Hard Coatings for the Production of Opthalmic and Automotive Glazing Plastic Parts – A Short Historical Review, the Current Status and Options for Industrial Applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus-Dieter Nauenburg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Plastic Parts

Microstructural characterization of sol-gel coating on PET films

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 886-887
Author(s):  
R. T. Chen ◽  
R.A. Norwood
Keyword(s):  
Ion Beam ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Refractive Index Measurement ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Pet Films

Sol-gel processing has been used to control the structure of a material on a nanometer scale in preparing advanced ceramics and glasses. Film coating using the sol-gel process was also found to be a viable process technology in applications such as optical, porous, antireflection and hard coatings. In this study, organically modified silicate (Ormosil) coatings are applied to PET films for various industrial applications. Sol-gel materials are known to exhibit nanometer scale structures which havepreviously been characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), neutron scattering and light scattering. Imaging of the ultrafine sol-gel structures has also been performed using an ultrahigh resolution replica/TEM technique. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultrafine structures inthe sol gel coatings using a direct imaging technique: atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, correlation of microstructures with processing parameters, coating density and other physical properties will be discussed.The materials evaluated are organically modified silicate coatings on PET film substrates. Refractive index measurement by the prism coupling method was used to assess density of the sol-gel coating.AFM imaging was performed on a Nanoscope III AFM (by Digital Instruments) using constant force mode. Solgel coating samples coated with a thin layer of Ft (by ion beam sputtering) were also examined by STM in order to confirm the structures observed in the contact type AFM. In addition, to compare the previous results, sol-gel powder samples were also prepared by ultrasonication followed by Pt/Au shadowing and examined using a JEOL 100CX TEM.

scholarly journals A Compact Review of Laser Welding Technologies for Amorphous Alloys

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1690
Author(s):  
Jian Qiao ◽  
Peng Yu ◽  
Yanxiong Wu ◽  
Taixi Chen ◽  
Yixin Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Alloy ◽  
Laser Welding ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Fast Heating

Amorphous alloys have emerged as important materials for precision machinery, energy conversion, information processing, and aerospace components. This is due to their unique structure and excellent properties, including superior strength, high elasticity, and excellent corrosion resistance, which have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the size of the amorphous alloy components remains limited, which affects industrial applications. Significant developments in connection with this technology are urgently needed. Laser welding represents an efficient welding method that uses a laser beam with high energy-density for heating. Laser welding has gradually become a research hotspot as a joining method for amorphous alloys due to its fast heating and cooling rates. In this compact review, the current status of research into amorphous-alloy laser welding technology is discussed, the influence of technological parameters and other welding conditions on welding quality is analyzed, and an outlook on future research and development is provided. This paper can serve as a useful reference for both fundamental research and engineering applications in this field.

Deposition of TiN, TiC, and DLC Coatings by PACVD

2018 ◽  
pp. 381-402
Author(s):  
Mahboobeh Azadi
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Functional Coatings ◽  
Dlc Coatings ◽  
Medical Instruments ◽  
Source Of Information

In this chapter, the author studied about titanium nitride (TiN), titanium carbide (TiC), diamond like carbon (DLC) single and multilayer coatings that utilize in harsh environments. These hard coatings were usually produced by the plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) method as a modern technique. PACVD is used to deposit thin coatings for different usages such as computer disc drives, automobile and aerospace parts, surgical/medical instruments and the food industry. The author tried to delineate the state of the performance of different coating systems and layer characteristics that suitable either for laboratory -scales or industrial applications. Mechanical features of these coatings contain the hardness, the toughness, the wear resistance and structural properties that were perused. Consequently, this chapter offers a source of information for those who want to familiarize with the knowledge in the area of materials science of functional coatings that was produced by new plasma-based technologies.

scholarly journals Durum Wheat Breeding in the Mediterranean Region: Current Status and Future Prospects

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis N. Xynias ◽  
Ioannis Mylonas ◽  
Evangelos G. Korpetis ◽  
Elissavet Ninou ◽  
Aphrodite Tsaballa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mediterranean

This brief historical review focuses on durum wheat domestication and breeding in the Mediterranean region. Important milestones in durum wheat breeding programs across the countries of the Mediterranean basin before and after the Green Revolution are discussed. Additionally, the main achievements of the classical breeding methodology are presented using a comparison of old and new cultivars. Furthermore, current breeding goals and challenges are analyzed. An overview of classical breeding methods in combination with current molecular techniques and tools for cultivar development is presented. Important issues of seed quality are outlined, focusing on protein and characteristics that affect human health and are connected with the consumption of wheat end-products.

