scholarly journals Stone in architecture and sculpture – source material for reconstruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marek W. Lorenc ◽  
H. Lorenc
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Similar Material ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Stone Material

Abstract Stone is the oldest, natural material, which was (and still is) used as both building and sculptural material. The most commonly used for these purposes are: granites, marbles, limestones and sandstones, representing the three main genetic groups of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. All of them are permanently being destroyed in result as well of natural weathering as microbiological activity and anthropogenic pollution of atmosphere, known as deterioration. The speed of such decay depends on both environmental conditions and mineral composition of the stone and it can lead to such intensive destruction that conservation may require partial replacement. Smaller damages are refilled with appropriate mineral masses, whereas in case of bigger damages refilling with natural stone is necessary. Professional conservation practice demands the selection and use of the same rock or the rock that is, in so far as is possible, identical to that originally used. It can be done only after previous detailed petrographical studies of the original material. Only then the stone material used for reconstruction will be appropriate and stonework performed properly will not (or almost not) leave marks. In many cases the ancient quarries do not exist and original source material is not available. Then petrographical studies of numerous rock-samples, which are recently available from other existing and/or working quarries, will allow the indication the most similar material. In many cases, unfortunately, the stone used for replacement is not identical to the original but only macroscopically similar. In such a case results might be visible sooner or later. These will be differences in colour, differences in structure and in some cases even crystallization of secondary minerals in the newly inserted fragments.

The Dominant American View of Freedoms of Press and Speech, in the Decade Leading Up to Ratification of the Federal Bill of Rights

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-336
Author(s):  
Wendell Bird
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Freedom Of The Press ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Narrow View ◽  
The Press ◽  
Freedom Of Press ◽  
The World

In the 1780s in America, the advocates of broad understandings of freedom of press and freedom of speech continued to argue, as “Junius Wilkes” did in 1782, that “[i]f a printer is liable to prosecution and restraint, for publishing pieces on public measures, conceived libellous, the liberty of the press is annihilated and ruined. . . . The danger is precisely the same to liberty, in punishing a person after the performance appears to the world, as in preventing its publication in the first instance. The doctrine of libels, is of pernicious consequence to the freedom of the press.” Many other essays in the 1780s showed the dominance of an expansive understanding of freedoms of press and speech, as did the declarations of rights of nine states. That was the context in which the First Amendment was adopted and ratified in 1789–1791. These conclusions about the prevalent and dominant understanding after the mid-1760s are flatly contrary to the narrow view of freedoms of press and speech stated by Blackstone and Mansfield, and restated by the neo-Blackstonians, who claim that the narrow understanding was not only predominant but exclusive through the ratification of the First Amendment and onward until 1798. This book’s conclusions are based on far more original source material than the neo-Blackstonians’ conclusions.

Getting it right: the art of academic referencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 444-448
Author(s):  
Anita Duffy ◽  
Fiona Lawler
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Standard System ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Writing Students

In academic writing students are expected to find appropriate references for arguments they wish to include in their assignments, using a standard system of referencing. Referencing correctly allows readers to access the original source material easily and quickly and good referencing also shows evidence of research and reading regarding the topic of discussion. Academic institutions and tutors expect students to reference assignments clearly and accurately. In this article, the authors explain the why and how of academic referencing using the Harvard referencing style.

Designing Effective Online Educational Literature Searches

2011 ◽  
pp. 190-201
Author(s):  
Robert Sandieson ◽  
Jack Hourcade ◽  
Val Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Research Policy ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Original Source ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
Educational Literature ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Research Studies

Knowing the existing research literature has become important for anyone involved with education, informed research, policy, and practice rests on an understanding of unfiltered original source material. Although there has been a proliferation of research studies which are now easily accessible through online resources, being able to find information on specific topics is proving to be a challenge even for experienced researchers. This chapter describes a procedure which first identified field-specific terminology associated with original source material. The parallel terms used in the ERIC database to code the same material was then found. The resulting parallel list of ERIC keywords was tested and validated for preciseness. The finding was that each term’s precision could be established. The general methodology developed here is presented as a way of enhancing peoples’ use of online resources.

