Intraspecific variability of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L. s.l.) in respect of developmental and chemical traits

SummaryThe aim of study was to determine the variability of 20 yarrow populations introduced intoex situconditions, in respect of selected developmental traits as well as content and composition of biologically active compounds (essential oil, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids). Field experiment was established at the Experimental Station, Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants. Morphological observations and harvest of raw material were carried out in the second year of plant vegetation, at the beginning of blooming. Investigated populations differed significantly in respect of developmental features as well as content and composition of identified compounds. The highest differences among the populations concerned fresh mass of herb (0.46–1.79 kg per plant), number of shoots per m2(64–243) and length of the longest internode (42–158 mm). Total content of essential oil ranged from 0.10 to 1.00%. Among 24 identified compoundsβ-pinene, 1,8-cineole, terpinene-4-ol, nerolidol and chamazulene were the dominants. According to content of these compounds, three chemotypes were distinguished within investigated populations, i.e.:β-pinene,β-pinene + chamazulene and 1,8-cineole type. Content of tannins ranged from 0.38 to 0.90%. Four flavonoids were identified and apigenin 7-glucoside was present in the highest amount (from 9.87 to 475.21 mg × 100 g−1), while the highest differences between populations concerned the content of luteolin-3',7-diglucoside. Within phenolic acids, three compounds (caffeic acid derivatives) were identified. Rosmarinic acid was the dominant one (75.64–660.54 mg × 100 g−1), while cichoric acid differentiated investigated populations the most.

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Accumulation of biomass and phenolic compounds in Polish and Mongolian great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis L.) populations

Herba Polonica ◽

10.2478/hepo-2014-0015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 44-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katarzyna Bączek

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽

Intraspecific Variability ◽

Total Content ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Epicatechin Gallate ◽

Sanguisorba Officinalis

Summary Eight Polish and six Mongolian great burnet populations were evaluated ex situ in respect of the mass of underground organs and accumulation of biologically active compounds. In the raw materials collected in autumn of the second year of plant vegetation, total content of tannins and phenolic acids as well as the content of phenolic compounds identified by HPLC were determined. Distinct differences between Polish and Mongolian populations and their high intraspecific variability, concerning analysed parameters, was observed. The mass of underground organs of Polish populations was higher than in Mongolian ones (595.0 and 523.5 g × plant-1, respectively, for fresh mass). Polish populations were characterised by significantly higher total content of tannins and phenolic acids (6.02 and 1.60%, respectively) in comparison with Mongolian ones (2.89 and 0.97%, respectively). In the investigated raw materials eight phenolic compounds were identified, namely: /-/-epigallocatechin, /+/-catechin, /-/-epicatechin, /-/-epicatechin gallate, /-/-epigallocatechin gallate, astragalin, ellagic and gallic acids. In all populations, the dominating compound, was /-/-epigallocatechin. The contents of /-/-epigallocatechin, /-/-epicatechin gallate and gallic acid were distinctly higher in Polish populations.

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Morphological and chemical variability of common oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) occurring in eastern Poland

Herba Polonica ◽

10.2478/hepo-2018-0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 11-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Olga Kosakowska ◽

Weronika Czupa

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Total Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fresh Mass ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Chemical Variability ◽

Second Year ◽

Number Of Stems ◽

Developmental Traits

SummaryIntroduction: Common oregano is an important medicinal and aromatic plant, characterized by a high morphological and chemical variability.Objective: The aim of the work was to determine the diversity of 14 common oregano populations introduced intoex situconditions, in respect of morphological and developmental traits as well as content and composition of essential oil in herb.Methods: Observations and harvest of raw material were performed in the second year of plant vegetation. Morphological and developmental characters were estimated. Total content of essential oil was determined according to European Pharmacopoeia 8th. The composition of essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography.Results: Populations differed in respect of examined traits, i.a.: plant's height from 52.13 to 88.66 cm, number of stems per plant from 45.6 to 123.3, number of internodes per stem from 4.6 to 9.2. Fresh mass of herb was at a level of 249.0–896.6 g per plant. Total content of essential oil ranged from 0.35 to 0.87%. Sabinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool,p-cymene,β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide were the dominant compounds in essential oil.Conclusions: Number of stems and fresh mass of herb differentiated examined populations at the highest degree. Most of populations were classified as a sabinyl chemotype rich in sesquiterpenes.

