scholarly journals Zapis aleatoryzmu kontrolowanego jako instrukcja działania dla wykonawców na wybranych przykładach kompozycji Witolda Lutosławskiego.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 86-106
Author(s):  
Jakub Chrenowicz
Keyword(s):  
Formal Language ◽  
Music Notation ◽  
Piano Concerto ◽  
Witold Lutoslawski ◽  
Transcription System ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cello Concerto ◽  
State Of Affairs

The goal of the article is to present the transcription system in Witold Lutosławski’s pieces composed using the technique of controlled aleatorism as a formal language for the transmission of instructions to the conductor and orchestra musicians performing those works. The starting point for my ruminations is to explore controlled aleatorism from the performer’s perspective.The text invokes excerpts from three pieces by Witold Lutosławski: Cello concerto, Chain I, and Piano Concerto. The author presents an account of the controlled aleatorism technique and analyzes the graphic signs used in the aforementioned compositions, along with the ways in which they are interpreted by performers.  The author contends that the examined transcriptions are a collection of instructions of varying degrees of complexity, addressed to musicians performing the analyzed pieces. Such a system of notation can be interpreted as a formal language which the composer programmed the work of the conductor and orchestra musicians. Beginning with the simplest instructions, he proceeded to create complex, algorithmic commands.The conclusions drawn from the above analyses point to the essence of controlled aleatorism in music notation and its interpretations. The element of control overrides the element of randomness, and such a state of affairs is attained by using a particular type of transcription.

Lutosławski, Witold (1913–1994)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Reyland
Keyword(s):  
String Quartet ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Piano Concerto ◽  
Pitch Organization ◽  
Witold Lutoslawski ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Cello Concerto ◽  
Structures Of Feeling ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Key Events

The music and life of Polish composer Witold Lutosławski (1913–1994) pivoted around key events in his country’s tumultuous twentieth-century history. The so-called cultural ‘thaw’ at the end of Stalinism in the mid 1950s permitted Poland’s composers to begin experiments in a range of modernist styles. Lutosławski forged a unique voice by exploring tensions between the classicist sensibility underpinning his neoclassical pre-thaw compositions (a style that had brought him into a position of preeminence in Poland) and more radical, avant-garde alternatives. So while he created individualistic and, often, beautiful solutions to post-tonal compositional problems of pitch organization, rhythm, texture, orchestration and long-range musical structuring, his greater contribution was marshaling his technique to compose powerfully affecting musical narratives responding, albeit obliquely, to the events and cultural atmospheres of his life and times. In major works including his Trois poems d’Henri Michaux, String Quartet, Livre pour orchestre, Cello Concerto, Mi-parti, Piano Concerto, Chain 2 and Symphony No. 4 – compositions that brought him international recognition as one of the mid-to-late twentieth century’s finest composers – Lutosławski created (to speak drily) modernist musical narratives exploring the problems of plot and representation in an innovative language, or (to speak more evocatively) structures of feeling and form that transcend the mundane specificity of programme music to offer visceral, spellbinding and moving testimony on the late-modern human experience, and from a distinctive Polish perspective.

Patients’ assessment of medical services quality – a determinant of changes in medical entity management on the example of Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dorota Hampel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Medical Effectiveness ◽  
Medical Entity ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
State Of Affairs

PurposeThe article’s primary goal is to identify areas requiring improvement in the activities of healthcare entities, suggest directions for future changes, and indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the clinic’s operation based on patients’ opinions. Subjectively expressed opinions of patients are treated as acceptance of the current state of affairs or the need to introduce changes in a given area.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical research was based on information obtained from questionnaire surveys on patients’ opinions about services provided by medical entities. The hypothesis was verified by research conducted in 23 (out of 50 possible) the most dynamically developing non-public healthcare institutions in one of the regions of Poland. The conducted research was based on a proprietary survey using questions on qualitative and quantitative scales.FindingsThe results of empirical research allowed us to identify areas requiring improvement and to propose future directions of changes in the surveyed units. The suggested changes should significantly improve efficiency in the organisation and management of a health facility, focused on medical effectiveness and patients’ health effectiveness.Originality/valueFrom a broader perspective, research results may become a starting point for further considerations on changes in the organisation and management of healthcare facilities. Using the study’s conclusions in practice may positively affect the improvement of the functioning of healthcare facilities, their better reputation and contribute to increasing competitiveness in the medical services market.

