scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Urban Forest in Absorbing CO2 Emission at Rajekwesi Type A Terminal

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Oktavianus Cahya Anggara ◽  
Laily Agustina Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Type A ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Open Spaces

The terminal in Bojonegoro District is Rajekwesi Type A Terminal. It is located close to the CBD that has resulted in a decrease in environmental quality, due to gas emissions released by motor vehicles. The decrease in environmental quality can be overcome with an ecological approach, for example by creating or expanding green open spaces (urban forest). This study aimed to provide information about the capability of urban forest of the terminal to absorb CO2 emissions. This study began with a survey counting the number of motor vehicles at the gateway of the terminal on Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday for 24 hours. Then, the measurement of tree biomass was carried out using the nondestructive method. After the data was collected, the amount of CO2 emissions from motor vehicles was calculated by adding up CO2 emissionsin a stationary (idle) position when it was moving. The total CO2 emissions of motor vehicles at Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 292.058,087 kgCO2/year. The amount of carbon sink (Wtc) of a tree was calculated by multiplying the total biomass (Wt) by the carbon concentration. The amount of Wtc at the urban forest of Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 4.366,059 kg/year. After the amount of Wtc was found out, the amount of CO2 absorbed by the tree could be found out by multiplying Wtc by the conversion constant of the carbon (C) element to CO2 (3,67). The amount of CO2 absorbed by the trees at the urban forest of Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 16.023,44 kgCO2/year. If they were compared, the absorption of CO2 was still much smaller than the emission rate. Thus, the function of the urban forest of terminal as an absorber of CO2 emissions was still not optimal.

scholarly journals Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3381-3403 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Feldpausch ◽  
J. Lloyd ◽  
S. L. Lewis ◽  
R. J. W. Brienen ◽  
M. Gloor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Guiana Shield ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Continental Scale

Abstract. Aboveground tropical tree biomass and carbon storage estimates commonly ignore tree height (H). We estimate the effect of incorporating H on tropics-wide forest biomass estimates in 327 plots across four continents using 42 656 H and diameter measurements and harvested trees from 20 sites to answer the following questions: 1. What is the best H-model form and geographic unit to include in biomass models to minimise site-level uncertainty in estimates of destructive biomass? 2. To what extent does including H estimates derived in (1) reduce uncertainty in biomass estimates across all 327 plots? 3. What effect does accounting for H have on plot- and continental-scale forest biomass estimates? The mean relative error in biomass estimates of destructively harvested trees when including H (mean 0.06), was half that when excluding H (mean 0.13). Power- and Weibull-H models provided the greatest reduction in uncertainty, with regional Weibull-H models preferred because they reduce uncertainty in smaller-diameter classes (≤40 cm D) that store about one-third of biomass per hectare in most forests. Propagating the relationships from destructively harvested tree biomass to each of the 327 plots from across the tropics shows that including H reduces errors from 41.8 Mg ha−1 (range 6.6 to 112.4) to 8.0 Mg ha−1 (−2.5 to 23.0). For all plots, aboveground live biomass was −52.2 Mg ha−1 (−82.0 to −20.3 bootstrapped 95% CI), or 13%, lower when including H estimates, with the greatest relative reductions in estimated biomass in forests of the Brazilian Shield, east Africa, and Australia, and relatively little change in the Guiana Shield, central Africa and southeast Asia. Appreciably different stand structure was observed among regions across the tropical continents, with some storing significantly more biomass in small diameter stems, which affects selection of the best height models to reduce uncertainty and biomass reductions due to H. After accounting for variation in H, total biomass per hectare is greatest in Australia, the Guiana Shield, Asia, central and east Africa, and lowest in east-central Amazonia, W. Africa, W. Amazonia, and the Brazilian Shield (descending order). Thus, if tropical forests span 1668 million km2 and store 285 Pg C (estimate including H), then applying our regional relationships implies that carbon storage is overestimated by 35 Pg C (31–39 bootstrapped 95% CI) if H is ignored, assuming that the sampled plots are an unbiased statistical representation of all tropical forest in terms of biomass and height factors. Our results show that tree H is an important allometric factor that needs to be included in future forest biomass estimates to reduce error in estimates of tropical carbon stocks and emissions due to deforestation.