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Morphological and Chemical Traits as Quality Determinants of Common Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), on the Example of ‘Standard Winter’ Cultivar

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10060909 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 909 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Olga Kosakowska ◽

Katarzyna Bączek ◽

Jarosław L. Przybył ◽

Anna Pawełczak ◽

Katarzyna Rolewska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Intraspecific Variability ◽

Total Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Raw Material ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Chemical Characters

Common thyme is regarded as one of the most important culinary plants. The purpose of the work was to determine the intraspecific variability of common thyme with respect to morphological and chemical characters including the content and composition of essential oil and phenolic compounds in the herb. The objects of the study were 12 clones, vegetatively multiplied from randomly selected individual plants of cultivar ‘Standard Winter’. The morphological observations and harvest of raw materials were carried out in the first year plants’ vegetation. The highest differences between clones were on fresh and dry weight of herb (CV = 0.38 and 0.36, respectively), width of leaves (CV = 0.21), and density of glandular trichomes on the abaxial surface of leaves (CV = 0.29). Examined clones were also differentiated as to the chemical features. Essential oil content (performed by hydrodestillation) and composition (by GC-MS and GC-FID) were determined and they ranged from 2.10 to 4.38 g × 100 g−1 DW. Here, thymol, γ-terpinen, and p-cymen were the dominant compounds. Clone no. 4 was distinctive as to the highest content of essential oil followed by the highest share of thymol (54.59%). The total content of phenolic acids and flavonoids (determined according to PPh 6th) also differed among clones (CV = 0.38 and 0.36, respectively). Using a validated HPLC-DAD method, the following compounds were identified: caffeic, rosmarinic, p-coumaric acids, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, naryngenin, and (−)-epicatechin. Here, rosmarinic acid followed by luteolin 7-O-glucoside were present in the highest amounts (611.47–2675.59 and 46.77–325.11 mg × 100 g−1 DW, respectively). The highest differences between clones were the contents of p-coumaric acid (CV = 0.59), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (CV = 0.50) and rosmarinic acid (CV = 0.40). Such a high range of variability can provide problems with raw material standardization. Nevertheless, it opens possibilities for breeders, whereas individual plants/clones may become valuable components for breeding.

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The Quality of Greek Oregano (O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) and Common Oregano (O. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) Cultivated in the Temperate Climate of Central Europe

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9111671 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1671

Author(s):

Zenon Węglarz ◽

Olga Kosakowska ◽

Jarosław. L. Przybył ◽

Ewelina Pióro-Jabrucka ◽

Katarzyna Bączek

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Central Europe ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

Oil Content ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Total Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Temperate Climate

The purpose of the study was to determine the differences between two subspecies: O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart (Greek oregano) and O. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (common oregano) growing in cultivation conditions within temperate climate of Central Europe. The characteristic of the subspecies was undertaken in terms of selected morphological parameters and the quality of the raw material. The herb of both subspecies was evaluated on the content and composition of essential oil by hydrodistillation followed by GC-MS and GC-FID (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector), the total content of phenolic acids (according to PP 6th ed.) and the content of rosmarinic acid (by HPLC). The sensory evaluation (QDA) was performed, as well. Greek oregano was distinguished by visibly higher number of glandular trichomes on the leaves (up to 4.85 per 1 mm2) followed by higher content of essential oil in the herb (up to 3.36 g × 100 g−1 DW) in comparison to common oregano. Based on the essential oil composition, Greek oregano was classified as mixed carvacrol/γ-terpinene chemotype, while common oregano as mixed sabinyl/cymyl type rich in sesquiterpenes. Greek oregano was also characterized by higher total content of phenolic acids (up to 6.16 g × 100 g−1 DW) and rosmarinic acid (up to 6787.2 mg × 100 g−1 DW) than common oregano. Essential oil content reached the maximum at the beginning of blooming (common oregano) and at the full blooming stage (Greek oregano). In turn, the amount of phenolic acids followed by rosmarinic acid was the highest at the beginning of seed-setting stage, in the case of both subspecies. The differences between subspecies concerning chemical composition (especially essential oil) were reflected in the sensory attributes, where both odor and taste notes were found at higher level for Greek oregano. Results of our work indicate that Greek oregano is well adapted to grow in the temperate zone conditions. Such adaptation was reflected mainly in the satisfied yield and maintaining characters typical for the Mediterranean plant, e.g., a high essential oil content followed by high carvacrol share, traits the most important from practice viewpoint.

