The role of phonological structure in speech segmentation by infants and adults: a review and methodological considerations

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-240 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Segmentation ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Maternal Perception of Infants’ Expressions of Emotion

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Krippl ◽  
Stephanie Ast-Scheitenberger ◽  
Ina Bovenschen ◽  
Gottfried Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Response Pattern ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Startle Amplitude ◽  
Caregiving System ◽  
Parental Caregiving ◽  
Opponent Process ◽  
Opponent Process Theory ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Methodological Considerations

In light of Lang’s differentiation of the aversive and the approach system – and assumptions stemming from attachment theory – this study investigates the role of the approach or caregiving system for processing infant emotional stimuli by comparing IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and videos. IAPS pictures, infant pictures, and infant videos of positive, neutral, or negative content were presented to 69 mothers, accompanied by randomized startle probes. The assessment of emotional responses included subjective ratings of valence and arousal, corrugator activity, the startle amplitude, and electrodermal activity. In line with Lang’s original conception, the typical startle response pattern was found for IAPS pictures, whereas no startle modulation was observed for infant pictures. Moreover, the startle amplitudes during negative video scenes depicting crying infants were reduced. The results are discussed with respect to several theoretical and methodological considerations, including Lang’s theory, emotion regulation, opponent process theory, and the parental caregiving system.

Challenges of Fear Conditioning Research in the Age of RDoC

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Future ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Research Domain

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.

scholarly journals Statistical Speech Segmentation in Tone Languages: The Role of Lexical Tones

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gómez ◽  
Peggy Mok ◽  
Mikhail Ordin ◽  
Jacques Mehler ◽  
Marina Nespor
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Speech Segmentation ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Tone Languages ◽  
Transitional Probabilities ◽  
Lexical Processes

Research has demonstrated distinct roles for consonants and vowels in speech processing. For example, consonants have been shown to support lexical processes, such as the segmentation of speech based on transitional probabilities (TPs), more effectively than vowels. Theory and data so far, however, have considered only non-tone languages, that is to say, languages that lack contrastive lexical tones. In the present work, we provide a first investigation of the role of consonants and vowels in statistical speech segmentation by native speakers of Cantonese, as well as assessing how tones modulate the processing of vowels. Results show that Cantonese speakers are unable to use statistical cues carried by consonants for segmentation, but they can use cues carried by vowels. This difference becomes more evident when considering tone-bearing vowels. Additional data from speakers of Russian and Mandarin suggest that the ability of Cantonese speakers to segment streams with statistical cues carried by tone-bearing vowels extends to other tone languages, but is much reduced in speakers of non-tone languages.

HISTORIAN ON SOCIAL NETWORKS: SOME METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
Vasily Syrov
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
And Function

The article discusses some of the research findings related to the topic of the place and function of histori-ans on social networks. The main attention is paid to identifying the role of web technologies in the con-ventional practices of creating historical knowledge creation of historical knowledge. It is emphasized that the thesis about blurring the boundaries between the professional community and users in general does not mean rejection of the recognition of the decisive role of the professional community in the production of knowledge. The ways and methods of historians' actions in social networks and their advantages over traditional methods of knowledge production are revealed.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Density in Phonological Alternations

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sverre Stausland Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Word Identification ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Phonological Structure

in lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:Neighborhood density (ND) is a measure of how similar a word is to other words in the lexicon. In response to the growing evidence of the significance of ND for word identification and word production, linguists have started asking what role ND could play in phonological alternations, without reaching a consensus. This paper assesses the role of ND in a phonological alternation in Norwegian, by asking whether the alternation is best predicted by ND or by the phonological structure of the alternators. The results reveal how these factors are strongly correlated and equally good predictors of alternations.

scholarly journals What is the role of computational models in Cognitive Science? A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the history of the TRACE model of speech segmentation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Chawla ◽  
Richard Shillcock
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Speech Segmentation ◽  
Cognitive Modelling ◽  
Trace Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Central Paradigm

Implemented computational models are a central paradigm of Cognitive Science. How do cognitive scientists really use such models? We take the example of one of the most successful and influential cognitive models, TRACE (McClelland & Elman, 1986), and we map its impact on the field in terms of published, electronically available documents that cite the original TRACE paper over a period of 25 years since its publication. We draw conclusions about the general status of computational cognitive modelling and make critical suggestions regarding the nature of abstraction in computational modelling.

