scholarly journals Overview of Private Education Development in Modern China

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Private Education ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Socialist Market Economy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Education In China ◽  
Fast Growth Rate

It is not surprising that private education is gaining importance in China given the overall context of huge national efforts toward building up a “socialist market economy.” However, the fast growth rate in both the quantities and the qualities of profitable private schools in a socialist society is beyond what people usually expect. This paper looked into the modern history of private education in China and found that such a huge resurgence of private education is rooted in the heritage of private education in the Chinese society. Private schools were the precursor of modern Chinese education. They played an important role in the country for most of the time. When the government policy became more flexible and household income increased substantially, such a heritage revived and becomes a stimulating factor in the education sector.

‘Homoeopathy flourishes in the far East’: A forgotten history of homeopathy in late nineteenth-century China

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-351
Author(s):  
Di Lu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Far East ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Healing Services

Homeopathy and its transnational transmission have received significant attention from historians of medicine. But the emergence of homeopathy in modern Chinese society has remained little explored. This article identifies the homeopathic practitioners arriving in nineteenth-century China, and then explores their origins, efforts and sense of professional identity in a transnational context. The history of homeopathy in China is found to begin in the late nineteenth century, during which the growth of the Christian missionary enterprise promoted the arrival of sporadic Euro-American homeopathic practitioners, also missionaries, in coastal regions of China. Almost all of them received professional training in American homeopathic medical institutions; and most of them were females, providing additional opportunities for local women patients to receive treatment. The practitioners recognized homeopathy and their collective homeopathic identity, but their healing services were not necessarily essentially homeopathic. Homeopathy that they learnt also evolved and transacted with exotic knowledge during its globalization. Under the influence of homeopathy, some Euro-Americans claimed to have discovered homeopathic elements in Chinese medical ideas and practice. The early history of homeopathy explored in this article helps deconstruct the popular imagination of a coherent ‘Western medicine’ in modern China.

Conceptual Basics for the Private Education Development in Ukraine: Problems of the Strategy Choice

Upravlenie ◽  
10.12737/2821 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Холод ◽  
B. Kholod ◽  
Задоя ◽  
A. Zadoya
Keyword(s):  
Private Education ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
English Language ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Education Development ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Double Degree ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

Changes in conceptual foundations of the private education development in Ukraine over the last 20 years are examined. Private education development stages are identified (stages of establishment, extensive development, intensive development). Basic principles for working out strategies of private educational institutions are substantiated. Private educational institutions Should prepare themselves to work under conditions where they are to sell services, available fat the government educational institutions for free. The price-oriented competition is irrelevant as a core operational strategy. The main emphasize should be put on ensuring the high quality of education, conducive to the graduates employment. Better chances for success would gain those universities which instead of competing for the established educational products offer innovative educational services. Offering educational products which foreign students can be interested in, is a rather promising option. Thus it is necessary to develop English-language educational programs, validated by European universities and enabling to get double degree certificates. Modern mass production is based on marketing laws and principles and therefore it is advisable to consider marketing principles as guidelines in education reorganizing and as a conceptual basis for education development. Introduction of educational certificates would also help to improve equality of education in Ukraine.

The development of human rights education in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-356
Author(s):  
Taixia Shen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Human Rights Education ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Government ◽  
The University ◽  
Education In China

Purpose – There has been a lack of human rights education for a long period since New China was founded. Human rights education appeared at the university level in the 1990s, and has developed quickly over the past decade in mainland China. The purpose of this paper is to argue that human rights education in mainland China has had its own characteristics and problems during its development, and intends to identify and solve its problems in order to achieve sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – First, this paper surveys the development of human rights education in mainland China. Second, it summarizes its characteristics and problems objectively, and then gives some ideas and suggestions for its future sustainable development. Findings – Human rights education in mainland China has seen great improvement, although it also has its own characteristics and has had problems during its development. The ideas about and approaches to human rights education development in mainland China should be adjusted. Ensuring and promoting the respect of human rights in society is the main goal of human rights education. Balanced development, independent development, the encouragement of and investment by the government and society in the subject and the high quantity and quality of available human rights teachers are the guarantees for a sustainable model of human rights education in mainland China. Originality/value – This paper studies the history and current situation of human rights education in mainland China, summarizing its characteristics and existing problems completely and objectively. This paper states that human rights education in mainland China should change its theories and its approaches to development.

scholarly journals Art education in China in the XX century: national traits, international trends, and Russian influence (on the example of the Central Academy of Fine Arts)

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
Shujing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Art Education ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Chinese Education ◽  
International Trends ◽  
National School ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Artists ◽  
Education In China

The Central Academy of Fine Arts is the only higher education institution of fine arts under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. The history of the National Art School in Beiping dates back to the establishment of the National School of Fine Arts in Beijing in 1918, which was supported by the prominent pedagogue of art and its first director Cai Yuanpei. It was the first national school in the history of China, laid the foundation for the modern Chinese education in the field of fine arts. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the key events of more than a century-long history of the school, which allows tracings the evolution of the Chinese art education, and gives a better perspective on the role of modern China in the art world. The novelty of this work lies consists in description of the process of establishment of art education in China in the XX century, classification of the national traits of this period on the example of the Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing, as well as analysis of the Soviet impact upon the Chinese education in the field of art history. The international cooperation with the Russian School of Painting, namely I. E. Repin Academy of Fine Arts had a beneficial impact. The study of Chinese students in the USSR allowed the following generations to implement such valuable experience. The ancient techniques and plotline received a new life in the works of modern artists, which are justifiably regarded as the achievement and progress in the national culture.