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The Impact of Processing Parameters on the Content of Phenolic Compounds in New Gluten-Free Precooked Buckwheat Pasta

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24071262 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1262 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anna Oniszczuk ◽

Kamila Kasprzak ◽

Agnieszka Wójtowicz ◽

Tomasz Oniszczuk ◽

Marta Olech

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

High Performance ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Total Content ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Free Phenolic Acids ◽

The Impact

Buckwheat is a generous source of phenolic compounds, vitamins and essential amino acids. This paper discusses the procedure of obtaining innovative gluten-free, precooked pastas from roasted buckwheat grains flour, a fertile source of natural antioxidants, among them, phenolic acids. The authors also determined the effect of the extruder screw speed and the level of moisture content in the raw material on the quantity of free phenolic acids. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic acids in pasta was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The chromatographic method was validated. For extracts with the highest total content of free phenolic acids and unprocessed flour from roasted buckwheat grain, the TLC-DPPH test was also performed to determine the antioxidant properties of the tested pasta. The level of moisture in the raw material had an impact on the content of phenolic acids. All pastas made from buckwheat flour moistened up to 32% exhibited a higher total content of free phenolic acids than other mixes moistened to 30 and 34% of water.

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Assessment of the potential of Artemisia annua L. as a source of biologically active substances in Belarus

Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv ◽

10.7124/feeo.v24.1117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 290-295

Author(s):

H. G. Shutava ◽

S. N. Shysh ◽

P. S. Shabunya ◽

S. A. Fatykhava ◽

E. D. Skakovski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Artemisia Annua ◽

Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Artemisia Annua L ◽

Agroclimatic Zone ◽

Ground Mass

Aim. The aim of the work was to assess the composition of biologically active compounds in plants of Artemisia annua L. Methods. The plants were grown on the experimental plot of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Essential oil from the above-ground mass was isolated by the method of water-steam distillation. To analyze the content of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, we used the method of quantitative extraction and spectrophotometric determination of the total content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the presence of flavonoids in plant extractive substances, and the method of Folin-Chocalteu was used to determine the content of phenolic compounds. Analysis of the essential oils was performed by GC and NMR. The analysis of the content of phenolic acids in extracts was performed by HPLC. Results. The genetic potential of A. annua was evaluated under conditions of the central agroclimatic zone of Belarus. The yield and composition of essential oils, the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the composition of phenolic acids were studied. Conclusions. A. annua in the conditions of the central agroclimatic zone of Belarus contains essential oil, which is dominated by isoartemisia ketone, β-selinene, β-myrcene and camphor. In the above-ground mass phenolic acids including chlorogenic acid and isomers of caffeoylquinic acid were predominant in the composition of phenolic compounds. Keywords: annual wormwood, essential oil, phenolic compounds, phenolic acids.

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Study of the antimicrobial and fungicidal activity of the essential oil Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. var. “Silver Queen”

Current issues in pharmacy and medicine science and practice ◽

10.14739/2409-2932.2021.2.230049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 211-214

Author(s):

Ya. M. Steshenko ◽

O. V. Mazulin ◽

N. M. Polishchuk

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Material Base

The main problem of modern phytotherapy is the medicinal plants that have a sufficient raw material base and contain a large number of biologically active substances. Treatment of diseases with synthetic drugs leads to the development of resistance to pathogenic microflora and the appearance of allergic reactions. Therefore, to solve this problem, it is necessary to find new plant-based antimicrobials that are safe for long-term use and have a wide spectrum of action. The aim of the work was to study the antibacterial and fungicidal activity of the essential oil of Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. var. “Silver Queen”. Materials and methods. The essential oil of Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. var. “Silver Queen” was used for the experimental part. To test the antimicrobial and antifungal action of the essential oil, reference test strains, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida were selected. The studies were performed in vitro using the disco-diffusion method. Results. Studies have shown that the essential oil of Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. var. “Silver Queen” has a significant antibacterial effect against S. aureus ATCC 25923 (diameters of growth inhibition were 14.60 ± 1.52 mm) and fungicidal effect Candida albicans ATCC 885-6530 (29.30 ± 2.82 mm). Antibacterial activity of the essential oil was detected in relation to E. coli (19.60 ± 1.85 mm). It was experimentally proven that the essential oil had no bactericidal effect on the test strain of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions. It was found that the essential oil of the studied hybrid species Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. var. “Silver Queen” shows a significant antibacterial activity and is promising for further research.

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ABOUT TRAINING IN THE DETERMINATION OF TOCOPHEROLS IN VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL BY HPLC

chemistry of plant raw material ◽

10.14258/jcprm.2020037383 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 225-231

Author(s):

