Recharging infiltration of precipitation water through the light soil, in the absence of surface runoff

Abstract The article presents the value of recharging infiltration of precipitation through the light soil and its distribution over time, based on five-year of lysimetric research. The effect of organic and mineral fertilization on the infiltration was studied. In lysimeters does not occur the phenomenon of surface runoff, and thus, by analogy, the results of the research can be applied to agriculturally used lowland areas with sandy soils. The results showed that the infiltration is very changeable in time. On its value, in addition to precipitation, the greatest influence has evapotranspiration. The largest infiltration occurs in March after the spring thaws (IE = 70-81% monthly precipitation) and the smallest in August (IE = 1.2-15.0% precipitation, depending on the type of fertilizer used and the level of fertilization). The soil fertilization, especially by using organic fertilizer (compost), is a factor, which has significantly influence on reduction of the recharging infiltration. The soil fertilization with compost reduced the infiltration of 7.4-9.0%, and with mineral fertilization of 5.4-7.0% of annual precipitation totals, compared with the infiltration through the soil not fertilized. The average annual index of infiltration was 21.8-25.3% of annual precipitation totals in variant of soil fertilized and 30.7% in case of the soil not fertilized.

Download Full-text

A New Method to Recycle Dairy Waste for the Nutrition of Wheat Plants

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050840 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 840

Author(s):

Saif Alharbi ◽

Ali Majrashi ◽

Adel M. Ghoneim ◽

Esmat F. Ali ◽

Abdullah S. Modahish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Sandy Soils ◽

Field Studies ◽

Application Rate ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Dairy Waste ◽

Dairy Wastes

Dairy products are vital components of human food, however, they are rapidly spoiled due to their high content of organic matter which encourages the growth of decomposing microbes. The recycling of dairy wastes is an ideal solution to preserve the environment, as it is in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture. In this experiment, an organic fertilizer was extracted from dairy wastes and was used for the nutrition of wheat grown on sandy soils under two-year field studies. The application rate of the extracted organic fertilizer was 8 ton ha−1. Moreover, the same rates of N, P, and K were added from inorganic fertilizers. The extracted organic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the wheat growth and increased chlorophyll by 11% and 16% in the first and second season, respectively, in comparison to the inorganic fertilization. The extracted organic fertilizer significantly minimized the soil pH from an initial value of 8.00 to 7.05. The tested organic fertilizer increased the uptake of N, P, and K by 55%, 49%, and 51% above the inorganic nutrition, respectively. The wheat straw and grain yield increased by 16% and 29% as a result of the addition of the organic fertilizer extracted from dairy wastes. The dairy wastes organic fertilizer caused a notable improvement in the soil quality. The extracted organic fertilizer was able to supply wheat with its nutrient requirements as it showed a remarkable superiority over the mineral fertilization. The disposal of expired dairy waste can be managed in a way that preserves the environment by converting it to organic fertilizers. Laboratory and field experiments have proven the efficiency of the extracted organic fertilizer in nutrition of wheat plants in sandy soils with low fertility.

Download Full-text

An update on image forming methods: structure analysis and Gestalt evaluation of images from rocket lettuce with shading, N supply, organic or mineral fertilization, and biodynamic preparations

Organic Agriculture ◽

10.1007/s13165-021-00347-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Miriam Athmann ◽

Roya Bornhütter ◽

Nicolaas Busscher ◽

Paul Doesburg ◽

Uwe Geier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Copper Chloride ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Structural Features ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Friedman Test ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Cohen’S Kappa ◽