scholarly journals Automotive traffic noise and urban public spaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (72) ◽  
Author(s):  
Greicikelly Gaburro Paneto ◽  
Cristina Engel de Alvarez ◽  
Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels ◽  
High Sound

In contemporary cities, and usually without realizing it, the population has been exposed to high sound pressure levels, which besides causing discomfort, can lead to health problems. Considering that a large part of this noise comes from emission from motor vehicles, this research aims to evaluate the sound behavior in sound environments configured by voids in the urban fabric, in order to identify whether open spaces can act as attenuators of sound levels. To obtain the expected results, the methodology used was structured from a review of the state-of-the-art and computer simulations relating the variables that influence the formation of urban space and sound emission and propagation, taking as a case study an urban portion of the municipality of Vitória/ES. In parallel, questionnaires were applied to evaluate the user's perception of their exposure. The measurement results indicated that the sound pressure levels caused by traffic noise are above the limit tolerated limit by the NBR norm 10151:2000 for the daytime period. In turn, the results obtained from the population indicated that there is little perception of noise by the users of the spaces surveyed.

scholarly journals Loss of Tree Biomass in Jure Landslide, Sindhupalchowk, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Smrita Acharya ◽  
Udhab Raj Khadka
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Loss Mitigation ◽  
Shorea Robusta ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Mountain Environment ◽  
Total Tree

Landslide causes massive loss of lives and properties along with intangible losses in mountainous regions. Yet such intangible losses in ecosystems are rarely considered. The present study assesses the tree biomass lost due to Jure landslide in Sindhupalchowk that destroyed 71 hectare of land. Altogether, 12 plots (250 m2) were sampled through systematic and purposive sampling technique. The total tree biomass was estimated using allometric equation. The study recorded 21 tree species in which Schimawallichiii (Korth.), Lagerstroemia parviflora (Roxb.), Shorea robusta (Gaertn.), Alnus nepalensis (D. Don), Phyllanthus emblica (Linn.) and Celtius australis (Linn.) were dominant. Schima wallichiii had the highest density (320 individual ha-1) and frequency (92%). The total biomass of tree species was 216 ton ha-1 in which Schima wallichiii constituted the highest total tree biomass (82 ton ha-1). In 71 ha landslide area, the landslide caused loss of 15,336 tons of total tree biomass, which equals to 56,283 tons CO2 equivalents. These findings are relevant for assessing post-landslide impacts on the mountain environment. Furthermore, to reduce carbon emissions resulting from forest loss, mitigation of landslide is crucial.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVol. 21, No. 1, 2016,Page: 65-70

Periphyton collectors as a tool to measure environmental performance of ocean outlets

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lemmens
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Brown and Root has participated in extensive investigations of the effects of the discharges from Perth's Ocean Outlets, as part of the Perth Long-Term Ocean Outlet Monitoring (PLOOM) Programme (1995 to 2001). The major environmental concern with these discharges is the potential for nutrients in the wastewater to stimulate excess primary production in the sea. PLOOM, and its predecessor, the Perth Coastal Waters Study, have been instrumental in developing parameters for the measurement of the performance of Perth's ocean outlets. These parameters are currently being integrated in the development of Environmental Quality Criteria (EQC) for the Perth region. EQC play an important role in the management framework by providing the quantitative benchmarks for measuring success in achieving the environmental quality objectives. PLOOM has monitored a range of environmental parameters in the Perth Metropolitan area, including water quality, nutrient levels, water circulation and plume dilution, levels of metals and pesticides present in the marine environment, and the environmental health of benthic communities, in particular of temperate reef systems. During the PLOOM studies, a valuable tool was being developed to monitor outlet performance. Artificial reef structures (“periphyton collectors”) were placed in the plume trajectory. Here, periphyton is defined as: the microalgae (diatoms and microscopic filamentous forms), algal propagules, bacteria, microfauna and particulate material that are found in a mucous-like layer commonly coating seagrass leaves, and that initially colonise artificial surfaces. The advantage of periphyton collectors is that these largely remove the effects of natural variability, can be placed at any depth and distance from a potential nutrient source, provide an easy, cost effective measure of environmental impact, integrated over an extended period (one month), and produce tangible results which can be interpreted by the wider community, as well as legislative authorities and by outlet managers. In addition, outlet performance can be measured by means of these tools, and tested against accepted environmental criteria. Between 1995-2001, periphyton collectors, consisting of 15 × 15 cm PVC plates attached to moorings at fixed depths (2, 4 and 8 m), were deployed for one month during spring, summer and autumn, at increasing distance from the source (250 and 500 m distance to the north, east, west, and south, and at 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 m to the north and south only). After retrieval, the collectors were analysed for total biomass (g AFDW m−2), calcium carbonate content (% AFDW) and chlorophyll levels (chlorophyll a m−2). The results confirmed the predictions made by hydrodynamic modelling (e.g. Zic and Gondinoudis, 2002) and are in accordance with measured nutrient and chlorophyll a levels around the outlets, and demonstrated that the zone of influence was strongly determined by the prevailing currents (to the north), and largely restricted to surface layers (2-4 m depth). Both biomass and chlorophyll content proved reliable parameters, which have the potential to be used as Environmental Quality Criteria (EQC's) for the management of Perth's coastal waters. These EQC's were developed in collaboration with legislative authorities, as part of draft criteria, in accordance with national guidelines: ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality.

