An overview of fish disease and parasite occurrence in the cage culture of Oreochromis niloticus: A case study in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Abstract Cage aquaculture has been on a steady rise in Lake Victoria, Kenya, since 2016, resulting in the current culturing of over 3,600 cages of Tilapia (O. niloticus) (Orina et al., 2018). Unfortunately, there has been limited, if any, focus on fish health aspects. Rise in intensification and commercialization predisposes fish stocks to disease due to rise in stress levels and consequent reduction in the fish immunity. Nutrient rich surroundings create a conducive environment for rapid proliferation of bacterial and saprophytic fungal growth leading to net clogging and consequently a low biological oxygen demand. Such conditions predispose the stocks to infections. This study was conducted to provide a baseline analysis of the health conditions/status of the cultured fish in this region. It encompassed studies from 2016 to 2018 on tilapia of the genus O. niloticus using both experimental (using standard procedures and protocols) and socio-economic studies (using structured questionnaires, see annexure 1). Results found the following occurrences; bacterial infections (10%), fungal infestations (12.5%), myxosporean parasites in the gills (5%), parasitic copepods (10%) and fin rot (2.5%) in the stocks. There were no significant differences between abiotic parameters in the cage locations and the wild (p > 0.05). Additionally, 90% of the respondents had no fish disease training or clue on the treatment action necessary whenever fish diseases struck. Findings from this study put to the fore the significance of fish diseases in a cage culture system in light of commercialization of the industry and the importance of biosecurity and maintenance of optimal environmental conditions within the scope of Blue Economy growth in this region. This study did not detect any disease or parasite of zoonotic importance.

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Environmental impacts of cage culture in Lake Victoria: the case of Shirati Bay-Sota, Tanzania

SpringerPlus ◽

10.1186/s40064-015-1241-y ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Benedicto Boniphace Kashindye ◽

P. Nsinda ◽

R. Kayanda ◽

G. W. Ngupula ◽

C. A. Mashafi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impacts ◽

Lake Victoria ◽

Cage Culture

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L'élevage en cage à faible niveau d'intrants: vers la sécurité alimentaire et L'amélioration du niveau de vie en zones rurales au Kenya.

10.1079/ac.109720.20203482969 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Harrison Charo-Karisa ◽

Jonathan M Munguti ◽

Herwig Waidbacher ◽

David Liti ◽

Werner Zollitsch

Keyword(s):

Lake Victoria ◽

Low Cost ◽

Farming System ◽

Cage Culture ◽

Lake Victoria Basin ◽

Sécurité Alimentaire ◽

Aquaculture Production

Abstract Recent experiences and successes, including the decline in capture fisheries and the overall increase in aquaculture production, have sparked the development of commercial cage culture in Africa. This case study focuses on tilapia cage culture in the waters of Lake Victoria in Kenya and in secondary dams in the Lake Victoria basin. It highlights the challenges and innovations that Kenyan fish farmers and fishermen have demonstrated to achieve success. In particular, the study takes into account the public's ever-growing interest in and questioning of the sustainability of this farming system in the lake, both ecologically and environmentally. This study presents how fish farmers and researchers have successfully reared caged fish with low cost feed, to produce quality seeds, and to use locally available materials for the construction and safety of cages. Cage farming can be profitable in the Lake Victoria basin if the obstacles that arise as the process develops are gradually overcome.

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Low-input cage culture: towards food security and livelihood improvement in rural Kenya.

