zeraati ◽

Elaheh Dashti ◽

Tina Zeraati ◽

Maryam Arghiany ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zinc Deficiency ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Critical Role ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Zinc Level ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Mean

Introduction: Systemic bacterial infections are a common cause of mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis patients. Zinc has a critical role in several immune system functions. Patients who have enough amounts of zinc are able to better face infections caused by various pathogens in comparison to those with zinc insufficiency Objective We sought to assess the role of zinc deficiency in dialysis-associated bacterial infections. Patients and Methods: Eighty-Three adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis including 43 patients with bacterial infectious complications and 40 non-infected patients as well as 41 healthy individuals were enrolled. Clinical data, laboratory values including serum zinc level and imaging findings were collected. SPSS was utilized to analyze the data with a significance cutoff set at P < 0.05. Results: Out of 124 participants, 80 (64.51%) were males and 44 (35.49%) were females. The mean age of infected hemodialysis group, non-infected hemodialysis group, and healthy controls were 50.8 ± 16.25, 49.1 ± 18.1, and 56.3 ± 18.2 years, respectively. Catheter site infection (37.3%) and urinary tract infection (30.2%) were the most common infections. The mean serum zinc concentration was significantly lower in the infected patients, compared to non-infected patients and healthy individuals (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The ESRD patients on hemodialysis have lower serum zinc levels which are associated with increased risk of bacterial infection. The role of screening for zinc deficiency and use of supplemental zinc in these patients need to be studied.

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Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of bacterial infections after kidney transplantation

The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine ◽

10.3904/kjim.2015.214 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 505-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Young-Jae Park ◽

Sang-Un Kim ◽

Kyung-Hee Lee ◽

Jong-Hak Lee ◽

Eugene Kwon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Kidney Transplantation ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Increased Risk

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Antibacterial Bio-Based Polymers for Cranio-Maxillofacial Regeneration Applications

10.20944/preprints202011.0196.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marcela Martin-del-Campo ◽

Daniel Fernadez-Villa ◽

Gabriela Cabrera-Rueda ◽

Luis Rojo

Keyword(s):

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Guided Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Cements ◽

Maxillofacial Region ◽

Renewable Feedstocks ◽

Microbial Ecosystems ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Synthetic Routes ◽

Hybrid Scaffolds

Cranio-maxillofacial structure is a region of particular interest in the field of regenerative medicine due to both its anatomical complexity and the numerous abnormalities affecting this area. However, this anatomical complexity is what makes possible the coexistence of different microbial ecosystems in the oral cavity and the maxillofacial region, contributing to the increased risk of bacterial infections. In this regard, different materials have been used for their application in this field. These materials can be obtained from natural and renewable feedstocks or by synthetic routes with desired mechanical properties, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity. Hence, in this review, we have focused on bio-based polymers, which by their own nature, by chemical modifications of their structure, or by their combination with other elements, provide a useful antibacterial activity as well as the suitable conditions for cranio-maxillofacial tissue regeneration. This approach has not been reviewed previously, and we have specifically arranged the content of this article according to the resulting material and its corresponding application, reviewing guided bone regeneration membranes; bone cements; and devices and scaffolds for both soft and hard maxillofacial tissue regeneration, including hybrid scaffolds, dental implants, hydrogels and composites.

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Risk, Course, and Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adults with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Children ◽

10.3390/children8090753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 753

Author(s):

Angelica Corrias ◽

Gian Mario Cortes ◽

Flaminia Bardanzellu ◽

Alice Melis ◽

Vassilios Fanos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Biologic Drugs ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Susceptibility and disease course of COVID-19 among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are unclear and epidemiological data on the topic are still limited. There is some concern that patients with immuno-mediated diseases such as IBD, which are frequently treated with immunosuppressive therapies, may have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with its related serious adverse outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. Corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologic drugs, which are commonly prescribed to these patients, have been associated with higher rates of severe viral and bacterial infections including influenza and pneumonia. It is not known whether these drugs can be so harmful as to justify their interruption during COVID-19 infection or if, on the contrary, patients with IBD can benefit from them. As shown by recent reports, it cannot be excluded that drugs that suppress the immune system can block the characteristic cytokine storm of severe forms of COVID-19 and consequently reduce mortality. Another cause for concern is the up-regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors that has been noticed in these patients, which could facilitate the entry and replication of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this narrative review is to clarify the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with IBD, the clinical characteristics of patients who contract the infection, and the relationship between the severity of COVID-19 and immunosuppressive treatment.

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Risk of Dementia in Patients with Leptospirosis: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16173168 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (17) ◽

pp. 3168

Author(s):

Chun-Hsiang Chiu ◽

Po-Chung Chen ◽

Ying-Chuan Wang ◽

Cheng-Li Lin ◽

Feng-You Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Frequency Matching ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Dementia Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Taiwan National Health Insurance ◽

History Of ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽

The Relationship

Background: Studies have linked some bacterial infections with an increased likelihood for development of dementia. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between dementia and leptospirosis. In view of this, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine whether leptospirosis is a risk factor for dementia. Methods: Data were collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Databases (2000–2010) to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for dementia in patients with leptospirosis. Patients with leptospirosis who did not have a history of dementia were enrolled in the study. For each leptospirosis patient, four controls were randomly selected after frequency matching of age, sex, and index date. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for the analyses of dementia risk. Results: A greater risk of dementia was observed in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort both in patients without any comorbidity (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06–1.43) and with a comorbidity (aHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.7–2.5). Compared with the non-leptospirosis cohort without these comorbidities, the leptospirosis cohort with ≥2 comorbidities exhibited a significantly increased risk of dementia (aHR = 6.11, 95% CI = 3.15–11.9), followed by those with any one comorbidity (adjusted HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.76–7.46). Conclusions: Patients with leptospirosis were at a 1.89-fold greater risk of subsequent dementia, but potential genetic susceptibility bias in the study group is a major confound.

