Das Verhältnis des Syntaxwandels zur Theorie der Sprachzustände The Relationship of a Theory of Language Change to a Theory of Language States

Syntax ◽  
1995 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Cavalcanti Nuto

This essay approaches linguistic and cultural issues associated with globalization, language and the novel in order to demonstrate how the novel as a literary genre can express the tensions of globalization. The main theoretical basis is Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of language and the novel. Concerning language the paper recalls the discrepancy between the linguistic thought of Bakhtin’s circle and the structural linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure, emphasizing that a linguistic based on utterance enables a suitable link between structural system and society. The paper explains the difference between centripetal and centrifugal forces of language, according to Bakhtin and their relationship with globalization. It also explains Bakhtin’s concept of the novel, stressing the relationship of the genre as a dialogic plurality of discourses, in order to demonstrate how suitable the novel is to express the globalized world. Theories of globalization are confronted and the problems related to globalization are exposed. Following Milton Santo’s thought, the paper refl ects on the possibility of another globalization, not only expansive, but also integrative. By commenting the cultural situation of certain writers and their attempts to express it, this essay combines Bakhtin’s thought with theories of globalization in order to point out possible responses of contemporary novel.


2010 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Liam Mac Mathúna ◽  

Seán Ó Neachtain (c. 1640–1729) and his son Tadhg (c. 1671–c. 1752) were at the centre of an extensive circle of Gaelic scholars in the city of Dublin in the early part of the eighteenth century. Seán Ó Neachtain composed a broad range of creative literature. Although primarily written in Irish, his works include examples of Irish/English code-mixing as well as pieces composed entirely in English. His son, Tadhg Ó Neachtain, is credited with having written over 25 surviving manuscripts. He makes considerable use of English sources and of English itself in a number of these manuscripts, which are either pedagogical in nature, devoted to geography and history, or are characterised by frequent commonplace entries referring to contemporary events. This paper examines the interaction of the two languages in these manuscripts, exploring (1) the use of English language sources (textbooks and Dublin newspapers), (2) the content of the English portions of the manuscripts in question, and (3) the relationship of the English material to the Irish in the immediate compositional context. The paper seeks to assess whether the permeating bilingualism of these manuscripts is merely indicative of the contemporary socio-linguistic milieu in which the Ó Neachtains functioned, or can be regarded as harbinger of the subsequent community language change from Irish to English.


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artie Konrad ◽  
Susan C Herring ◽  
David Choi

Abstract This study posits that graphicon use follows an evolutionary trajectory characterized by stages. Drawing on evidence that the uses and functions of emoticons have changed over time and that the introduction of emoji affected the popularity and usage of emoticons, we examine the uses of the newer types, emoji and stickers, and consider the relationship of stickers to emoji. Adapting the apparent-time method from the sociolinguistic study of language change, we compare sticker and emoji use by English-speaking Facebook Messenger users, exploring how they are used and under what conditions using semi-structured interviews and a large-scale survey. Stickers are argued to be more pragmatically marked for emotional intensity, positivity, and intimacy, characteristic of a more recent stage of evolution, while emoji use exhibits signs of conventionalization and pragmatic unmarking. The identification of patterns that characterize evolutionary stages has implications for future graphicon use.


2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Sanchez

ABSTRACTPrinciples of structural borrowing have been proposed, relating to structures of the languages involved and sociodemographic circumstances of their respective societies. This article quantitatively evaluates the roles of both linguistic and social factors in structural borrowing via examination of language contact data from Aruba and Curaçao, where creole Papiamentu is in contact with Spanish, Dutch, and English. Variationist methods, rooted in Labov's Principle of Accountability, are applied in a novel way to the system of verbal morphology to flesh out factors promoting borrowing. Linguistic factors are found to be quantitatively stronger, and only one nonlinguistic factor was found to promote borrowing. Results are discussed in light of prevailing theories of language contact. Findings contribute to our understanding of the long-term consequences of language contact and the relationship of contact-induced change to a more general sociolinguistic theory of language variation and change.


Author(s):  
O. Kochubeynyk

The article problematize the relationship of discourse to inequality, exclusion, subjugation, dominance and privilege. The linkages between discourse, modes of social organization, lived experience and strategies of resistance is discussed. Discourse is understood as both an expression and a mechanism of power, by which means particular social realities are conceived, made manifest, legitimated, naturalized, challenged, resisted and reimagined. The term discourse has also been used to designate particular ‘modes of talking’ associated with particular social institutions and reproduced by them. It means that social institutions produce specific ways or modes of talking about certain areas of social life, which are related to the place and nature of that institution. The main attention in the article is paid to illuminating the generative power of discourse in constructing, sustaining and challenging inequitable modes of social organization. The author has proposed a model that accounts for the two ways in which power is present in discourse and thus in society - a model which might be used as a basis for the development of a framework for discourse analysis as well as for the conceptualization of social change and its relation to language change. The author has used the notion of agon to explain some processes which occurred in constructing of social reality. Agon comes from the Greek word agōn, which is translated with a number of meanings, among them «contest,» «competition at games,» and «gathering». Agonality (agon) is declared as main specialty of discourse. It is proposed to see in the agonality the striving of discourse to its own self-assertion, which is manifested in the clash of forces, which potentially lies in social inter-relations. The author also considers the category of «symbolic violence» as a function of the power, the ability to impose values and recognize their legitimacy. In the social system of symbolic violence is implemented through the discursive implications and is carried out in two ways - through the textual and non-textual resources.


Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar Garré Silva ◽  
Antonio Paulino de Sousa Sousa

O presente artigo fundamenta-se no pensamento de Foucault, Labov e Boudieu. Objetiva relacionar língua e sociedade, mostrando que a sociedade humana não se constitui sem a linguagem, da mesma forma que a língua não se realiza fora das relações sociais. A relação entre língua e sociedade apresenta influência mútua, pois através da linguagem se participa das relações sociais de poder e as mudanças na estrutura social são decorrentes da dinâmica dessas relações. A língua não é um corpo autônomo capaz de determinar as relações sociais, como também não é determinada pela estrutura social, mas há uma relação de influências entre elas, por isso que pela análise linguística pode-se compreender elementos importantes da estrutura social, como também pela análise das relações sociais pode-se compreender muito dos processos linguísticos. A língua não está deslocada de um contexto sociocultural, sua significação é decorrente de seu contexto de produção, sua força simbólica se potencializa a partir da força do grupo social que a produz. A língua, assim como a sociedade, não é um corpo estático, há transformações significativas no decorrer do processo histórico, a mudança linguística não ocorre isolada do movimento de classe, muito embora ela não seja determinada por ele, há uma relação entre a mudança linguística e o movimento de classe, em que este só se completa quando ocorre a mudança linguística e, ao mesmo tempo, ela é um reflexo do movimento de classe. Assim, não se pode negar a relação de influências mútuas entre língua e sociedade.  Palavras-chave: Língua. Sociedade. Contexto sociocultural.Language and Society: mutual influences in the sociocultural construction processABSTRACTThis paper is based on the thought of Foucault, Labov and Boudieu and aims to relate language and society, showing that human society is not formed without the language, in the same way that the language is not out of social relations. The relationship between language and society presents mutual influence, since from the language we participate in the social relations of power and changes in the social structure itself are resulting from the dynamics of these relationships. The language is not a body as able to determine social relationships, nor is determined by social structure, but instead there is a relationship of influences between them, so that the linguistic analysis can understand important elements of the social structure, as well as the analysis of social relationships can be understood much of linguistic processes. The language is not shifted from a sociocultural context, its meaning is due to its context of production, as well as its symbolic force leverages from the strength of the social group that produces. The language, as well as society, is not a static body, there are significant changes in the course of the historical process, and language change does not occur in isolation from the class movement, although it is not determined by the class movement, there is a relationship between linguistic change and movement class, in that the movement of class only complete when the language change and at the same time, the language change is a reflection of the class movement. So, there's no denying the relationship of mutual influences between language and society.    Keywords: language. Society. Sociocultural context.Lengua y Sociedad: influencias mutuas en el proceso de construcción socioculturalRESUMENEl presente artículo se fundamenta en el pensamiento de Foucault, Labov y Boudieu y tiene como objetivo relacionar lengua y sociedad, mostrando que la sociedad humana no se constituye sin el lenguaje, de la misma forma que la lengua no se realiza fuera de las relaciones sociales. La relación entre lengua y sociedad presenta influencia mutua, pues a través del lenguaje se participa de las relaciones sociales de poder y los cambios en la estructura social son consecuencia de la dinámica de esas relaciones. La lengua no es un cuerpo autónomo capaz de determinar las relaciones sociales, como tampoco está determinada por la estructura social, pero hay una relación de influencias entre ellas, por eso que por el análisis lingüístico se pueden comprender elementos importantes de la estructura social, Por el análisis de las relaciones sociales se puede comprender mucho de los procesos lingüísticos. La lengua no está desplazada de un contexto sociocultural, su significación es consecuencia de su contexto de producción, su fuerza simbólica se potencia a partir de la fuerza del grupo social que la produce. La lengua, así como la sociedad, no es un cuerpo estático, hay transformaciones significativas en el curso del proceso histórico, el cambio lingüístico no ocurre aisladamente del movimiento de clase, aunque no es determinada por él, hay una relación entre el cambio lingüístico Y el movimiento de clase, en el que éste sólo se completa cuando ocurre el cambio lingüístico y, al mismo tiempo, es un reflejo del movimiento de clase. Así, no se puede negar la relación de influencias mutuas entre lengua y sociedad.Palabras clave: Lengua. Sociedad. Contexto sociocultural.


Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.


Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.


Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.


Author(s):  
J.R. Pfeiffer ◽  
J.C. Seagrave ◽  
C. Wofsy ◽  
J.M. Oliver

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.


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