scholarly journals Wetter is Better: Rewetting of Minerotrophic Peatlands Increases Plant Production and Moves Them Towards Carbon Sinks in a Dry Year

Ecosystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Schwieger ◽  
Juergen Kreyling ◽  
John Couwenberg ◽  
Marko Smiljanić ◽  
Robert Weigel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Carbon Sinks ◽  
Alder Forest ◽  
Organic Matter Accumulation

Abstract Peatlands are effective carbon sinks as more biomass is produced than decomposed under the prevalent anoxic conditions. Draining peatlands coupled with warming releases stored carbon, and subsequent rewetting may or may not restore the original carbon sink. Yet, patterns of plant production and decomposition in rewetted peatlands and how they compare to drained conditions remain largely unexplored. Here, we measured annual above- and belowground biomass production and decomposition in three different drained and rewetted peatland types: alder forest, percolation fen and coastal fen during an exceptionally dry year. We also used standard plant material to compare decomposition between the sites, regardless of the decomposability of the local plant material. Rewetted sites showed higher root and shoot production in the percolation fen and higher root production in the coastal fen, but similar root and leaf production in the alder forest. Decomposition rates were generally similar in drained and rewetted sites, only in the percolation fen and alder forest did aboveground litter decompose faster in the drained sites. The rewetted percolation fen and the two coastal sites had the highest projected potential for organic matter accumulation. Roots accounted for 23–66% of total biomass production, and belowground biomass, rather than aboveground biomass, was particularly important for organic matter accumulation in the coastal fens. This highlights the significance of roots as main peat-forming element in these graminoid-dominated fen peatlands and their crucial role in carbon cycling, and shows that high biomass production supported the peatlands’ function as carbon sink even during a dry year.

Links between biomass and tree demography in a northern hardwood forest: a decade of stability and change in Hubbard Brook Valley, New Hampshire

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1369-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie S. van Doorn ◽  
John J. Battles ◽  
Timothy J. Fahey ◽  
Thomas G. Siccama ◽  
Paul A. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Hubbard Brook ◽  
Tree Demography ◽  
Live Biomass ◽  
Live Tree ◽  
Annual Mortality