10.1079/ac.109414.20203482934 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Lake Victoria ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Cage Culture ◽

Lake Victoria Basin ◽

Fish Food ◽

Low Input ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Rural Kenya ◽

Global Increase ◽

Area Of Concern

Abstract Recent experiences and successes including the dwindling capture fisheries and global increase in aquaculture production have spurred interest in the development of commercial cage culture in Africa. This case study centres on cage culture of tilapia in Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria and in satellite dams within Lake Victoria's catchment. It reports on unique challenges and the innovative ways in which Kenyan fish farmers and fishers have had to undertake to ensure success. Increased public concern and suspicion on the long-term environmental and ecological sustainability of cage-based farming systems in the lake has been a major area of concern. This study presents ways in which farmers and researchers have managed to rear caged fish with low input fish food and feed, provide quality fish seed, use locally available materials for making cages and ensure cage security. Cage culture can be beneficial in the Lake Victoria basin as emerging constraints are resolved.

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Integration of mapping and socio-economic status of cage culture: Towards balancing lake-use and culture fisheries in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Aquaculture Research ◽

10.1111/are.13484 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 532-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Christopher Mulanda Aura ◽

Safina Musa ◽

Ernest Yongo ◽

John K. Okechi ◽

James M. Njiru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lake Victoria ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cage Culture ◽

Socio Economic Status

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Paronychia: incidence during Magh Mela

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20183128 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 960

Author(s):

Upma Narain ◽

Arun Kant ◽

Ashok Kumar Bajaj

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Mixed Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Cold Weather ◽

Gram Stain ◽

High Incidence ◽

Vitek 2 ◽

Short Span ◽

Common Infections

Background: Paronychia is one of the most common infections of the fingers and toes. Clinically, paronychia present as an acute or a chronic condition.Methods: The retrospective study was carried out from January 2018 to February 2018 at Allahabad. Gram stain, ZN stain, KOH examination and culture were carried out in 230 cases and species identification was done by Vitek-2 system.Results: Out of these 230 cases 142 (61.73%) presented acute paronychia, 58 (25.21%) cases of chronic paronychia and the remaining 30 cases (13.06%) did not show any growth. In the cases of acute paronychia, authors identified 53.52% Staphylococcus aures, 15.49% Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 2.82% Micrococci and 6.34% Citrobacter among aerobes while among anaerobes authors isolated 5.63% Peptococcus, 8.45% Peptostreptococcus, 3.52% Bacteroides and 4.23% Fusobacterium. Among chronic paronychia authors recorded 48.28% pure bacterial growth, 18.97% pure fungal growth, 20.69% mixed bacterial infections and 12.07% mixed bacterial and fungal infections.Conclusions: From this study authors conclude that cold weather and humidity were the predominant and predisposing factors of the high incidence of acute paronychia. Due to very short span single pathogen was isolated from the lesions. In cases of chronic paronychia 37.76% mixed infection were also recorded which may be due to super aided infections with primary pathogen.

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A historical review of marine fish disease studies with special reference to Scotland

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0269727000003341 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 145-150

Author(s):

Ronald J. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Special Reference ◽

Marine Fish ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Historical Review ◽

Fish Disease ◽

Medical Expertise ◽

Fish Diseases ◽

The Past

SynopsisThe study of marine fish diseases has been directly related in its development to the significance of the fisheries or latterly aquaculture systems involved with epizootics. In this respect, Scotland has played a central role because of the importance of specific diseases of salmon which have been especially prevalent in Scotland, and the advanced state of its basic veterinary and medical expertise. This has been particularly important in the past, when very little information was available and extrapolation from higher animal studies was the only relevant approach.

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The state of cage culture in Lake Victoria: A focus on sustainability, rural economic empowerment, and food security

Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management ◽

10.14321/aehm.024.01.09 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

Paul Orina ◽

Erick Ogello ◽

Elijah Kembenya ◽

Cecilia Muthoni ◽

Safina Musa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Low Income ◽

Lake Victoria ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Cage Culture ◽

