The effects of quercetin on nicotine-induced reward effects in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-333
Author(s):  
Mahardian Rahmadi ◽  
Dian Suasana ◽  
Silvy Restuning Lailis ◽  
Dinda Monika Nusantara Ratri ◽  
Chrismawan Ardianto
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Extract ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Nicotine Dependency ◽  
The World ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidants ◽  
Reward Effects ◽  
Reinstatement Test

Abstract Objectives Tobacco smoking remains the primary cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in the world. The complexity of the nicotine dependency process included the withdrawal effect that triggers recurrence being the main problem. Quercetin, known as an antioxidant, binds free radicals and modulates endogenous antioxidants through Nrf2 activations is expected as a potential agent to reduce the risk of nicotine dependence. This research aims to evaluate quercetin’s effects on reducing the risk of nicotine addiction. Methods Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) with a biased design was used to evaluate nicotine’s reward effects in male Balb/C mice. Preconditioning test was performed on day 1; conditioning test was done twice daily on day 2–4 by administering quercetin (i.p.) 50 mg/kg along with nicotine (s.c.) 0.5 mg/kg or Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) (s.c.) contained nicotine 0.5 mg/kg; and postconditioning test was performed on day 5 continue with extinction test on day 6, 8, 10, 12, and reinstatement test on day 13. The duration spent in each compartment was recorded and analyzed. Results Nicotine 0.5 mg/kg and CSE 0.5 mg/kg significantly induced reward effects (p<0.05). There was no decrease of reward effect during the extinction-reinstatement stage of the postconditioning phase (p>0.05), while quercetin 50 mg/kg both induced along with nicotine or CSE was able to inhibit the reward effect of nicotine (p>0.05). Conclusions Quercetin reduced the risk of nicotine dependence and has a potential effect to use as a therapy for nicotine dependence, especially as a preventive agent.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Intervention of Nicotine Dependence

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raka Jain ◽  
Pradipta Majumder ◽  
Tina Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The World

Nicotine dependence is a major cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world. Various medications have been tried to treat nicotine dependence including nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline. A newer venture to nicotine dependence treatment is a nicotine vaccine which is yet to get footsteps in common practice. The present review assimilates various pharmacotherapeutic measures to address nicotine dependence. However, it is to be noted that psychological interventions, when combined with pharmacotherapy, offer the greatest benefits to the patients.

Study of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication in Fire Victimis

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2932-2935
Author(s):  
Sofia David ◽  
Anton Knieling ◽  
Calin Scripcaru ◽  
Madalina Diac ◽  
Ion Sandu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Intoxication ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
The World ◽  
Fire Victims ◽  
In Fire

Carbon monoxide poisoning is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity of toxic origin in the world. Its insidious and polymorphic symptomatology makes it difficult to diagnose. It occurs accidentally, because of non-supervised domestic fires, or in fire victims. In fire victims, in particular, the differential diagnosis between carbon monoxide gas poisoning, inhalation of other toxic products of combustion like cyanide, oxygen deprivation, thermal burns and shock due to burns as a cause of death is not an easy task. The authors examined 107 fire victims that were autopsied at the Forensic Medicine from Iasi, Romania, in the last 10 years (2007-2016). Most cases were males (69.16%), young (0-9 years) or older than 60 with a burned surface of 91-100% in 68.22% of cases. Blood samples from the cadavers were collected in all cases in order to analyse carboxyhaemoglobin concentration and haemolysis. Toxicological analysis revealed a carboxyhaemoglobin level of maximum 95% but the majority of cases (70.72%) had a concentration inferior to 50%. An inverse correlation was identified between carboxyhaemoglobin concentration and haemolysis, an indicator of heat dissociation. Our study proves that many fire victims may die because of carbon monoxide intoxication prior to the extent of burns at a lethal potential.

A Report on COVID-19 Variants, COVID-19 Vaccines and the Impact of the Variants on the Efficacy of the Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Halim
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Impact

The Coronavirus pandemic has caused negative effects across the globe; mortality and morbidity being the main impact. After WHO, termed the disease a pandemic in March 2020, they gave in health guidelines to follow to control the spread of the disease. The health industry, academia, and different governments are united to develop and test various vaccines at an unprecedented speed to combat the pandemic fully and bring the world back to its feet. Some of the vaccines developed include Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca. However, just like other viruses, the SAR-CoV-2 virus keeps changing through mutation, as various variants, different from the first one are emerging. Evidence shows that the three new variants; UK, Brazil, and South Africa are more severe in terms of transmissibility, disease severity, evading of the immune response, and reducing the ability to neutralized antibodies, compared to the original coronavirus. With such knowledge of the existence of different strains, the arises concerns on whether the already available vaccines are effective enough in preventing the new COVID-19 strains. Studies are still underdeveloped to learn more on the virologic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of the ever-emerging variants. This research, through a systemic review of literature, seeks to find out whether the variants of SAR-CoV-2 have an impact on the efficacy of various vaccines developed in fighting the disease and the entire body’s immune response.

scholarly journals Measuring the health of populations: explaining composite indicators

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan A. Hyder ◽  
Prasanthi Puvanachandra ◽  
Richard H. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Main Approach ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Alternative Interventions ◽  
Composite Measures ◽  
Value Choices ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Policy Decision ◽  
Policy Decision Making

