The iron cage of dairy farming. Self-sufficiency and specialisation in Finnish peasant farming at the beginning of the twentieth century

2016 ◽  
pp. 233-247
Author(s):  
Matti Peltonen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Iron Cage ◽  
Self Sufficiency

Ważyk metafizyczny? / Ważyk – A Metaphysician?

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Jerzy Święch
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Ontological Security ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Self Sufficiency

Summary Adam Ważyk’s last volume of poems Zdarzenia (Events) (1977) can be read as a resume of the an avant-garde artist’s life that culminated in the discovery of a new truth about the human condition. The poems reveal his longing for a belief that human life, the mystery of life and death, makes sense, ie. that one’s existence is subject to the rule of some overarching necessity, opened onto the last things, rather than a plaything of chance. That entails a rejection of the idea of man’s self-sufficiency as an illusion, even though that kind of individual sovereignty was the cornerstone of modernist art. The art of late modernity, it may be noted, was already increasingly aware of the dangers of putting man’s ‘ontological security’ at risk. Ważyk’s last volume exemplifies this tendency although its poems appear to remain within the confines of a Cubist poetics which he himself helped to establish. In fact, however, as our readings of the key poems from Events make clear, he employs his accustomed techniques for a new purpose. The shift of perspective can be described as ‘metaphysical’, not in any strict sense of the word, but rather as a shorthand indicator of the general mood of these poems, filled with events which seem to trap the characters into a supernatural order of things. The author sees that much, even though he does not look with the eye of a man of faith. It may be just a game - and Ważyk was always fond of playing games - but in this one the stakes are higher than ever. Ultimately, this game is about salvation. Ważyk is drawn into it by a longing for the wholeness of things and a dissatisfaction with all forms of mediation, including the Cubist games of deformation and fragmentation of the object. It seems that the key to Ważyk’s late phase is to be found in his disillusionment with the twentieth-century avant-gardes. Especially the poems of Events contain enough clues to suggest that the promise of Cubism and surrealism - which he sought to fuse in his poetic theory and practice - was short-lived and hollow.

The Impact of Reinventing Government on State and Federal Parks

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Reinventing Government ◽  
Bureaucratic Agencies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Over the last dozen years of the twentieth century, one major change affecting many American public policies consists of increased demands for efficiency. As a result, the demands on bureaucratic agencies responsible for delivery of public goods and services are daunting. Political authorities prescribe economic goals of efficiency and self-sufficiency for agencies while not reducing demands for attainment of political goals like efficacy and equity. Public officials have used techniques encouraging efficient behavior such as downsizing and evaluation through performance-based standards to make government more streamlined while still being effective. Have these changes occurred in different ways at different levels of the federal system? How can we explain those differences? Does the impact on the delivered goods and services vary significantly by level of government?

scholarly journals William Dickson Lang, 1878-1966

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 366-386
Keyword(s):  
Civil Engineer ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Status Occupation ◽  
The Law ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Church

William Dickson Lang, Keeper of the Department of Geology in the British Museum (Natural History) from 1928-1938, died at Charmouth, Dorset, on 3 March 1966 in his 89th year. He was the second son of Edward Tickell Lang and Hebe, daughter of John Venn Prior. His father was a civil engineer, engaged at the time of the boy’s birth, at Kurnal in the Punjab on 29 December 1878, in the construction of the Jumna Canal. William was very much a product of the professional classes, all four of his grandparental branches, the Langs, Tickells, Priors and the Templers, being plentifully adorned with members of the fighting services, mostly the army—including at least two generals, and a collateral Field Marshal—the Indian Civil Service, the Church, the law and medicine, with a wealthy land-owning ancestor in the near distance, whose property had either passed to another branch or been largely dissolved by the multiplicity of descendants. His immediate relatives formed a well-knit, cultured clan whose nineteenthcentury standards and self-sufficiency were perhaps not always an advantage in dealing with a brash twentieth-century society. Lang himself summed up his ancestry thus: ‘The Langs and Tickells were very similar and homogeneous in their status, occupation and outlook, most of them entering one of the services (generally the army) and a few, the Church. It is recorded that one or two Langs showed (dilettante) artistic leanings, and one Tickell was a minor poet. None is mentioned as exhibiting a mathematical or scientific faculty; but a collateral Tickell branch threw up a naturalist. Most led straightforward and competent, if somewhat conventional, lives without exhibiting very outstanding abilities.

scholarly journals The experience of self-sufficiency in mysticism of the twentieth century

2003 ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Mykhailo G. Murashkin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
General Culture

Mysticism is a religious practice, and philosophical mysticism is a reflection on this practice. They distinguish between theistic mysticism as classical, where the absolute is a personal God, and non-theistic as non-classical, where the personal God is replaced by an impersonal transcendental beginning, such as "Tao" in Taoism, "Shunyata" in Buddhism, or "One" in Neo-Platonism. Both classical (theistic) and non-classical (non-theistic) mysticism suggest the need for mystical practice. But in the second half of the twentieth century, post-theistic mysticism arises, which completely rejects mystical practice and is considered post-classical. The emergence of post-non-classical mysticism in the twentieth century coincides with the emergence of the post-non-classical direction in the general culture, that is, with postmodernism. Both classical, non-classical and post-classical mysticism describe the characteristics of a person's state of self-sufficiency. Only the philosophical mysticism of the classical and non-classical directions connects the emergence of this state of self-sufficiency in the mystic with its practice, and the post-non-classical direction denies this practice.