N Supply ◽

Cohen's Kappa ◽

Forming Methods

AbstractIn the image forming methods, copper chloride crystallization (CCCryst), capillary dynamolysis (CapDyn), and circular chromatography (CChrom), characteristic patterns emerge in response to different food extracts. These patterns reflect the resistance to decomposition as an aspect of resilience and are therefore used in product quality assessment complementary to chemical analyses. In the presented study, rocket lettuce from a field trial with different radiation intensities, nitrogen supply, biodynamic, organic and mineral fertilization, and with or without horn silica application was investigated with all three image forming methods. The main objective was to compare two different evaluation approaches, differing in the type of image forming method leading the evaluation, the amount of factors analyzed, and the deployed perceptual strategy: Firstly, image evaluation of samples from all four experimental factors simultaneously by two individual evaluators was based mainly on analyzing structural features in CapDyn (analytical perception). Secondly, a panel of eight evaluators applied a Gestalt evaluation imbued with a kinesthetic engagement of CCCryst patterns from either fertilization treatments or horn silica treatments, followed by a confirmatory analysis of individual structural features. With the analytical approach, samples from different radiation intensities and N supply levels were identified correctly in two out of two sample sets with groups of five samples per treatment each (Cohen’s kappa, p = 0.0079), and the two organic fertilizer treatments were differentiated from the mineral fertilizer treatment in eight out of eight sample sets with groups of three manure and two minerally fertilized samples each (Cohen’s kappa, p = 0.0048). With the panel approach based on Gestalt evaluation, biodynamic fertilization was differentiated from organic and mineral fertilization in two out of two exams with 16 comparisons each (Friedman test, p < 0.001), and samples with horn silica application were successfully identified in two out of two exams with 32 comparisons each (Friedman test, p < 0.001). Further research will show which properties of the food decisive for resistance to decomposition are reflected by analytical and Gestalt criteria, respectively, in CCCryst and CapDyn images.

Download Full-text

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE HYDRAULIC MODES OF OPERATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Water and Ecology ◽

10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.50-57 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 50-57

Author(s):

V. S. Ignatchik ◽

◽

S. Y. Ignatchik ◽

N. V. Kuznetsova ◽

A. Y. Fes’kova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Linear Approximation ◽

Surface Runoff ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Climatic Parameters ◽

Modes Of Operation ◽

Total Annual Precipitation ◽

Rain Gauges ◽

Drainage Networks ◽

The Government

Introduction. Based on Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 782 “On water supply and wastewater disposal plans”, the volume of generated wastewater should be forecast for a period of at least 10 years. Along with this, it is also necessary to assess the hydraulic modes of operation of networks and collectors, specified earlier. However, the existing regulatory literature lacks data on the dynamics of calculated rain intensities and their prospective values. The analysis of the subject area showed that it is possible to determine the climatic parameters of an area, and thus establish the values for the characteristics of calculated rain, based on the data of long-term observations (from 20 years) with one self-recording rain gauge, or with a network of similar rain gauges, with a duration of observations of 5 years or more. A similar network of rain gauges is available in St. Petersburg. It makes it possible to assess the actual values of climatic parameters, but due to the lack of statistical data does not allow for assessing the dynamics of their changes. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to roughly estimate the dynamics of changes in climatic parameters in St. Petersburg and the degree of their impact on the hydraulic modes of operation of surface runoff drainage networks and collectors. Methods. In the course of the study, we analyzed the dynamics of changes in the total annual precipitation H and rain force in St. Petersburg and examined the influence of the dynamics of rain force changes on the operation of surface runoff drainage networks and collectors. Results. At the first stage of the study, we obtained the results of linear approximation of the H data, the calculated values of rain force changes Δ, and the results of linear approximation of the Δ data. The second stage of the study resulted in changes in the hydraulic modes of runoff input during the design period and in 50 years. Conclusion. We experimentally substantiated the possibility to determine the dynamics of rain force changes (at P = 0.33 and with acceptable accuracy) depending on the dynamics of changes in the total annual precipitation. For networks designed and laid 50 years ago, the actual rain force changes will be 9 %. As a result of climate change, water consumption in the calculation periods increased by about 26% with an increase in the total volume of discharged water by 9–10 %.

Download Full-text

Spatial variability of concentration and aggressiveness of precipitation in North-East of Algeria

Journal of Water and Land Development ◽

10.2478/jwld-2018-0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 3-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hanene Bessaklia ◽

Abderrahmane Nekkache Ghenim ◽

Abdessalam Megnounif ◽

Javier Martin-Vide

Keyword(s):

Concentration Index ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Study Region ◽

Precipitation Concentration Index ◽

Precipitation Concentration ◽

North East ◽

Mk Test ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Extreme North

AbstractIn this study, the spatial variation of daily and monthly concentration precipitation index and its aggressiveness were used in 23 rainfall stations in the extreme north-east of Algeria over the period 1970–2010. The trend was analysed by the Mann–Kendall (MK) test. The results show that daily precipitation concentration index (CI) values are noticeably higher in places where the amount of total precipitation is low, the results of MK test show that areas of high precipitation concentration tend to increase. The seasonality and aggressiveness of precipitation are high in the eastern and western parts of the study region (eastern and central coastal of Constantine catchments), whereas a moderately seasonal distribution with low aggressiveness is found in the middle of the study area (plains and central Seybouse catchment). As a result, the modified Fournier index (MFI) has a significant correlation with annual precipitation, whereas the CI and monthly precipitation concentration index (PCI) show an opposite correlation in relation to annual precipitation.

