scholarly journals The Development, (Non) Institutionalisation, and (Lost) Opportunities of Slovenian Environmental Diplomacy in the Last 25 Years

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (76) ◽  
pp. 29-51
Author(s):  
Boštjan Udovič ◽  
Miha Pongrac
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Structural Approach ◽  
International Environment ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Environmental Diplomacy ◽  
Made In

Abstract The article analyses the development of environmental diplomacy in Slovenia since 1991, when the country declared independence. The objective is to present the structural changes (and the lack thereof) in the development of Slovenian environmental diplomacy – from its blueprints (made in the first years of independence) to a more structural approach towards environmental diplomacy, and its regression. With respect to the development and regression of Slovenian environmental diplomacy, the article confirms the thesis that the formulation of Slovenian foreign policy is influenced by two factors: the role of the agent (i.e. the foreign minister and his or her interests) and the external variables, coming from a supranational or international environment.

5. The Developing World in International Politics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hobden
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Developing World ◽  
International System ◽  
Nuclear Proliferation ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter examines the role of developing countries in international politics. International relations, as a discipline, has traditionally overlooked the significance of the developing world in global politics. The chapter begins by discussing the reasons for this and why such an oversight is lamentable. It then considers the position of the developing world throughout the large structural changes that have occurred in the international system since 1945: North–South relations during and after the Cold War and the emerging multipolar world, in which China is anticipated to return to the centre of international politics. The chapter also explores topics such as the United Nations’s involvement in development issues and its role in decolonization, U.S. foreign policy under the two Obama administrations, and nuclear proliferation.

The Role of Foreign Policy in the 2009 Campaign and the Black-Yellow Future

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Techau
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Presidential Campaign ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Bundestag Elections ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Angela Merkel

Foreign policy issues did not play a decisive role in the German general election campaign of 2009. While Chancellor Angela Merkel conducted a decidedly presidential campaign, her main rival, SPD Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, found it difficult to break out of his role as Merkel's partner in the Grand Coalition the two had led for four years. This was especially true with respect to issues on foreign policy, where both candidates had cooperated rather smoothly. Neither the issue of Afghanistan (despite the hotly debated Kunduz airstrike), nor the unresolved issues of the future of the European Union's Lisbon Treaty could antagonize the main political protagonists in Germany. The overwhelming foreign policy consensus among the mainstream political forces remained intact. Nevertheless, the changing international landscape and increased German responsibilities abroad will turn foreign policy into a relevant campaign issue, probably as early as 2013, when, presumably, the next Bundestag elections will be held.

Foreign policy shift will be limited in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
The Government ◽  
Will Force ◽  
Trade Deals ◽  
Foreign Ministry

Subject Foreign policy in the Michel Temer government. Significance New Foreign Minister Jose Serra seeks to signal a radical departure from policy under the centre-left governments of suspended President Dilma Rousseff and her predecessor, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. Nowhere is this more visible than in trade, where the Foreign Ministry has taken over policy responsibility from the Ministry for Development, Industry and Foreign Trade. The governing idea is that Brazil should abandon its focus on multilateral negotiations under the WTO framework and embrace regional trade deals from which it has largely abstained. Impacts As a political 'heavyweight', Serra boosts the role of the Foreign Ministry in the government. His apparent ambition to use the ministry as a launching pad for a 2018 presidential bid will not necessarily undermine his performance. However, it will force him to show significant results quickly.

scholarly journals The Future of Asthma Treatment

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (suppl a) ◽  
pp. 46A-50A
Author(s):  
Louis-Philippe Boulet
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Asthma Patient ◽  
Asthma Treatment ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Made In

In the past few years, significant progress has been made in the treatment of asthma with the development of bronchodilators with longer durations of action, more concentrated inhaled steroid formulations and new modes of administering antiasthma medication. Furthermore, the hey role of education in the management of asthma has been emphasized and many educational programs have been established. The recognition of the role of airway inflammation and structural changes in the physiopathology of asthma has led to a re-evaluation of asthma treatment guidelines. Anti-inflammatory drugs are now considered the mainstay of asthma therapy. An unprecedented number of new, potentially helpful agents have been developed and will soon be available. Among other expected developments are the identification and possible correction of genetic abnormalities responsible for the tendency to develop asthma and atopy, and prevention or functional and structural airway changes. This last goal will be achieved by improved environmental control, earlier use of more powerful and safe anti-inflammatory agents, as well as an increased involvement on the part of the asthma patient in treatment.

The International System and the Reagan Doctrine: Can Realism Explain Aid to ‘Freedom Fighters’?