Indicators that summarise the health status of a population and that provide comparable measures of a population disease burden are increasingly vital tools for health policy decision making. Decisions concerning health systems across the world are greatly affected by changes in disease profiles and population dynamics, and must develop the capacity to respond to such changes effectively within the resources of each nation. Decisions must be based on evidence of the patterns of diseases, their risk factors and the effectiveness of alternative interventions. This paper focuses on the main approaches used for developing summary measures that include mortality and morbidity occurring in a population. It discusses the rationale for composite measures and reviews the origins of each main approach. The paper also examines methodological differences among these approaches making explicit the value choices that each entails, outlines the advantages and limitations of each measure, and shows how they relate to one another.

Impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aortas by cigarette smoke extract—role of free radicals and attenuation by captopril

1997 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutaka Ota ◽  
Kiyotaka Kugiyama ◽  
Seigo Sugiyama ◽  
Masamichi Ohgushi ◽  
Toshiyuki Matsumura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Extract ◽  
Endothelium Dependent Relaxation

scholarly journals The long-term effects of modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors of stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4626
Author(s):  
Khaled M. Hassan ◽  
Asala M. Wafa ◽  
Manea S. Alosaimi ◽  
Kawthar A. Bokari ◽  
Mosab A. Alsobhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Stroke is a major cerebrovascular disease causes high mortality and morbidity in people around the world. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability. The largest country in the middle East, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), has been occupying approximately four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula supporting a population of more than 28 million. Stroke is getting to be a quickly expanding issue and is the leading cause of illness and deaths in Saudi Arabia. It is clear that researches and studies regarding the incidence, prevalence and their sociodemographic properties of stroke is still incomplete due to lack of present studies being conducted in these specified areas. This article aims to discuss the aspect of stroke in Saudi Arabia beside the effects of modifiable and the non-modifiable risk factors from the literature published. 

scholarly journals Managing Screening Tests of Hereditary Diseases and Challenges in Their Conduction in Arab Sector of Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Sara Gabaren
Keyword(s):  
Hereditary Diseases ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Arab Sector

Hereditary diseases are a known factor in the world to mortality and morbidity of infants. The frequency of these diseases characterizes specific population segments more than others. Acknowledging the efficiency and profitability of performing screening tests, raises the question of Arab women’s low responsiveness to perform the hereditary screening tests comparing to Jewish women and in general.

scholarly journals Potential Effect of Pomegranate Peels Extract (Punica Granatum.) against Covid-19 Virus .

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf fawzy mosa ◽  
Mostafa abo Elhoda Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
The World

Abstract Background: Covid-19 Virus infection poses significant global health challenges and considered a global epidemic sweeping all countries of the world Which prompted scientists around the world to search for a quick or safe treatment to preserve people's lives .So far, options for controlling and treating the disease have not been revealed. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of pomegranate peels extract against the Covid-19 virus in the laboratory. Methods: In this research, tow methods of extraction are carried out ethyl alcohol and distal water extract of pomegranate peels . activity of the extract assessed using 50% Tissue Culture Infectious Doses (TCID50) method in Vero E6 cells. Results: Pomegranate peels extract had the highest inhibitory effect against Covid -19 virus with IC50 value of 0.125, 0.0625 and 0.031256 μl in Vero E6 cells. Conclusion: Based on our results, the aqueous extract of pomegranate peels can inhibit Covid-19 virus replication in vitro.

Editor’s Note: Another Tough Year Comes to an End

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Tom Ondicho
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Disruptive Effect ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Internal Mobility

As the end of the year 2021 draws near, it is time to reflect and take stock as well as look into the future. This year like 2020 was equally tough as the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic continues to wreak havoc in the world. The mortality and morbidity rates remain high despite the development of a vaccine and many people being vaccinated. New variants of the virus emerged in 2021 leading to renewed restrictions on businesses and internal mobility as well as international travel to some parts of the world. No doubt, the pandemic has had a cascading disruptive effect on all facets of life and continues to impact on people’s mental health, and academic being a stressful career than others, scholars need to do what they can to take care of their mental health and wellbeing during this period. This can involve simple steps such as taking a few days off to relax or to connect with family and friends. I hope you have started planning and hopefully, we have learned some lessons from 2020 and 2021 and will be better prepared and equipped to adjust to whatever the ‘New Normal’ has in store for us in 2022.

2. Legal systems and sources of law

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-70
Author(s):  
Scott Slorach ◽  
Judith Embley ◽  
Peter Goodchild ◽  
Catherine Shephard
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

This chapter focuses on the sources of law in England & Wales, and is organised as follows. Section 2.1 describes the key jurisdictions relevant to lawyers in England and Wales. Section 2.2 deals with the issue of where the law comes from: sources of law. Section 2.3 reviews the development of the two ‘traditional’ sources of law in England and Wales: case law and statutes. Sections 2.4 and 2.5 consider the status and operation of EU and international law, including the potential effect of Brexit. Section 2.7 goes on to discuss public and private law, common law, and civil law, and other classifications used by lawyers. This is followed by a discussion of legal systems and their cultures across the world.

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