The Baltic *-ā́-illative

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
Norbert Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
Primary State ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Anaphoric Pronoun ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
At Home

Abstract The Lithuanian-Latvian illative was formed from the IE accusativus directivus and the local postposition *-ā́. Traces of the postponed *-ā́ have been preserved in yrà ‘is, are; OLith. there is, there are’ < *ī-r-ā́, and Lith. čià ‘here’ < *tj-ā́. Typologically, the Baltic illative can be compared to Greek derivatives with -δε, e.g. οἴκα-δε ‘homewards; at home’. As for the origin of the postponed *-ā́, two hypotheses can be formulated: 1. *-ā́ comes from the IE allative postposition *-eh₂ (see Hajnal 1992); 2. *-ā́ boils down to the instr. sg. of the anaphoric pronoun *h₁o-h₁. The primary illative plural ended in -s-ā́, e.g. OLith. (debesisa) ‘into heaven’. The postposition -na, which can be found e.g. in the ill. pl. miškúosna ‘into forests’, is an innovation resulting from reanalysis of the acc. sg. *-n + *-ā́ → *-nā́. The neutralisation of the privative opposition inessive : illative originally comprised an area much larger than today’s and included the West Aukštaitian dialect. The starting point of this neutralisation was plural forms. This primary state of affairs has remained until the present day in East Aukštaitian in the north from the line Raguva-Ukmergė-Molėtai-Salakas, where inessive sg. and illative sg. are distinguished, but inessive pl. and illative pl. are not, due to apocope of the final vowel, i.e. píevos ‘on meadows’ (= iness. pl. píevose) alongside píevos ‘onto meadows’ (= ill. pl. píevosna) (Zinkevičius 1966: 201). In the privative opposition inessive : illative, the illative form derived from the IE accusative of direction is the marked member of the opposition.

The social credit system in China: a model of constitutionalism for the era of crises

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-85
Author(s):  
Roman Ruvinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
State Power ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Political Subjectivity ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Social Credit ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Of Affairs

This paper focuses on the probable transformative effects of the application of the Chinese Social Credit System and similar projects in the realm of public administration on constitutional rights and freedoms, balances in citizen-state relations, and the model of statehood. The starting point of the research is the assumption that the Social Credit System, despite its specifically national Chinese peculiarities, can be seen as a reflection of a broader tendency towards the use of reputational information, techniques of ranking (grading) and risk management in the process of exercising the state power. To test this hypothesis, the author analyzes the actual experience of the Social Credit System’s introduction in the People’s Republic of China, compares this project with e-government projects, and proposes the umbrella-term of “social-credit mechanisms” to describe procedures and means of social control, based on the permanent collection and analysis of reputation data relating to persons. It is argued in this paper that the introduction of social-credit mechanisms to the practice of public administration ultimately leads to the emergence of a gap between formally enshrined rights and the actual ability to exercise them, between the legal capacity of a person and the ability to realise this capacity in certain legal relations. Examining the prospects of introduction of reputation-based social-credit mechanisms to the public administration, the author notices the probability of discrimination against persons who took a false step. As is demonstrated in the paper, the use of reputation data and social ratings by state authorities may result in the gradual differentiation in quality and scope of public services depending on social ratings (grades) of their addressees. This state of affairs may signify the birth of a new caste society and the end of the principle of equality before the law. According to the conclusions made in the paper, projects akin the Chinese Social Credit System reflect the global tendency towards the formation of a new type of constitutionalism. In the framework of this new constitutionalism the main emphasis will be shifted from citizens’ democratic participation in the execution of state power and the citizenry’s political subjectivity to ensure public safety and social stability. The issue of social-credit mechanisms’ introduction to the process of public administration is de facto an issue between the values of freedom and the values of security — the issue of choosing between political subjectivity and guaranteed biological existence.