文 献 回 顾: 中 国 社 工 教 育 发 展 十 个 重 要 课 题 的 批 判 分 析

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
继 同 刘
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Work Education ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Education Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Work Education ◽  
Education In China ◽  
The Ideal

中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 的 恢 复 和 发 展 已 走 过 年 辉 煌 历 程， 取 得 令 人 注 目 的 成 就。 在 经 济 市 场 化 和 福 利 社 会 化 处 境 下， 中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 面 临 诸 多 争 论 议 题 和 两 难 选 择。 本 文 从 文 献 回 顾 角 度， 明 确 提 出 中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 的 十 个 重 要 课 题， 简 要 回 顾 每 个 重 要 课 题 的 历 史 发 展， 客 观 描 述 各 种 重 要 课 题 中 的 争 论 议 题， 全 面 分 析 不 同 重 要 课 题 面 临 的 两 难 选 择， 理 论 概 括 中 国 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 基 本 关 系 的 理 想 类 型。 本 文 的 主 要 结 论 是， 中 国 社 会 工 作 教 育 应 更 为 及 时 有 效 地 回 应 独 特 的 中 国 社 会 环 境 和 变 迁 的 社 会 需 要， 建 立 与 政 府 决 策 部 门、 正 规 社 会 福 利 服 务 机 构 和 非 政 府 组 织 之 间 的 制 度 性 伙 伴 关 系。 The revival and development of the social work education in China underwent a brilliant process and attained evident achievements in the past 20 years. In the contextual moves towards market orientation and welfare towards socialisation, the social work education faces debatable issues and dilemmas. In terms of literature review, the article clearly shows ten critical issues on the social work education development in China, briefly review their historical development, objectively describes all kinds of the debatable issues about them, comprehensively analyses the dilemmas in dealing with them and theoretically summarises the ideal category for them. The conclusion of the article is that the social work education in China must timely and effectively respond to the special environments and varying needs of Chinese society and establish the partnership with the policy-making governmental departments, official welfare organisations and NGO in Chinese society.

scholarly journals The Transformation of Education in Indonesia from the Colonial Era to the Digital Era is Reviewed from a Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indhi Nur Noviningtyas ◽  
Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Human Life ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

ABSTRACT Education is the most important instrument in human life because education can increase human dignity. In addition, education can also be a benchmark for human quality and an example of the progress of a nation. The history of education in Indonesia has evolved from the colonial era to the digital era. These developments have influenced government policies in every era. In the 21st century, the development of education in Indonesia is starting to show progress. This is because it is supported by the rapid growth of information and technology. This research article aims to analyze the educational policies carried out by the government from the colonial era to the digital era to be used as evaluation material at this time so that in the future education in Indonesia is even better. To achieve this goal, this research focuses on the question of how is the transformation of education in Indonesia from the colonial era to the digital era? and what is the paradigm of education in Indonesia when viewed from a historical perspective?. The research method used is the Literature Review method from 27 sources in journal articles, websites, and data reports for 2019-2021. The results of this study found that changes in the Indonesian education system from time to time have a positive influence on the progress of the Indonesian nation. The development of education in Indonesia also has an impact on increasing the Human Development Index (HDI). This shows that the quality of Indonesian society is increasing. Based on the results obtained, it is hoped that it can provide information about the transformation of education in Indonesia from the colonial era to the digital era from a historical perspective. This article is suitable as a reference source for education observers in Indonesia to know the history of education and its policies from the colonial era to the digital era and useful for academics to know the history of education in Indonesia. This research has limitations, namely this research is only limited to the development of education in Indonesia from the colonial era to the digital era and the paradigm of education development in Indonesia from a historical perspective.