We resurveyed a network of sampling plots (n = 371) 10 years after its establishment in Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (New Hampshire, USA) to quantify recent trends in tree biomass and demography. We found no significant change in live-tree biomass during the decade. Total biomass was 246 Mg·ha–1 (95%CI = 235–258) in 1995–1996 and 245 Mg·ha–1 (95%CI = 234–256) in 2005–2006. Annual mortality during the period for trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (1.37 m) averaged 9.7 trees·ha–1·year–1 (95% CI of annual mortality rate = 1.36%–1.84%·year–1). Tree recruitment into the census pool was 8.4 trees⋅ha–1·year–1 (95% CI = 5.8–10.6). Although overall forest biomass remained constant, there were marked shifts in the relative dominance of the canopy species. For example, the live biomass of Betula alleghaniensis Britton declined by 7%, whereas the live biomass of Picea rubens Sarg. increased by 6% and that of Acer saccharum Marshall increased by 4%. There was no instance of recruitment significantly exceeding mortality for the major species. Relative growth rates ranged from 1.03%·year–1 for Betula papyrifera Marshall to 1.99%·year–1 for Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Our results confirmed earlier reports that the forest at Hubbard Brook is no longer aggrading. Current live-tree biomass is lower than expected. Although effects of novel disturbances documented on a regional level have not led to directional changes in tree demography at Hubbard Brook, we suggest that these novel stressors are depressing the biomass potential of the forest.

Estimation of tree biomass of Norway spruce forest in the Plešné Lake catchment, the Bohemian Forest

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Svoboda ◽  
Karel Matějka ◽  
Jiří Kopáček ◽  
Jiří Žaloudík
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Bohemian Forest ◽  
Tree Layer ◽  
The Bohemian Forest

AbstractThis paper evaluates the total biomass and pools of major nutrients and ecologically important metals of the tree layer in the catchment of Plešné jezero (PL) in the Bohemian Forest (Šumava, Czech Republic), and compares them to analogous data on understory vegetation and soils. The results are based on field measurements and semi-automatic image analyses of aerial orthophotographs. The tree layer was relatively sparse with open canopy in some parts of the catchment. Stand density varied between 44 and 328 individuals per hectare. The catchment weighted mean total biomass of trees was 134 t ha−1 dry weight, of which needles, branches, roots, and stems represented 5%, 10%, 14%, and 71%, respectively. The stem wood and bark represented 67% and 4%, respectively, of the total tree biomass. The catchment weighted mean element pools were 568 and 3.0 mol m−2 (i.e., 68 and 0.42 t ha−1) for C and N, respectively. The other pools were 76 mmol P m−2, 602 mmol Ca m−2, 133 mmol Mg m−2, 39 mmol Na m−2, 347 mmol K m−2, 19 mmol Al m−2, 6.2 mmol Fe m−2, and 35 mmol Mn m−2. The element pools accumulated in the tree biomass represented from < 1% (Al, Fe) to 37% (C) of their total pools (soil + tree layer + understory vegetation) in the catchment. Pools of Ca and Mg in the tree biomass were similar to their exchangeable pools in the catchment soils, while those of K were 3 times higher. Nutrient (N, P, Ca, Mg, and K) and C pools in the tree biomass were 2–11 times higher than those in the understory vegetation, with the minimum for P and maximum for C.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN VOLUME TEGAKAN DENGAN KANDUNGAN BIOMASSA TERSIMPAN SKALA PLOT PADA AREAL AGROFORESTRY DUSUNG DI DUSUN TOISAPU KOTA AMBON

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Ivan Passal ◽  
Gun Mardiatmoko ◽  
Fransina Latumahina
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Biomass Potential ◽  
The Relationship

 The study was carried out in the Dusung Community Forest (Agroforestry) area of ​​Toisapu Negeri Hutumuri Hamlet, South Leitimur Sub-District, Ambon City in August - October 2018 to determine the relationship between stand volume and stored biomass for scale plots in dusung agroforestry areas in Toisapu Hamlet. For this reason, it begins with an inventory of potential at seedling, sapling, pole and tree levels so that information and data on the actual potential of carbon content in the dusung system are obtained based on the value of the diversity of stand volume and biomass content. The results of the three measurement plots showed that the highest biomass was seen to be dominated by Durian, Pala and Langsat and Duku and Clove plants. Based on the calculation of the biomass value of the total carbon content in the three plots, it can be seen biomass potential for a total 400 m² plot area or 0.04 ha for the three plots with an area of ​​1,200 m² or 0.12 ha having a total biomass of 50,783.77 Kg / m² multiplied by the assumption of 0.5% of the total amount of tree biomass and poles so that the total carbon content stored in the three plots is 25,391.88 kg / m² or 2,539.19 tons / ha.

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