Is There Any Chance for European Nation in Modern Europe?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-1) ◽  
pp. 207-227
Author(s):  
Tatyana Yudina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
European Identity ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European Nation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
Development Of Identity ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
University Of Oslo ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of this article is to consider the possibility of emergence of a European nation in modern Europe, the formation of European identity. The EU consists of the EU member states, where national identity is an entrenched concept. The article considers the correlation of national identity and European identity, as well as the possibility of transformation, addition or replacement of one by another. The EU is a new form of political entity, which has supranational, transnational and interstate characteristics, which can contribute to the development of various forms of identities and belonging. The purpose of this article is to consider the politics of recognition as a starting point for research on European national identity. The politics of identity pursued in Europe does not necessarily lead to the victory of national identity over European one. The citizens of these countries have a set of different identities, and the process of European integration facilitates the process of coexistence of different types of identities, and there may even be a competition between these two identities: national and European. The author analyzes the changes taking place in modern European society and the reasons that influence the development of events. These questions relate to the deep feelings and beliefs of the population of these countries, therefore, consideration of these issues must be given close attention. The author suggests analyzing this issue from within, using the research of the Europeans themselves. For analysis, the material of the ARENA Center for European Studies and the works of its leader John Eric Fossum, a professor at the University of Oslo and other researchers on this issue are used. The author explores the scope of the concept of national identity at the present stage, its characteristics and its change. A comparative analysis helps to determine the characteristics of the European identity and prospects for its formation. The article discusses four scenarios, each of which contains a certain structure of institutions and a method of recognizing identity; all this helps to understand the ongoing processes and prospects for the development of identity policy in the EU. All these scenarios to a certain extent characterize the state of affairs in modern Europe.

Probabilities over rich languages, testing and randomness

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haim Gaifman ◽  
Marc Snir
Keyword(s):  
Formal Language ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
The Family ◽  
Logical Connectives ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
General Abstract

The basic concept underlying probability theory and statistics is a function assigning numerical values (probabilities) to events. An “event” in this context is any conceivable state of affairs including the so-called “empty event”—an a priori impossible state. Informally, events are described in everyday language (e.g. “by playing this strategy I shall win $1000 before going broke”). But in the current mathematical framework (first proposed by Kolmogoroff [Ko 1]) they are identified with subsets of some all-inclusive set Q. The family of all events constitutes a field, or σ-field, and the logical connectives ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘not’ are translated into the set-theoretical operations of intersection, union and complementation. The points of Q can be regarded as possible worlds and an event as the set of all worlds in which it takes place. The concept of a field of sets is wide enough to accommodate all cases and to allow for a general abstract foundation of the theory. On the other hand it does not reflect distinctions that arise out of the linguistic structure which goes into the description of our events. Since events are always described in some language they can be indentified with the sentences that describe them and the probability function can be regarded as an assignment of values to sentences. The extensive accumulated knowledge concerning formal languages makes such a project feasible. The study of probability functions defined over the sentences of a rich enough formal language yields interesting insights in more than one direction.Our present approach is not an alternative to the accepted Kolmogoroff axiomatics. In fact, given some formal language L, we can consider a rich enough set, say Q, of models for L (called also in this work “worlds”) and we can associate with every sentence the set of all worlds in Q in which the sentence is true. Thus our probabilities can be considered also as measures over some field of sets. But the introduction of the language adds mathematical structure and makes for distinctions expressing basic intuitions that cannot be otherwise expressed. As an example we mention here the concept of a random sequence or, more generally, a random world, or a world which is typical to a certain probability distribution.

scholarly journals TOURISM ARCHITECTURE AS A THREAT TO HERITAGE IDENTITY IN THE VALLEYS OF THE HIGH ATLAS IN MOROCCO

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 723-730
Author(s):  
J. Asencio Juncal ◽  
J. M. Lopez-Osorio ◽  
C. J. Rosa Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
High Atlas ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cultural Exchanges ◽  
Traditional Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tourist Accommodation