Some Reflections on the Economic History of Modern China (1840–1949)

1963 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-605
Author(s):  
Chi-Ming Hou
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
National Government ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Modern China ◽  
History Of ◽  
Statistical Surveys ◽  
The Government ◽  
History Of Modern China

The study of the economic history of modern China is underdeveloped. There is urgent need for original work both in ascertaining facts and in interpretations. Though investigations into the various phases of the Chinese economy had been made by the Chinese Maritime Customs since the 1860's, and by interested contemporary observers such as Morse and Wagel, statistical surveys on a large scale were not systematically conducted with any degree of reliability until the 1930's. They represented the efforts of the government, academic institutions, and individual scholars. A comprehensive survey on agriculture was made by John L. Buck and the National Agricultural Research Bureau of the National Government. An industrial census of Chinese-owned factories was planned and carried out by D. K. Lieu for the National Resources Commission of the National Government. Mining statistics were collected by government agencies under the direction of Ting Weng-chiang and Weng Wen-hao. Railway statistics have been published (since 1915) and a monumental collection of some 37 huge volumes on transportation and communications was compiled by the Ministry of Communications. The Nankai Institute of Economics—with which professors Franklin Ho, Fang Hsien-ting (H. D. Fong), C. M. Li and many others were associated—made significant contributions in the study of prices, terms of trade, modern industries, and handicrafts. Banking statistics were collected by various institutions, especially the Bank of China. The most comprehensive work on foreign investment was done by C. F. Remer and later by the Japanese East Asian Research Institute. The Japanese Manchuria Railway provided a great deal of economic information on Manchuria after the latter was taken by Japan in 1931. A few sample studies were made both by research institutions and by the government on the characteristics of the Chinese population.

Visible and Voluble: Protestant House-Church Writings in the Twenty-First Century

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloë Starr
Keyword(s):  
Church Leaders ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern China ◽  
House Church ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
House Churches ◽  
History Of ◽  
Protestant Christians ◽  
The Government ◽  
Initial Survey

The growth of unregistered churches, which now surpass state churches in number, is one of the remarkable stories of modern China. This chapter presents an initial survey of the writings of three Protestant Christians whose theological allegiance is to the house churches: Lü Xiaomin, Wang Yi, and Yu Jie. The chapter begins in the countryside, the nucleus of growth for house churches during the 1980s, where the itinerant evangelist Lü Xiaomin expressed her faith in the medium of the hymn. Lü’s work from the 1990s and 2000s represents an enduring acceptance of persecution, a “suffering servant” model of Christian living. More recently, certain new urban house-church ministers have enjoyed a strong media presence as they have argued with the government over their right to worship and to register their churches. The chapter considers the work of Wang Yi, the pioneer Reformed minister from Sichuan, and his joint writings with émigré dissident Yu Jie. The work of such house-church leaders and their experience speaking nationally and internationally represent a new stage in the history of the Chinese Protestant church.

scholarly journals Internationalization of Higher Education in China: Modern Trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
S. S. Donetskaya ◽  
Yan Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Internationalization Of Higher Education ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Government ◽  
Higher Education In China ◽  
Education In China

The article analyzes the processes of internationalization of higher education in China at the beginning of the 21st century. Based on data from the Ministry of Education of China, legislation and publications that are publicly available on the Chinese Internet, it is shown how the number of students visiting China, their preferences in choosing universities and educational programs changed from 2000 to 2016. Information on government activities to support international students is provided.The internationalization of higher education plays an important role in the foreign-policy activities of modern China. Foreign students teaching and expanding of Chinese language teaching in foreign countries can be considered as the “soft power” of influence of Chinese national culture. Such actions from the point of view of the Chinese government should contribute to the formation of an attractive image of China, reduce the level of external threats, increase stability and economic prosperity of the country. Therefore, the government aims to attract as many foreign students as possible, especially from neighboring countries, and spends a lot of money on these purposes. The policy of internationalization of education has achieved significant results over the past 15 years. Today, students from all over the world obtain higher educationin China. The number of foreign students increased in 2016 compared to 2000 by 8.4 times, reaching almost 450 thousand people. The possibilities for foreign students to choose profession and university have expanded. Now they come to China not only to learn Chinese, but also to obtain qualifications in engineering, economics, management and Western medicine.

scholarly journals The analysis of sociocultural importance of the Chinese traditional game “Promoting Officials”

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Popova
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Society ◽  
Board Game ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Authentic Materials ◽  
Folk Wisdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Traditional Game

The subject of this research is an ancient Chinese board game “Promoting Officials” (Shengguan Tu), which has a history of more than a thousand years. Unfortunately, after the overthrow of the monarchical structure in 1911, this game gradually ceased to be played. The “Promoting Officials” can be referred to as the game of chance, and its rules remind of the modern game “Monopoly”. Two or more players take turns to roll the dice, which decide whether to move forward or step back. The winner is the one who first reaches the center, position tai shi – mentor of the emperor, grand preceptor. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the absence of research on this cultural phenomenon within the Russian science. The study is based mostly on authentic materials in the Chinese language. The author highlights the connection of the game with the historical era, social structure, hierarchy of state service, education and upbringing of youth, the Confucian doctrine prevalent in the Chinese society. The main conclusions consists in recognition that the board game “Shengguan Tu” played an important role in strengthening the cult of education among youth and regards to the government bureaucratic apparatus. This game also resembles the folk wisdom of the Chinese people.

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