Per Capita ◽

Culture Development ◽

Per Capita Consumption ◽

Research Institute

Abstract Capture fisheries and aquaculture have remained important sources of food, nutrition, income and livelihoods to millions globally, with annual per capita consumption of fish in developing countries having increased from 5.2 kg in 1961 to 18.8 kg in 2013. On the contrary, low income food-deficit countries annual fish per capita consumption rose from 3.5 to 7.6 kg against 26.8 kg among industrialized countries. Increased demand for animal protein and declining capture fisheries has seen aquaculture grow rapidly than any other food production sector over the past three decades. Rapid global aquaculture growth is directly related to levels of technological advancement, adoption and adaption prompting aquaculture transition from semi-intensive to intensive and super intensive production systems among developing and developed countries. In light of the aquatic environment economic potential, cage culture in Lake Victoria is fast gaining prominence in aquaculture production contribution. This began with trials by Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute and Uganda’s National Fisheries Resource Research Institute and later by private investors at Dunga and Obenge beaches of Kenya, Source of the Nile in Uganda and Bulamba Beach Management Units in Bunda District of Tanzania. However, only Kenya has so far documented cage culture development recording 3,696 cages across the five riparian counties with an estimated production capacity of 3,180 MT valued at Kshs 955.4 Million (9.6 million USD), created over 500 jobs directly and indirectly created income opportunities for over 4,000 people. The sub-sector’s value chain, its supportive value chains and associated enterprises are rapidly expanding thus creating jobs, enhancing incomes and ensuring food security in rural and urban areas. As cage culture commercialization takes root, there is urgent need to address issues such as introduction of alien species, diseases, marine parks and maximum carrying capacity among other aspects. This will require trans-boundary policy to ensure sustainable utilization of the lake as a common resource.

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Ichtyopathology in Poland: Past, present, future

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.5699 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 375-382

Author(s):

Elżbieta Terech-Majewska ◽

Joanna Pajdak ◽

Jan Siemionek ◽

Wojciech Szweda

Keyword(s):

Veterinary Medicine ◽

Fishery Management ◽

Life Sciences ◽

The United States ◽

Basic Knowledge ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Fish Disease ◽

Fish Diseases ◽

National Reference ◽

Veterinary Laboratory

The aim of the study was to present the history of ichtyopathology in Poland and the main achievements of researchers who developed this discipline. The pioneer of ichtyopathological research in Poland was the ichtyologist prof. Teodor Spiczakov, founder of the first Fish Diseases Laboratory at the Jagiellonian University (JU) and initiator of fishery veterinary service. After the Second World War, dr Stanisław F. Śnieszko, a researcher from JU, established a laboratory in the United States, renamed the National Fisheries Center in 1977. In writing about the beginnings of ichthyopathology in Poland, one must also mention prof. Bronisław Kocyłowski, founder and head of the Department of Fish Diseases at PIW in Puławy and lecturer at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) and Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin. Prof. Eugeniusz Grabda also contributed to the development of ichtyopathology. He headed the Inland Fisheries Institute (IFI), Fish Disease Laboratory and the Department of Ichthyology with the Department of Fish Diseases at the Fishery Department of the Academy of Agriculture and Technology (AAT) in Olsztyn and co-founded the Department of Marine Fisheries at the Agricultural Academy and the Department of Fish Diseases in Szczecin. In Żabieniec near Warsaw, IFI established a new Ichtiohygiene Division, renamed the Division of Pathology and Fish Immunology, formerly headed by prof. Maria Studnicka and now by prof. Andrzej K. Siwicki. Veterinary inspection in Poland is conducted by the Fish Diseases Laboratory at ZHW under the substantive supervision of the National Veterinary Research Institute & National Reference Laboratories at Fish Diseases Unit in Puławy, headed by prof. Jerzy Antychowicz. Currently the Unit is the National Reference Laboratory for the diagnostics of diseases of aquaculture animals, run by prof. Michal Reichert. Prof. J. Antychowicz and dr. Jan Żelazny taught for many years at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the WULS in Warsaw and at AAT in Olsztyn. The Polish Academy of Sciences has a Department of Ichtiopatology and Fishery Management in Gołysz, headed by prof. Andrzej Pilarczyk, who studies the biological basis of fish farming. “Fish diseases” is a mandatory subject at faculties of veterinary medicine in Poland, and every graduate of veterinary medicine possesses a basic knowledge in this field. The Division of Fish Diseases and Biology in Lublin has been operating since 1963 and for many years was headed by prof. Maria Prost, an authority on the parasitology of fish. The current head of the Division is prof. Antonina Sopińska. The Division of Hygiene Veterinary Laboratory and Fish Diseases Laboratory (later Division of Ichtyopathology) at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University af Environmental and Life Sciences were previously headed by prof. Zbigniew Jara, and now by dr Wiktor Niemczuk. At the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, prof. Andrzej K. Siwicki and dr Elżbieta Terech-Majewska run the Fish Disease Laboratory and Veterinary Laboratory for Diagnostics of Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles, carry out scientific research, teach and cooperate with fish farmers.