Industrial Accelerators

2008 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 163-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Hamm
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particle ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Particle Beams ◽  
Charged Particle Beams ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wide Scale

About half of the particle accelerators produced worldwide are used for industrial applications. These commercial systems utilize a wide range of accelerator technologies and cover numerous applications over a broad range of business segments. While this is not a high profile business, these "industrial accelerators" have a significant impact on people's lives and the world's economy, as many products contain parts that have been processed by charged particle beams. Wide scale adoption of many of these processing tools has resulted in the rapid growth of the business of producing and selling them. This paper is a review of the current status of industrial accelerators worldwide, including the technologies, the applications, the vendors and the sizes of the markets.

Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Optical/X-Ray Stereoscopic Tracking Velocimetry

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Lee ◽  
Soyoung S. Cha ◽  
Narayanan Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Motion Velocity ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluid Physics ◽  
Component Velocity

Measurement of three-dimensional (3-D) three-component velocity fields is of great importance in a variety of research and industrial applications for understanding materials processing, fluid physics, and strain/displacement measurements. The 3-D experiments in these fields most likely inhibit the use of conventional techniques, which are based only on planar and optically-transparent-field observation. Here, we briefly review the current status of 3-D diagnostics for motion/velocity detection, for both optical and x-ray systems. As an initial step for providing 3-D capabilities, we have developed stereoscopic tracking velocimetry (STV) to measure 3-D flow/deformation through optical observation. The STV is advantageous in system simplicity, for continually observing 3-D phenomena in near real-time. In an effort to enhance the data processing through automation and to avoid the confusion in tracking numerous markers or particles, artificial neural networks are employed to incorporate human intelligence. Our initial optical investigations have proven the STV to be a very viable candidate for reliably measuring 3-D flow motions. With previous activities are focused on improving the processing efficiency, overall accuracy, and automation based on the optical system, the current efforts is directed to the concurrent expansion to the x-ray system for broader experimental applications.

Diagnostics of Product by Vision System

2013 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Židek ◽  
Eva Rigasová
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Basic Algorithm ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Plastic Parts ◽  
Modular Education ◽  
Algorithm Implementation

This article describes the vision system, which is designed for diagnostics of defects in casted products. In the first part an overview about image processing, edge and pattern recognition algorithms and current status in available free and commercial vision libraries is found. For the described task we selected open source Aforge .NET library. The next part describes common defects in casted products. Modular education system MPS 500 from Festo with conveyor and palette with plastic parts is used for simulation of production system. This system contains an industrial robot which can be used for sorting defective parts. The selected vision library is used for two level diagnostics of algorithm implementation. The first level algorithm detects position of part, its dimensions and edge disturbances. The second algorithm detects any defects inside of a part. The basic algorithm is presented only for circular shape with red color texture, but can be easily extended to other basic shapes by shape detector.

Prediction of the Coating Durability Under Oscillating Sliding Contact: Introduction of a Local Energy Density Parameter

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fouvry ◽  
V. Fridrici ◽  
T. Liskiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Sliding Contact ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Density Parameter ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Coating Durability ◽  
Local Energy Density

The knowledge of wear kinetics of thin soft lubricant or hard coatings under alternated sliding contact is of great interest for many industrial applications. Because the coating endurance is related to the substrate reaching condition, it has been shown that classical wear volume descriptions are not appropriated. A local damage description, based on a local friction dissipated energy density variable is then introduced. It consists to compare the coating endurance (i.e. number of sliding cycles) versus the maximum local energy density dissipated through the interface per sliding cycle. A “life time vs maximum dissipated energy density master curve” is obtained and rationalized through a parabolic evolution. The coating endurance is modelized through a simple ratio between an energy capacity variable, representative of the durability of the studied coating. Applied to hard coatings (TiN) the stability of this approach has been confirmed for solid lubricant coatings.

scholarly journals Friction Stir Spot Welding of Aluminum and Copper: A Review

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingshen Li ◽  
Chaoqun Zhang ◽  
Dayong Wang ◽  
Li Zhou ◽  
Daniel Wellmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Flow ◽  
Spot Welding ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Friction Stir Spot Welding ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Dissimilar Metal ◽  
Metal Materials

Aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) have been widely used in many industrial fields thanks to their good plasticity, high thermal conductivity and excellent electrical conductivity. An effective joining of dissimilar Al and Cu materials can make full use of the special characteristics of these two metals. Friction stir spot welding (FSSW), as an efficient solid-state welding method suitable for joining of dissimilar metal materials, has great prospects in future industrial applications. In this paper, the FSSW studies on Al-Cu dissimilar materials are reviewed. The research progress and current status of Al-Cu FSSW are reviewed with respect to tool features, macroscopic characteristics of welded joints, microstructures, defects in welds and mechanical properties of joints. In addition, some suggestions on further study are put forward in order to promote the development and progress of Al-Cu FSSW studies in several respects: material flow, thermal history, addition of intermediate layer, auxiliary methods and functionalization of Al-Cu FSSW joint.

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