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725. Clinical Outcomes of Elderly Individuals Presenting with Acute Respiratory Infections

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy210.732 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S260-S260

Author(s):

Allison Bloom ◽

Sunil Suchindran ◽

Micah T Mcclain

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Predictive Ability ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Elderly Individuals ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Scoring Tool

Abstract Background Elderly individuals experience increased morbidity and mortality from acute respiratory infections (ARI), which are complicated by difficulties defining etiologies of ARI and risk-stratifying patients in order to guide care. A number of scoring tools have been developed to predict illness severity and patient outcome for proven pneumonia, however less is known about the use of such metrics for all causes of ARIs. Methods We analyzed risk factors, clinical course and major outcomes of individuals ≥60 years of age presenting to the emergency department with a clinical diagnosis of ARI over a 5-year period. Results Of the enrolled individuals 40 had proven viral infection and 52 proven bacterial infections, but 184 patients with clinically adjudicated ARI (67%) remained without a proven microbial etiology despite extensive workup. Age (71.5 vs. 65.9 years, P < 0.001) and presence of cancer and heart failure were strongly predictive of illness severe enough to require hospital admission as compared with treatment in the outpatient setting. Of those with proven etiology, individuals with bacterial infection were more likely to require hospital and ICU admission (P < 0.001). When applied to this study, a modified PORT score was found to correlate more closely with clinical outcome measures than a modified CURB-65 (r, 0.54 vs. 0.39). Jackson symptom scores, historically used for viral illness, were found to inversely correlate with outcomes (r, −0.34) and show potential for differentiating viral and bacterial etiologies (P = 0.02). Interestingly, a multivariate analysis showed that a novel scoring tool utilizing sex, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, BUN, glucose and presence of chronic lung disease and cancer was highly predictive of poor outcome in elderly subjects with all-cause ARI. Conclusion Elderly subjects are at increased risk for poor clinical outcomes from ARI and their clinical management remains challenging. However, modified PORT, CURB-65, Jackson symptom score, and a novel scoring tool presented herein all offer some predictive ability for all-cause ARI in elderly subjects. Such broadly applicable scoring metrics have the potential to assist in treatment and triage decisions at the point of care. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Evaluation of Infectious Disease Test Ordering and Positivity Rates in Illicit Fentanyl Users

The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1093/jalm/jfaa194 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Lloyd ◽

Eric M Ransom ◽

Neil W Anderson ◽

Christopher W Farnsworth

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Illicit Drugs ◽

Infection Prevalence ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Urine Drug ◽

Inpatient Settings ◽

Illicit Use ◽

Considerable Morbidity ◽

Outpatient Settings

Abstract Background The emergence of illicit fentanyl use has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality. Although illicit use of other opioids has been associated with transmission of viral and bacterial infections, limited data exist for the prevalence of infectious diseases among illicit fentanyl users. The purpose of this study was to assess the likelihood of infectious disease testing and infection prevalence among illicit fentanyl users. Methods Results from urine drug screens (UDSs) performed from August 13, 2019, to October 16, 2019, were obtained from the laboratory information system with concurrent microbial testing. Patients were categorized based on UDS results, and illicit drug use was inferred from physician encounter notes in the electronic medical record. Results Suspected illicit drugs users with fentanyl detected by UDS were more likely to be screened [odds ratio (OR): 1.7; 95% CI, 1.26–2.4] and test positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by immunoassay (OR: 5.89; 95% CI, 2.93–11.31) than patients without drugs detected. Patients with suspected illicit fentanyl use who were discharged from the emergency department (ED) were less likely to be tested for HCV than patients in outpatient settings (OR: 3.47; 95% CI, 1.05–10.4) and inpatient settings (OR: 17.43; 95% CI, 6.53–45.88). Patients with suspected illicit fentanyl use were more likely to have infected abscesses or wounds (OR: 5.12; 95% CI, 2.07–13.7) and Staphylococcus aureus infections (OR: 4.5; 95% CI, 1.59–12.28) than patients without drugs detected. Conclusions Patients with a positive UDS for fentanyl and suspected illicit use were more likely to test positive for HCV, were rarely screened for HCV in the ED, and had an increased risk of invasive S. aureus wound or abscess infection. These findings may represent considerable barriers to care for patients who use fentanyl illicitly.

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A case of pneumonia and sepsis in cirrhosis as paradigm of the problems in the management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis and of the limitations of current knowledge

Italian Journal of Medicine ◽

10.4081/itjm.2013.209 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 209-214

Author(s):

Manuel Tufoni ◽

Alessandra Tovoli ◽

Caterina Maggioli ◽

Lucia Napoli ◽

Carmen Serena Ricci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Cirrhosis ◽

Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Empirical Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Increased Risk

Bacterial infections are a major problem in the management of liver cirrhosis. They represent the first precipitating cause of death since patients with cirrhosis carry an increased risk of sepsis, sepsis-induced organ failure and death. Although the clinical presentation is often misleading, the presence of bacterial infection should always be actively searched and ruled out with certainty whenever a cirrhotic patient is admitted to the hospital with an acute clinical deterioration. Major changes in the epidemiology of bacterial infections have also occurred in the last decade making the choice of empirical antibiotic therapy a challenge. We report a paradigmatic case of a 54-year old man with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis admitted to the hospital for worsening of his ascites and onset of hepatic encephalopathy, an excellent example for the difficulties of management of sepsis in cirrhosis and the limits of current knowledge.

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