Download Full-text

Spatial and temporal variation of precipitation characteristics in the semiarid region of Xi'an, northwest China

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2021.048 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hao Han ◽

Jingming Hou ◽

Rengui Jiang ◽

Jiahui Gong ◽

Ganggang Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temporal Variation ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Resource Planning ◽

Northwest China ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Xi’An City ◽

Semi Arid

Abstract Precipitation variations mostly affect the water resource planning in semi-arid regions of northwest China. The objective of this study is to quantitatively explore the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in different time scales in Xi'an city area. The Mann–Kendall test and wavelet analysis methods were applied to analyze the precipitation variability. In terms of temporal variation of precipitation, the results indicated that the annual precipitation exhibited a significant decreasing trend during 1951–2018. Except for summer precipitation representing a slightly increasing trend, the other seasonal precipitations had a similar decreasing trend to annual precipitation throughout 1951–2018. The monthly precipitation had different change trends, showing the precipitation from June to September could account for 58.4% of the total annual precipitation. In addition, it was clear that annual precipitation had a significant periodic change, with the periods of 6, 13, 19, and 27 years. For the spatial variation of precipitation during 1961–2018, the results showed that annual and seasonal precipitation exhibited obvious spatial differences, indicating an increasing spatial trend from north to south. Thus, understanding the precipitation variation in Xi'an city can provide a theoretical foundation of future water resources management for other cities in semi-arid regions of northwest China.

Download Full-text

Study on Chlorpyrifos Residues Degradation by Mutagenic Bacteria DX1 in Soil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3992 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 3992-3995

Author(s):

Ming Fen Niu ◽

Jian Wei ◽

Chen Liang

Keyword(s):

Degradation Rate ◽

Ph Value ◽

Orthogonal Experiment ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Test Results ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Soil Fertilization ◽

Spss Software ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Levels

In this study, it was carried out by designing PH, soil fertilization content, humidity and mutagenic bacteria DX1 inoculation concentration of orthogonal experiment to research chlorpyrifos degradation rate in the soil, which was affected by mutagenic bacteria DX1 in the soil environment. SPSS software was taken visualized analysis and variance analysis to evaluate the impact of different levels of the test results, to determine the factors which had significant impact on the experimental results. It showed that the best environmental factors of chlorpyrifos degradation rate in soil were the pH 7, organic fertilizer content 5mg/kg, the soil moisture 70%, inoculation volume 50ml/kg. The pH value and inoculation volume had a significant impact on chlorpyrifos degradation rate in soil; the soil humidity had little effect and the organic fertilizer content had almost no effect.

Download Full-text

Precipitation Trends over Time Using Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho Tests in Swat River Basin, Pakistan

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2015/431860 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

Ijaz Ahmad ◽

Deshan Tang ◽

TianFang Wang ◽

Mei Wang ◽

Bakhtawar Wagan

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Significance Level ◽

Spearman's Rho ◽

Spearman’S Rho ◽

Swat River ◽

Precipitation Trends

Accurately predicting precipitation trends is vital in the economic development of a country. This research investigated precipitation variability across 15 stations in the Swat River basin, Pakistan, over a 51-year study period (1961–2011). Nonparametric Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) statistical tests were used to detect trends in monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation, and the trend-free prewhitening approach was applied to eliminate serial correlation in the precipitation time series. The results highlighted a mix of positive (increasing) and negative (decreasing) trends in monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation. One station in particular, the Saidu Sharif station, showed the maximum number of significant monthly precipitation events, followed by Abazai, Khairabad, and Malakand. On the seasonal time scale, precipitation trends changed from the summer to the autumn season. The Saidu Sharif station revealed the highest positive trend (7.48 mm/year) in annual precipitation. In the entire Swat River basin, statistically insignificant trends were found in the subbasins for the annual precipitation series; however, the Lower Swat subbasin showed the maximum quantitative increase in the precipitation at a rate of 2.18 mm/year. The performance of the MK and SR tests was consistent at the verified significance level.