A Comparative Study on Ultrasonic Machining of Red Granite

2011 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu You Zheng ◽  
Xi Peng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Ultrasonic Machining ◽  
Ultrasonic Machine ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Hard And Brittle Materials ◽  
Stone Material ◽  
The Given

Ultrasonic machining has been proven to be a promising machining method on hard and brittle materials. However, due to the absence of high power ultrasonic machine tools, reported studies on ultrasonic machining were mainly concerned of relatively small hole drilling of the given materials. In the present work, with the development of the higher power Rotary Ultrasonic Machine Tool, two kinds of ultrasonic face machining with free abrasives, namely, Non-rotating Ultrasonic Machining with Free Abrasives (NRUSM) and Rotary Ultrasonic Machining with Free Abrasives (RUSM) are designed and comparatively conducted for the red granite, which is a typical hard-to-machine natural material. The effects of static force, spindle speed and amplitude of ultrasonic vibration on the performance of the machining are evaluated in terms of the material removal rate and surface quality. Experimental results indicate that ultrasonic machining is effective for face milling of the stone material with the designed machine tool. Furthermore, machining performances in RUSM are superior to those in NRUSM.

Measured properties of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from the SCAR Antarctic digital database

Polar Record ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (174) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Fox ◽  
A. Paul ◽  
R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Digital Database ◽  
Constituent Feature ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe completion of the SCAR Antarctic digital database (ADD) has provided a new basis for statistical calculations for Antarctica: data-sets are available at the scale of the original source material, and generalised to 1:1,000,000, 1:3,000,000, 1:10,000,000, and 1:30,000,000. The new descriptive statistics presented are based on the ADD 1:1,000,000 data-set since this is the largest scale at which source maps provided complete cover of the coastline and ice-free areas. The statistics include the total length and proportions of coastline types and the total area of Antarctica with the proportions of its constituent feature types. The areas of the Ross and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves have also been computed. Whilst the total area of Antarctica has remained static compared with previous studies, the relative proportions of coastline types and constituent feature types within the total area show significant changes. In particular the calculated area of ice-free ground is only approximately one-seventh of that often quoted from previous studies. The changes reported result from improved mapping, reinterpretation of data, and actual changes of coastline.

Marine Precursors-Based Biomorphic SiC Ceramics

2008 ◽  
Vol 587-588 ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam López-Álvarez ◽  
Lourdes Rial ◽  
Jacinto P. Borrajo ◽  
Pio González ◽  
Julia Serra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Base Material ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Saccorhiza Polyschides ◽  
Innovative Material ◽  
Carbide Ceramics ◽  
Silicon Carbide Ceramics

Biomorphic silicon carbide ceramics is very promising as a natural base material for biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical-biochemical properties and biocompatible behaviour. This innovative material is produced by molten-Si infiltration of carbon templates obtained by controlled pyrolysis of biological precursors. The final product is a light, tough and high-strength material with predictable microstructure. In this study the possibility to produce biomorphic silicon carbide ceramics using marine precursors is demonstrated. Due to the great biodiversity offered by the marine medium, a previous selection of algae (Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie, Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters and Cystoseira baccata (Gmelin) Silva) and marine plants (Zostera marina L. and Juncus maritimus L.) was carried out, taking into account its microstructure, porosity and interconnectivity of each species. The bioceramization process was evaluated in three phases: original material analysis, pyrolysis process and reactive melt Si-infiltration. For each marine precursor, a detailed study by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the natural material, the carbon preform and the final SiC biomorphic product is described. The viability to obtain biomorphic SiC ceramic material for all the selected marine precursors is discussed.

scholarly journals APLIKASI MAKNA MITOS BANYU DALAM BAHASA BANJAR [The Application of Mythical Meaning of “Banyu” in Banjar Language]

TOTOBUANG ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rissari Yayuk
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Data Source

This research studied about how the mythical meaning of Banyu (water) applyed in Banjar language based on the lexicon  and contextual source. The purpose of this research was describing the myth meaning of Banyu in Banjar language based on its lexicon source and the function based on its contextl. The research method was qualitative descriptive.The data collection techniques had used  observing-conversation  technique. The frame of work was data collection, data processing, and results of data analysis. The sampling technique that used in this paper was the purposive sampling, the sampling technique of data source collection with considering. The data collection that had been takenfrom January  to December 2017. The place where data were collectedwas at Padang Village, Banjar Regency. The data presentation was using ordinary words. The result showed thath  myth meaning of Banyu that applyed in Banjar language based on lexicon source consisted of  original source, material, and pars proto whilee based on contextual were ordinary and magical, or religious. Later, it was used  as regular drinking water,  therapy water, and  medication.Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang bagaimana aplikasi makna mitos Banyu pada bahasa banjar berdasarkan sumber leksikon dan  kontekstual. Tujuan penelitian meliputi deskripsi aplikasi makna mitos banyu pada bahasa banjar berdasarkan sumber leksikon dan fungsi Banyu dalam bahasa Banjar berdasarkan kontekstual.  Metode yang digunakan adalah deskrieptif kualitatif. Teknik pengambilan data adalah simak dan libat cakap. Langkah kerja adalah pengumpulan data, pengolahan data, dan hasil analisis data. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah  purposive sampling, yaitu teknik pengambilan sampel sumber data yang mempertimbangan waktu pengambilan data pada bulan Januari sampai  bulan desember 2017. Tempat pengambilan data di Desa Padang, Kabupaten Banjar. Penyajian data  menggunakan kata-kata biasa. Hasil penelitian aplikasi makna mitos banyu pada bahasa banjar berdasarkan sumber leksikonnya terdiri atas sumber asal, bahan, dan pars proto, sedangkan berdasarkan konstektual  bersifat biasa dan magis, atau religi. Ada yang difungsikan sebagai air minum biasa, terapi, dan  pengobatan.