Svetlana Nikolayevna Petrova ◽

Irina Aleksandrovna Maksimova ◽

Anastasiya Ruslanovna Yeshchenko ◽

Yelena Mikhaylovna Mineyeva

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽

High Performance ◽

Polar Solvent ◽

Total Content ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

Direct Extraction ◽

Hydrolysis Method ◽

Low Temperature Exposure

Tocopherols, which are important biologically active substances, play the role of antioxidants. Synthesized tocopherols are usually in esterified form; their sample preparation for quantification by high performance liquid chromatography includes high temperature alkaline hydrolysis. Sample preparation of oil-containing objects having natural tocopherols in an unesterified form is carried out by direct extraction in a non-polar solvent. In this work, we determined the content of tocopherols in natural materials (the method of analysis of viscous particles) using the alkaline hydrolysis method and the direct extraction method in a non-polar solvent. It was shown that the use of normal-phase HPLC with a prepared extraction sample in hexane and low-temperature exposure allows us to determine both the total content of tocopherols and its individual forms. This option is less time consuming, requires fewer reagents, which significantly affects the cost of the analysis. It is possible to determine only the total number of tocopherols. At the same time, overestimated results were obtained, which are probably associated with the destructive destruction of both tocopherols and tocotrienols present in plants of plant origin, and one large peak, including all products, is observed in the chromatograms.

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Functional traits of selected clones of southern sweet-grass (Hierochloë australis /Schrad./ Roem. & Schult.)

Herba Polonica ◽

10.2478/hepo-2014-0013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 23-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Katarzyna Bączek ◽

Mirosław Angielczyk ◽

Jarosław L. Przybył ◽

Marcin Ejdys ◽

Anna Geszprych ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Traits ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Intraspecific Variability ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

Northern Europe ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Coumarin Compounds

Summary Southern sweet-grass (Hierochloë australis /Schrad./ Roem. & Schult., Poaceae), commonly known as a bison grass, is a perennial tuft grass rarely occurring in mixed forests in Eastern and Northern Europe. The raw material collected from this plant are leaves rich in coumarin compounds (especially coumarin) responsible for sweet, specific aroma of these organs. In Poland, southern sweet-grass leaves are used mainly for alcohol products aromatisation. Growing demand for the raw material results in uncontrolled and excessive collecting of this plant. The best way to solve this problem is to introduce this plant into cultivation. Since southern sweet-grass is allogamous and heterozigotic, strong intraspecific variability of the species is observed. Fourteen clones of selected individuals from one population of southern sweet-grass naturally occurring in East Poland were compared in respect of morphological traits as well as accumulation of biologically active compounds. The clones differed significantly in the weight of leaves (3.76-22.59 g of air-dry weight per plant). The total coumarin content (determined by a spectrophotometric method) in this raw material for investigated clones ranged from 1.49 to 1.94%, flavonoids - from 0.25 to 0.55%, and phenolic acids - from 0.20 to 0.42%. Three coumarin compounds were identified by HPLC, namely coumarin, 3,4-dihydrocoumarin, and o-coumaric acid. The content of coumarin ranged from 84.00 to 310.85, 3,4-dihydrocoumarin: from 17.80 to 168.45, and o-coumaric acid: from 37.50 to 70.00 mg · 100 g-1 dry matter.

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The Evaluation of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids Content and Antiprotozoal Activity of Eryngium Species Biomass Produced by Biotechnological Methods

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27020363 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 363

Author(s):

Małgorzata Kikowska ◽

Justyna Chanaj-Kaczmarek ◽

Monika Derda ◽

Anna Budzianowska ◽

Barbara Thiem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Total Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Root Extract ◽

Antiprotozoal Activity ◽

Intact Plants ◽

Biological Studies ◽

Amoebicidal Activity

Three species from the Eryngium L. genus—E. campestre, E. maritimum, and E. planum, plants with a rich chemical composition, were selected for phytochemical and biological studies. The applied biotechnological methods allowed to obtain the biomass of these rare or protected species in the form of multiplied shoots (stationary system) and roots cultured in a liquid medium (agitated system). In the extracts from the raw material obtained under in vitro conditions, the content of selected phenolic acids and flavonoids (HPLC-DAD method) as well as the total of polyphenols (Folin–Ciocalteu assay) were quantified. The highest amount of all phenolic compounds was found in extracts from E. planum roots (950.90 ± 33.52 mg/100 g d.w.), and the lowest from E. campestre roots (285.00 ± 10.07 mg/100 g d.w.). The quantitatively dominant compound proved to be rosmarinic acid. The highest amounts were confirmed for E. planum root extract (694.58 mg/100 g d.w.), followed by E. planum (388.95 mg/100 g d.w.) and E. campestre (325.85 mg/100 g d.w.) shoot extracts. The total content of polyphenols was always increased in the biomass from in vitro cultures in comparison to the analogous organs of intact plants of each species. The obtained extracts were assessed for antiprotozoal activity against Acanthamoeba sp. The strength of biological activity of the extracts correlated with the content of phenolic compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the amoebicidal activity of E. campestre, E. maritimum, and E. planum extracts from biomass produced by biotechnological methods.

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