Abstract. Despite being a major activity in the economy of the pre-Sahara valley of the High Atlas in Morocco, tourism can also threaten the conservation of the identity values of the architectural heritage of the region. The adaptation of many traditional buildings for tourist use or the construction of new accommodation incorporating traditional language into their structure or decorative repertoire does not always help to strengthen the vernacular values of original architecture. The starting point of this research is the typological definition of this architecture, mostly in aspects relating to the symbolic and ornamental elements of traditional dwellings in the valleys of the Dadès and of the Mgoun, its main tributary. The processes of evolution and transformation from the second half of the 20th century are then described, along with the risks from the tourist boom which has been affecting the region in recent years. In order to study this phenomenon twelve examples of tourist accommodation were selected to analyse the formal language and decorative resources used, in terms of heritage, but also from the perspective of the reinterpretation of architectural symbols in the context of acculturation. This theory considers dynamic cultural exchanges between tourism and the receiving society to be positive.

scholarly journals Air Transport of Explosives – Modern Solutions

10.37105/sd.7 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Herc Kamila ◽  
Zakrzewska Barbara
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Hazardous Materials Transportation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Research Interviews ◽  
State Of Affairs

The paper is an introduction into the area of hazardous materials transportation. It includes the description of hazardous materials, classification of hazardous materials, and the list of documents necessary for organizing transport of such materials, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of air transport of hazardous materials, and identification and resolution of problems. The aim of the article is to present the up-to-date information on air transport of explosives in the Polish Army, to identify the problems encountered during the transport preparation process, and to discuss the solution that may improve the current state of affairs. The improvements proposed by the authors include: improvement of dangerous goods labeling, introduction of Polish instructions and transport documents in the Polish Armed Forces, and training of the personnel handling transport in Poland. The proposed solution, when implemented, would help to reduce mistakes in labeling goods, enhance the training process of personnel handling transport, as well as to facilitate the preparation of transport documentation. The starting point for the proposed results came from own research, interviews with specialists dealing with the transport of hazardous materials, including explosives, as well as international transport manuals and instructions., C. A. 

At the crossroads of Marxism and structuralism in modern Polish literary theory (1918–1939): The case of Warsaw and Vilnius student circles

Thesis Eleven ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
Danuta Ulicka
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Czeslaw Milosz ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Second World

In this paper, I aim to determine the place of Marxism in Polish literary studies of the 20th century. The starting point is (1) Czesław Miłosz’s comment on the identity of Marxism and structuralism; (2) the absence of the term ‘Marxism’ in the names of Polish workers’ parties and pro-Marxist academic discourse (except an insignificant short period directly after the Second World War when Marxist rhetoric prevailed). Referring to political history, I suggest an explanation of this state of affairs, revealing the function of Marxism under different names in philosophical texts from the beginning of the 20th century. To support my argument, I draw on documents from the newly discovered archive of Dawid Hopensztand. I use this archive to reconstruct his social biography and justify the main thesis about the permanent presence of Marxism in the works of such thinkers as Leszek Kołakowski, Zygmunt Bauman, and even Czesław Miłosz.

scholarly journals Trends and Perspectives in Didactic Evaluation in Higher Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-90
Author(s):  
Liliana-Luminița Todorescu ◽  
Gabriel-Mugurel Dragomir ◽  
Anca Greculescu
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Senior Students

This article addresses trends and perspectives in didactic evaluation in technical higher education and in order to assist teachers in their continuous training through the results obtained. Thus, 263 students from Politehnnica University of Timisoara were interviewed. The research tool was a questionnaire with 25 items, of which 5 were factual. The issues addressed were related to an analysis of the state of affairs of the evaluation, as well as the proposals made by the interviewees to improve the evaluation. The suggested changes tackle a greater understanding and empathy on the teachers’ part, their objectivity, as well as a better correlation of the evaluation with the students’ psychological and personality traits. Regarding evaluation, particularly interesting was the suggestion of replacing teachers with senior students or even with computers. On the other hand, there is a reluctance of respondents to replace evaluators with intelligence devices or gadgets. The article can also be a starting point for future indepth research on the matter of evaluation.

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