Camp Life

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Fenno ◽  
Karen Brunso ◽  
Jessica Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Tribal School ◽  
Camp Life

Oral histories concerning the clan camps of the early and mid-twentieth century are still abundant today, but it is feared much of this important history will be lost within a generation. Tribal schools realize the importance of teaching this recent history as it was during these times that Seminole families were still entirely self-sufficient, growing and hunting the majority of their subsistence base. The self-sufficiency ethos is a key part of cultural identity and one that helps define who the Seminole people are. As the authors explain, the research undertaken by the THPO to document these reservation-era camps is driven by a community need to actively manage and preserve this information for future generations of Tribal members. The importance of this work is driven home if you are lucky enough to witness a Tribal school group visiting a historic camp; armed with maps and plans showing where houses and gardens were located students can immerse themselves in their own history. Archaeology adds to this story by providing not only the means to capture a picture of the camp that can be combined with oral histories but also to provide a tangible tool by which students can actively participate in the learning process.

‘A purse of her own’: Women and Carriage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Ridge
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Woman Writer ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Katherine Mansfield ◽  
Dorothy Richardson ◽  
Female Self ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Chapter 2 considers the emergence of the woman’s bag as a subversive emblem for female self-sufficiency from the late nineteenth century. It was an emblem taken up by a number of New Woman writers of fiction and non-fiction, from George Egerton to Nellie Bly. Giving an overview of the historical and rhetorical associations of women with baggage in the context of legal understandings of women’s property rights, the chapter also looks at fin de siècle and early-twentieth-century projections (both in literary works and satirical cartoons) of the disturbance caused by these modern women to traditional chivalry and associated fictional conventions. It asks why women’s portable property was often so pivotal in renderings of this disturbance. More specifically, it hones in on the work of one prominent modernist woman writer, Dorothy Richardson, whose use of a portable model in Pilgrimage goes hand in hand with her reinvention of the female subject. Finally, the chapter reflects on some of the problems faced by women beyond the domestic paradigm, considering the woman’s bag as an object of modernist conflict in texts by Katherine Mansfield, Virginia Woolf and D. H. Lawrence.

Vaccine production, national security anxieties and the unstable state in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Mexico

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Security ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Unstable State ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter deals with the development and production of vaccines in Mexico from the last third of the nineteenth century to 1989, when the erosion of this sector began. Along with discussing Mexican’s physicians’ reception of discoveries in microbiology and immunology, it points out the existence of a network of relationships between Mexican institutions and others around the world. The chapter shows that vaccine development and production did not follow a constant ascendant path, but that it also suffered declines and regressions. It describes the field’s achievements and limitations, and reveals its relationships with the political, economic, and social conditions of the country in different historical moments. Finally, it evaluates the importance of attaining national self-sufficiency in vaccine development and production for the building of the state in pre- and post-revolutionary Mexico, and seeks to provide some answers to the questions of how and why the erosion of this strategic field occurred.

scholarly journals From farmer to dairy farmer: Swedish dairy farming from the late 1920s to 1990

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 7-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carin Martiin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
Political Policy ◽  
Swedish Dairy ◽  
Declining Demand ◽  
Limited Demand

Swedish dairy farming became increasingly commercialized up until the mid-twentieth century, when nine out of ten farmers supplied milk to dairy plants. They adopted the view that milk sales were the path to progress for agriculture and the countryside in times of urbanization. Dairy farming was obviously embedded in functions that went beyond food production, which complicated the situation when the surplus of dairy farmers led to overproduction. At the same time, domestic demand became saturated and the international butter market proved more challenging than expected. This article focuses on collective outcomes of farmers’ actions in terms of commercialization, intensification, specialization and geographic concentration from the late 1920s to 1990. The timeframe includes an expansive phase until the late 1940s, which was followed by decades of declining demand for milk and a more restrictive political policy toward agricultural surpluses. It is argued that the vision of dairy farming as a safe way to make a living in agriculture underestimated the potential for increased production and limited demand. Contrary to initial hopes of using milk as a way to save the countryside, increasingly intensive and specialized dairy farming served to drive many out of farming.

The Oil Strategies of Nazi Germany

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-114
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Kelanic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Nazi Era ◽  
Over Time

This chapter analyzes four cases that span the Nazi era in Germany. From the beginning of the Nazi regime in March of 1933 until its defeat in April of 1945, the chapter identifies three major turning points: (1) Adolf Hitler's announcement of the Four-Year Plan in September of 1936; (2) the imposition of an Anglo-French naval blockade against Germany on September 3, 1939; and (3) the shift from blitzkrieg to attrition warfare against the Soviet Union in December of 1941. This divides the case into four distinct periods: March 1933 to August 1936; September 1936 until September 3, 1939; September 4, 1939, until the end of December 1941; and January 1942 through the end of the war in April 1945. Hitler's anticipatory strategies changed over time, in tandem with his country's coercive vulnerability, intensifying from self-sufficiency before World War II to indirect control at the war's start to, finally, direct control after Operation Barbarossa failed to speedily defeat the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). One would expect that Hitler, as the most expansionist leader of the twentieth century, would engage in conquest to get oil; yet primarily, he sought oil security through less extreme measures.

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