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Otomycosis: a clinical and mycological study

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20182704 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 1013

Author(s):

T. Dinesh Singh ◽

C. P. Sudheer

Keyword(s):

Primary Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

External Auditory Meatus ◽

Age Group ◽

Fungal Flora ◽

E Coli ◽

Laboratory Investigations ◽

The Common

Background: The term otomycosis is used to describe fungal infection of ear i.e. external auditory canal, eardrum. This condition appears as a primary infection or develops along with external bacterial infections as a results of antibiotic therapy. This study was designed to determine the clinical symptoms and fungal flora of otomycosis cases.Methods: A total 100 (53% males, 47% females) clinically diagnosed otomycosis cases between 06-70 years were included. The external auditory meatus debris was collected by sterile swabs and sent to the microbial laboratory investigations. Results: Highest prevalence was seen in the age group 21-30 years. Itching in the ear was commonest symptom in 89%, followed by ear ache. Positive fungal growth was seen in 94% cases. Aspergillus was the common isolate in 63% cases, followed by Aspergillus niger with Candida albicans (10%), penicillium in 4% cases and Candida in 3% cases. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was seen in 32% cases, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (16%), E. coli (11%).Conclusions: The genus most commonly involved in otomycosis is Aspergillus followed by Candida. Clinical improvement was seen in 91% of cases and most of the cases responded satisfactorily with topical clotrimazole.

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Anaerobic biodigestion of sugarcane vinasse under mesophilic conditions using manure as inoculum

Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science ◽

10.4136/ambi-agua.1897 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 763 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Carlos Eduardo De Farias Silva ◽

Ana Karla De Souza Abud

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Inoculum Concentration ◽

Total Solids ◽

Consequent Reduction ◽

Solids Content ◽

Harmful Effects ◽

Sugarcane Vinasse ◽

Mesophilic Conditions

Sugarcane vinasse is one of the most polluting residues produced by Brazilian ethanol industries, mainly because of its harmful effects on the environmental, such as high organic matter load and acidity. Anaerobic digestion is a highly efficient wastewater treatment method that could potentially be used to treat sugarcane vinasse. This study examined the anaerobic biodigestion of sugarcane vinasse in mesophilic conditions (30 - 45°C) by varying the inoculum concentration (0.5 to 5.5%) and pH (6 - 8). Changes of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total solids content, and yield and composition of biogas after the biodigestion of the vinasse were assessed. The vinasse was efficiently digested under mesophilic anaerobic conditions over a 23-day Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and a 5-day acidogenic phase with a consequent reduction of COD (54 - 83%) and total solids (52 - 87%). Statistical analyses at a confidence level of 95% suggested that temperature, pH and inoculum concentration did not influence on the anaerobic biodigestion of the vinasse. The optimal operating parameters were found to be temperatures of 30 - 35°C, inoculum concentration of 0.5% and pH of 6 - 7. The results emphasize the promising use of the treated sugarcane vinasse as a biofertilizer for agriculture, indicating that the anaerobic digestion process is an excellent alternative for Brazilian ethanol industries.

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