scholarly journals Optimization of acid catalyzed esterification and mixed metal oxide catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 756-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Niju ◽  
Fernando Russell Raj ◽  
C. Anushya ◽  
M. Balajii
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Mixed Metal Oxide ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst

Abstract Moringa oleifera oil (MOO), a second-generation lipid feedstock that has been reckoned as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production in recent years. In the current study, crude MOO possessing high acid value (80.5 mg of KOH/g) was subjected to two step esterification and transesterification process for biodiesel production and the process was applied with central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that H2SO4 concentration of 0.85 vol%, reaction time of 70.20 min, and methanol to oil ratio of 1:1 (vol/vol) significantly decreased the acid value to 3.10 mg of KOH/g of oil. Moreover, copper oxide-calcium oxide (CuO-CaO) nanoparticles were developed and evaluated as a novel heterogeneous base catalyst for synthesizing Moringa oleifera methyl esters (MOME). The synthesized catalyst was scrutinized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis. Copper oxide (CuO) was perceived to be the dominant phase in the synthesized catalyst. Highest MOME conversion of 95.24% was achieved using 4 wt% CuO-CaO loading, 0.3:1 (vol/vol) methanol to oil ratio and 150 min reaction time as the optimal process conditions.

scholarly journals Modeling the biodiesel production using the wheat straw ash as a catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-276
Author(s):  
Ana Velickovic ◽  
Jelena Avramovic ◽  
Milan Kostic ◽  
Jugoslav Krstic ◽  
Olivera Stamenkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Straw Ash

Wheat straw ash (WSA) was investigated as a new catalyst in biodiesel production from sunflower oil. The catalyst was characterized by temperature-programmed decomposition, X- ray powder diffraction, Hg porosimetry, N2 physisorption, and scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods. The methanolysis reaction was tested in the temperature range of 55?65?C, the catalyst loading range 10?20 % of the oil weight, and the methanol-to-oil molar ratio range 18 : 1?24 : 1. The reaction conditions of the sunflower oil methanolysis over WSA were optimized by using the response surface methodology in combination with the historical experimental design. The optimum process conditions ensuring the highest fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content of 98.6 % were the reaction temperature of 60.3?C, the catalyst loading of 11.6 % (based on the oil weight), the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 18.3 :1, and the reaction time of 124 min. The values of the statistical criteria, such as coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.811, R2 = 0.789, R2 = 0.761) and the mean relative percent deviation (MRPD) value of 10.6 % (66 data) implied the acceptability and precision of the developed model. The FAME content after 4 h of reaction under the optimal conditions decreased to 37, 12, and 3 %, after the first, second, and third reuse, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Heterogeneous Solid Acid Catalyst from Alstonia Scolaris Stalks for Biodiesel Production using Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charishma Venkata Sai Anne ◽  
Karthikeyan S. ◽  
Arun C.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil

Background: Waste biomass derived reusable heterogeneous acid based catalysts are more suitable to overcome the problems associated with homogeneous catalysts. The use of agricultural biomass as catalyst for transesterification process is more economical and it reduces the overall production cost of biodiesel. The identification of an appropriate suitable catalyst for effective transesterification will be a landmark in biofuel sector Objective: In the present investigation, waste wood biomass was used to prepare a low cost sulfonated solid acid catalyst for the production of biodiesel using waste cooking oil. Methods: The pretreated wood biomass was first calcined then sulfonated with H2SO4. The catalyst was characterized by various analyses such as, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the influence of individual process variables such as temperature, catalyst load, methanol to oil molar ration and reaction time on biodiesel yield. Results: The obtained optimized conditions are as follows: temperature (165 ˚C), catalyst loading (1.625 wt%), methanol to oil molar ratio (15:1) and reaction time (143 min) with a maximum biodiesel yield of 95 %. The Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil was showed that it has a mixture of both monounsaturated and saturated methyl esters. Conclusion: Thus the waste wood biomass derived heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification process of waste cooking oil can be applied for sustainable biodiesel production by adding an additional value for the waste materials and also eliminating the disposable problem of waste oils.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production on Monometallic Pt, Pd, Ru, and Ag Catalysts Supported on Natural Zeolite

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Pawel Mierczynski ◽  
Magdalena Mosińska ◽  
Lukasz Szkudlarek ◽  
Karolina Chalupka ◽  
Misa Tatsuzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Temperature Programmed

Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and methanol via transesterification reaction facilitated by various monometallic catalyst supported on natural zeolite (NZ) was investigated. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), temperature-programmed-reduction in hydrogen (H2-TPR), temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with EDX detector (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The highest activity and methyl ester yields were obtained for the Pt/NZ catalyst. This catalyst showed the highest triglycerides conversion of 98.9% and fatty acids methyl esters yields of 94.6%. The activity results also confirmed the high activity of the carrier material (NZ) itself in the investigated reaction. Support material exhibited 90.5% of TG conversion and the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters yield (FAME) of 67.2%. Introduction of noble metals improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values. Increasing of the metal loading from 0.5 to 2 wt.% improves the reactivity properties of the investigated catalysts.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Transesterification of Waste Frying Oil from Local Restaurants in East Colombia Using a Combined Lipase System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Mary Angélica Ferreira Vela ◽  
Juan C. Acevedo-Páez ◽  
Nestor Urbina-Suárez ◽  
Yeily Adriana Rangel Basto ◽  
Ángel Darío González-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification

The search for innovation and biotechnological strategies in the biodiesel production chain have become a topic of interest for scientific community owing the importance of renewable energy sources. This work aimed to implement an enzymatic transesterification process to obtain biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO). The transesterification was performed by varying reaction times (8 h, 12 h and 16 h), enzyme concentrations of lipase XX 25 split (14%, 16% and 18%), pH of reaction media (6, 7 and 8) and reaction temperature (35, 38 and 40 °C) with a fixed alcohol–oil molar ratio of 3:1. The optimum operating conditions were selected to quantify the amount of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) generated. The highest biodiesel production was reached with an enzyme concentration of 14%, reaction time of 8 h, pH of 7 and temperature of 38 °C. It was estimated a FAMEs production of 42.86% for the selected experiment; however, best physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel were achieved with an enzyme concentration of 16% and reaction time of 8 h. Results suggested that enzymatic transesterification process was favorable because the amount of methyl esters obtained was similar to the content of fatty acids in the WFO.

Optimized Preparation of Moringa Oleifera Methyl Esters Using Sulfated Tin Oxide as Heterogenous Catalyst

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Kafuku ◽  
Makme Mbarawa ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
Keat Teong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Super Acid ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Oil

Fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), prepared from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, have gained great importance in substituting petroleum based diesel for combating environmental problems and higher diesel prices. Moringa oleifera fatty acids are among the newly investigated potentials for biodiesel production in recent years. In getting rid of soap formation and thus large waste washing water from biodiesel produced from homogenous catalysts, the use of heterogeneous catalysts is currently preferred due to easily separation and purification of the final products. In this study, biodiesel was produced from moringa oleifera oil using sulfated tin oxide enhanced with SiO2 (SO42−/SnO2−SiO2) as super acid solid catalyst. The experimental design was done using design of experiment (DoE), specifically, response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design (CCD) with alpha (α) = 2. The reaction parameters in the optimization process were reaction temperature (60°C to 180°C), reaction period (1 to 3 hrs) and methanol to oil ratio (1:6 to 1:24 mol/mol). It was observed that the yield up to 84wt% of moringa oleifera methyl esters can be obtained with reaction conditions of 150°C temperature, 150 minutes reaction time and 1:19.5 methanol to oil ratio, while catalyst concentration and agitation speed are kept at 3wt% and 350 rpm respectively.

scholarly journals High-Quality Biodiesel Production from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) Oil Soapstock

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pantoja ◽  
Vanessa Mescouto ◽  
Carlos Costa ◽  
José Zamian ◽  
Geraldo Rocha Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Buriti Oil ◽  
Brazilian Standard

The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) is a palm tree widely distributed throughout tropical South America. The oil extracted from the fruits of this palm tree is rich in natural antioxidants. The by-products obtained from the buriti palm have social and economic importance as well, hence the interest in adding value to the residue left from refining this oil to obtain biofuel. The process of methyl esters production from the buriti oil soapstock was optimized considering acidulation and esterification. The effect of the molar ratio of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to soapstock in the range from 0.6 to 1.0 and the reaction time (30–90 min) were analyzed. The best conditions for acidulation were molar ratio 0.8 and reaction time of 60 min. Next, the esterification of the fatty acids obtained was performed using methanol and H2SO4 as catalyst. The effects of the molar ratio (9:1–27:1), percentage of catalyst (2–6%) and reaction time (1–14 h) were investigated. The best reaction conditions were: 18:1 molar ratio, 4% catalyst and 14 h reaction time, which resulted in a yield of 92% and a conversion of 99.9%. All the key biodiesel physicochemical characterizations were within the parameters established by the Brazilian standard. The biodiesel obtained presented high ester content (96.6%) and oxidative stability (16.1 h).

Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHAp) Derived from Pork Bone as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Microwave Irradiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Thaweethong Inkaew ◽  
Laorrut Kodephun ◽  
Wipada Yenying ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Natural Hydroxyapatite

The use of waste materials for producing biodiesel via transesterification has been of recent interest. In this study, the pork bone was used as the raw materials for natural hydroxyapatite (NHAp) catalyst. The calcination of animal bone was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting heterogeneous catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading and reusability of catalyst were systematically investigated. The optimum conditions, which yielded a conversion of oil of nearly 94%, were reaction time 5 min and microwave power 800 W. The results indicated that the NHAp catalysts derived from pork bone showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Ca-Doped Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Catalysts for Transesterification

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanat Chokpanyarat ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Supakit Achiwawanich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hierarchical Porous ◽  
Ordered Macroporous

The novel three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CaO/SiO2, 3DOM CaO/Al2O3, and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts for biodiesel transesterification were prepared by sol-gel method. The 3DOM catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hierarchical porous structure was achieved; however, only 3DOM CaO/Al2O3 and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts were used for transesterification due to high amount of active CaO. Various parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and their influence on the biodiesel production were studied. The result showed that 99.0% RPO conversion was achieved using the 3DOM Ca12Al14O33Cl2 as a catalyst under the optimal condition of 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 6 wt.% catalyst with reaction time of 3 hours at 65°C.

Comparative Study on Two-Step Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Production from High FFA Crude Palm Oil Using Microwave Technique and Conventional Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 917 ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suliana Abu Bakar ◽  
Suzana Yusup ◽  
Murni Melati Ahmad ◽  
Armando T. Quitain ◽  
Mitsuru Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Microwave Method ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Microwave Technique ◽  
Pre Treatment

The production of biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO) using microwave technique is investigated and has been compared with conventional heating. Two-step biodiesel production process is applied to maximize the highest biodiesel yield in short reaction time using microwave method. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as acid catalysts is used in pre-treatment of feedstock by esterification process followed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) as base catalyst for transesterification process with low methanol to oil ratio. The main purpose of the pre-treatment process is to reduce the free fatty acids (FFA) content of CPO from higher value of FFA content (>6.8%) to a minimum level for biodiesel production (<1%). Esterification and transesterification is carried out in fully instrumented and controlled microwave reactor system to get higher yield in shorter time. This two-step esterification and transesterification process showed that the maximum conversion of palm biodiesel obtained is 95.1% with the process conditions of methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature 65oC, reaction time 15min, and 2% (wt/wt) KOH amount using microwave method compared to conventional heating where the palm oil methyl ester (POME) yield obtained is 81% at the same conditions. The result showed that, the biodiesel production using microwave technique proved to be a fast and easy route to get high yields of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Effect of Synthesis Method on the Catalytic Performance of Ca-Mg-Al Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Mansoor Anbia ◽  
Sotoudeh Sedaghat ◽  
Samira Saleh ◽  
Sholeh Masoomi
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Oxide Catalyst ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Mixed Metal Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxide Catalyst ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mixed Metal ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The synthesized nanomaterials by two different methods were used as a catalyst in the transesterification of waste cooking oil to produce biodiesel. For both environmental and economic reasons, it is beneficial to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oils. It is desirable to help solve waste oil disposal by utilizing its oils as an inexpensive starting material in biodiesel synthesis. The structure, morphology, and surface properties of resulting nanocatalysts were characterized by X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The synthesized nanocatalysts' efficiency in the production of biodiesel was studied by Gas Chromatography (GC) as well as leaching amounts of surface active components of each catalyst investigated by the EDX technique. The reactions were performed at 65°C using a 9:1 methanol to oil ratio for 3 h. The results indicate that the impregnated mixed metal oxide catalyst ( Ca-MgAl) shows a higher surface area and better mechanical strength than the totally co-precipitated mixed metal oxide catalyst (CaMgAl(O)). Although both of the fully co-precipitated and impregnated catalysts represented about 90% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield the leaching of active calcium component was significantly reduced from 45.8% in precipitated CaMgAl(O) to 8% for the impregnated Ca-MgAl catalyst. This improved structure represents the advantage of the impregnation technique to co-precipitation procedure for fabrication of robust nanostructures.

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