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Lagon
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
International System ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Reagan Doctrine ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Third World

Doctrines have been a prevalent form of foreign policy in American history. What explains their origins? This study addresses this question by examining the Reagan Doctrine, a declared policy which pledged aid to anti-communist guerrillas in the Third World. This case study examines the utility of the ‘structural realist’ theory, focusing on the international level of analysis.Structural realism stresses the international balance of power, international conditions, limits on the government's freedom to make policy and the national interest. Sources of the Reagan Doctrine are found both in the international environment as a whole and in the individual countries where the Reagan Administration openly aided insurgents: Afghanistan, Nicaragua, Angola and Cambodia.The findings indicate that the structural realist perspective is necessary to explain the Reagan Doctrine, but not sufficient. In particular, it fails to account for the role of political elites and their beliefs in foreign-policy making.

scholarly journals A Contextual Approach to the Study of Discourse Anaphoric Expressions: On the Probabilistic Nature of Theoretical Predictions

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Mozhgan Madhkhan ◽  
Mojtaba Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Free Writing ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
Referential Choice ◽  
Writing Task ◽  
Fair Degree ◽  
Made In

Anaphoric expressions are among the most frequent language forms which depend on context for their resolution. Among efforts made in theorizing referential choice, distance approaches take into account how accessibility/continuity is reflected by choice of referring expressions. The thing is that individual’s choices are made under major and minor influences which affect the variable predictability of anaphoric expressions. In order to investigate the variability of individual writings in a free writing task (the present paper aims to investigate the variability of individual writings in terms of the use of anaphoric expressions in a free writing task). Narrative data was collected from 10native writers (of English/Persian in University of Isfahan) by presenting them a seven-minute soundless action movie and asking them to narrate its story. The results show a fair degree of diversity in varying frequencies of pronouns and Full NPs. It is suggested that diversity might be caused by two factors: referential strategies of text producers who consider the helping role of context as well as the degree of referential distance, referential ambiguity and salience.

scholarly journals FOREIGN POLICY MECHANISM IN USA: ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Made In

Contrary to other liberal democracies in the world, the foreign policy in US is made in a very clumsy way. The constitution of USA has put the president and congress into constant tug of war over the issue of making US’s foreign policy. Constitutionally, the Department of Foreign Affairs, the bureaucracy, the President, the Congress, media and public opinion are given special role to frame the US foreign policy. The Constitution has built a bulwark against the despotic and tyrannical tendencies against any of these stakeholders. Apart from the compulsory role of all the said departments, much space is given to some external factors like UN, International law, NATO and the special interests of other US business and strategic partners to put pressure at numerous dimensions and aspects on US foreign policy mechanism. Consequently, it is difficult to figure out the more efficient stake holders involved in foreign policy formulation process in USA

scholarly journals The Role of Domestic Factors in the Formulation of Foreign Policy of Pakistan (From 2000-2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Fozia BiBi ◽  
Abida Yousaf
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The foreign policy process involves many internal and external factors. This paper is mainly focusing on some important domestic factors in the formulation of Foreign Policy of Pakistan. Due to Parliamentary form of government, Prime Minister plays a significant role at home and abroad. However, due to the complexity of the foreign policy formulation it also involves President, Foreign Minister, and Parliament along with Prime Minister. However, the role of public opinion and media is also important in this regard. Moreover, foreign policy decisions are also influenced and affected by the responses of public and media. Islamic Republic of Pakistan is an ideological State and ideology also plays a key role in the formulation of the foreign policy. The Islamic ideology provides the foundations of foreign policy of Pakistan since independence.

scholarly journals Theoretical Aspects Of Foreign Policy Research: Case Study Relationships Of South Korea And Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Gulbakhor Zokhidzhon Kizi Khamrakulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Multiple Channels ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Interdependence Theory ◽  
Made In

This paper analyses foreign policy research with theories of international relations study such as realism and liberalism. Then work continues applying theories of realism and liberalism with case study. As a case study have been chosen bilateral relations of South Korea with Uzbekistan and there is chosen Complex interdependence theory for that. In that case, complex interdependence more suitable to define cooperation of two countries such as Uzbekistan and South Korea. One of the arguments is that relations of South Korea and Uzbekistan by three conditions which are absence of force, lack of hierarchy and contact of multiple channels. From these criteria we can see that there is no role of power or force between two countries relations, the most accent has made in different kind of cooperation between them which is appropriate with multiple channels are playing significant role in this condition.

scholarly journals A.A. Gromyko and the Security Policy (1963‒1964)

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Alexey Sindeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Security System ◽  
Personal Factor ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
The Relationship

. This article opens a series of research papers dedicated to the former Foreign Minister of the USSR Andrei Gromyko. His contribution to the development and implementation of the security policy is highlighted. The détente policy is understood as part of the security policy. The first article defines the security policy. The most important stages of A. Gromyko diplomatic career are highlighted. Problems of foreign policy continuity, the role that the personal factor plays, and the relationship between strategy and tactics are particularly important in the research the security policy. A distinction must be made between strategy and tactics in politics and diplomacy. This has an essential practical meaning because a correct balance of tactical and strategic approaches is a prerequisite for the success of the security system, which can be built within the framework of a certain paradigm. The author argues that the descriptive story (Part 4 of the article) is one of the possible variants of historiography explaining the role of the personal factor. Much more important, however, is to supplement traditional history with research, because this can lead to the «Gromyko rules» (Part 3 of the article). This helps to better articulate the lessons of history. The article contributes to the author's earlier works on the role of A. Gromyko and his diplomatic school.

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