Download Full-text

Productivity and quality of Mombasa grass under fertilization with pig deep-litter and NPK

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n7p437-443 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 437-443

Author(s):

Marina da C. Guerrero ◽

Tiago R. de Sousa ◽

Saulo A. de Oliveira ◽

Rômulo R. Caldeira ◽

Adilson Pelá

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Point Of View ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Economic Point ◽

Randomized Block Design

ABSTRACT The use of pig deep-litter (PDL) in pasture fertilization can be an important alternative from an environmental and economic point of view. This study was conducted to evaluate the fertilization with PDL exclusively or in association with mineral fertilizers on the quality and productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa. The experiment was carried out in Ipameri, GO, Brazil. The design was a randomized block design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme with four repetitions, in plots of 24 m². The doses of PDL (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 Mg ha-1) were tested, with or without fertilization with NPK (50 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 10 kg ha-1 of K2O and 10 kg ha-1 of N). The organic fertilizer was applied broadcast at the planting of the pasture, and the mineral fertilizers were split and applied at planting and as topdressing. Dry mass, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were evaluated. PDL doses associated with mineral fertilization led to linear increases from 52 to 282% in the analyzed variables and better bromatological composition. PDL application is beneficial to the production of pastures, and increasing applications up to the PDL dose of 20 Mg ha-1 associated with mineral fertilization promoted better quantitative and qualitative results. With exclusive fertilization with PDL, the gains in quality and productivity were more modest.

Download Full-text

Effect of Organo-mineral Fertilization on the Growth, Yield and Economic Profitability of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Eastern DRC

International Journal of Scientific Research and Management ◽

10.18535/ijsrm/v7i7.em01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (07) ◽

Author(s):

Chakirwa, Z.P ◽

Murhi, M.I. ◽

Aksanti, K.C ◽

Masirika, F.C. ◽

Banyanga, N.E ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Growing Season ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Soil Fertility Management ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Eastern Congo

In the face to low fertility existing in tropical soils, farmers in the Eastern Congo need cost-effective Soil Fertility Management (SFM) technologies to address the problem of low crop yields, which are particularly pronounced in grain legumes. This study assessed the financial returns associated with different SFM trials conducted on common bean grain in eastern Congo. Benefit-cost ratio analysis based on experimental data identified organic and mineral fertilizer technologies for common bean production. Two fields experiment were conducted at the Crop Research (INERA/Mulungu) and Walungu district (Ikoma). The experimental design was split plot with four replications. The main plot was the different time of application (2, 3 and 4 weeks after sowing) and the sub plot were the organic and inorganic fertilizers (40 N kg ha-1, 60 P2O5 ha-1 and 5 t Fumier ha-1) compare to an absolute control (0:0 N:P kg ha-1 and 0 t manure ha-1). The RWR21-54 was the variety used. N was applied as urea, P was applied as triple superphosphate (TSP) and organic fertilizer was applied as cow manure. Plant height was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by N and P application in the two locations throughout the growing season. N, P and manure application significantly (p<0.05) increased total dry matter (TDM, kg ha-1), nodulation and leaf area (LA) of both locations in late vegetative and reproductive stages. Kabare site consistently had higher TDM and LA compared to Walungu site throughout the growing season. Average seed yield in fertilized plot was 2 times higher than the control (averaged over all N, P and manure levels) in both experiments. The highest seed yield was obtained with with 40:60 N:P2O5 kg ha-1 and 5 t ha-1 fertilization (1781.23 kg ha-1 «Kabare» and 1641.39 kg ha-1 «Walungu») which was not economic dose. Significantly higher net returns (1637.50 ha-1«Kabare» and 1641,67 kg ha-1 «Walungu») and its benefits cost ratio (2.82 «Kabare» and 2.87 «Walungu») were also obtained with application of 60 P2O5 kg ha-1 in the both locations.

Download Full-text