Review on Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete by Using Waste Materials

2019 ◽  
pp. 526-531
Author(s):  
Anand G ◽  
Tharunkumar N
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Fine Aggregate

Concrete ingredients is different material like binding material (cement+ fly ash), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Today construction cost is very high with using conventional materials due to unavailability of natural materials. This problem can be solved by total replacement of concrete with different material which is not convenient in terms of required properties. Due to this limitation of unavailability of material which plays the vital role of concrete we have only choice of partial replacement of concrete ingredients by waste materials. Overv4.2 billion tons of cement was consumed globally in 2018 based on survey of world coal association and also cement production emits CO2 in to the atmosphere which is harmful to the nature. If we can partially replace the cement with the material with desirable properties then we can save natural material and reduce emission of CO2 in to the atmosphere. This industrial waste dumping to the nearest site which spoils the land and atmosphere as well as it also affects aesthetics of urban environment so use of this waste material in concrete is cost effective as well as environment friendly way to disposal of waste. The primary objective of this study is to select the waste material which gives desirable properties with concrete. This study includes previous investigation done on the mechanical and chemical properties of concrete produced using partial replacement of cement by waste materials.

Queer Audiovisual Creativity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Star Trek ◽  
Music Videos ◽  
Original Source ◽  
British Drama

This chapter introduces readers to the practice of creating fan music videos, commonly referred to as vids or fanvids. Fans combine preexisting material from films or television with music in order to refocus the original source material for various purposes, ranging from critique to celebration. This chapter focuses on vidding as queer practice; it provides an overview of vidding from the mid-1970s to the present and incorporates close readings of vids dedicated to Star Trek and the British drama series Bad Girls, originally broadcast on ITV from 1999 to 2006. The chapter argues for the importance of music as a central facet related to the meaning-making process of vids, a dimension that has been neglected in current scholarship on fannish vidding.

Excavations in Iraq: The Jazirah Salvage Project, second report

Iraq ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 117-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Altaweel
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
The North ◽  
Summary Data

This is the second article in a series detailing archaeological results from salvage excavations conducted in northern Iraq during the 1980s and early 1990s. An introduction and background information to the overall salvage project and specific information on fifteen excavated sites in the northern Jazirah, near the Iraq-Syria border and mostly within T. J. Wilkinson and D. J. Tucker's North Jazira Survey (NJS; see Wilkinson and Tucker 1995), were provided in the first article (Altaweel 2006). In that article the project was called the Ray Jazirah Project (RJP), and the fifteen sites were referenced as RJP 1–15. Since then I have been informed that a more appropriate name is the Jazirah Salvage Project. Nevertheless, for consistency with the last and future articles, the RJP initials will be maintained for referencing archaeological sites and the project in general.This report provides data for the second set of excavated sites in the North region of the RJP. As in the first article, my role has been to provide this information to a wider audience prior to publication in Arabic and to conduct comparative analysis of the source material with other archaeological sites. I have attempted to maintain fidelity to the original source material, including using Iraqi conventions such as the system of numbering levels and ceramics, with only my commentary added to help in the interpretation of the data. In a similar manner to the previous report, very detailed descriptions on any one site will not be provided; rather, the primary purpose is to give summary data on the excavation results, with significant emphasis, where possible, on the ceramic remains. A list of the sites' occupation history and a table listing RJP sites with corresponding NJS sites (Table 1) are provided prior to the discussion of archaeological results. This report includes some additional details from a previously discussed site (RJP 5). The new sites discussed, including the first fifteen sites in the earlier article, can be seen in Fig. 1 according to their RJP numbers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document