Methodological Considerations on the Role of Experience in Comparative Theology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Comparative Theology ◽  
Textual Studies ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Textual Study ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Attention To Detail

Emma O’Donnell explores the implications of the fact that comparative theology primarily based in textual studies has to date been the norm in comparative theology. While textual study tends to be central to most theological work and has provided strong foundations for comparative theology too, the operative intellectual virtues—close attention to detail, reflective and patient learning, openness to change—can also be taken outside the text, so to speak, in order to pave the way for a new methodology attuned to the richer and living contexts in which texts are composed, read, and lived. Accordingly, O’Donnell explores the possibility of comparative theological work grounded in the experiential elements of faith. A comparative study of religious experience, for instance, has the capacity to bring to light specific aspects of interreligious relationships such as will not be evident simply through textual study.

A Balanced Paradigm of Crime Control: Programmatic and Methodological Considerations

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-314
Author(s):  
Yuval Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Recent Proposal ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Bryan Vila's general paradigm for understanding criminal behavior focuses on the role of developmental factors in determining motivation for crime (1994:338). In his recent proposal in PLS, Vila states that criminality is “a predisposition that disproportionately favors criminal behavior” (1997:4). He suggests, further, that there always are some people who are motivated to use force, fraud, or stealth to obtain resources: either to make the best out of a bad situation, or to take advantage of a good situation. That is, some individuals have competitive advantages over others within a particular niche….(1997:8)

The Role of State Policy in Ensuring Access, Achievement, and Attainment in Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (14) ◽  
pp. 1731-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Dean Ward ◽  
William G. Tierney
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
State Policies ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Policy Framing ◽  
New Information ◽  
Postsecondary Access ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This volume focuses on the importance of state policy for ensuring equity in postsecondary access, achievement, and attainment. America has a federalist system of education that gives states significant autonomy in their governance of schools, colleges, and universities. This system has created significant variation across states; variation that provides opportunities for state governments to learn from one another. This volume underscores the importance of context and uses differentiation across state lines to highlight the roles internal and external factors play in policy development and issues pertaining to postsecondary access, achievement, and attainment. This collection of papers includes a diverse set of theoretical and methodological approaches to address a range of topics that makes clear the scope and importance of a multitude of state policies. This volume will serve as a source of new information regarding state policies that will be useful for policymakers and researchers alike. It is also suggests important new avenues for research that focus on theoretical and methodological considerations as well as topical areas including funding, accountability, transparency, and policy framing.

Self-Reward and External Reward: Methodological Considerations and Contingency Instructions

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1103-1110
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Tirrell ◽  
Michael K. Mount ◽  
Norman A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Speed Reading ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
External Reward ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Informed Group

In light of inconsistent procedures and results found in past studies comparing self-reward and external reward, the present study examined the dimensions of self-reward as a self-controlling response and the role of contingency instructions in external reward. Four groups of 10 subjects each who had indicated interest in increasing their reading speed repeatedly practiced a 1-min. speed reading exercise. Subjects in the self-reward group engaged in low probability behaviors which involved persistence and goal-oriented behaviors; and the reward used freely available stimuli which were self-selected, self-managed, and self-administered. The externally rewarded and contingency-informed group increased reading speed more than all other treatments. The self-rewarded group was marginally greater than an externally rewarded and contingency uninformed group and a performance feedback control group. No difference was found between the control group and the externally rewarded and contingency-uninformed group.

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