scholarly journals Precipitation Trends over Time Using Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho Tests in Swat River Basin, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ijaz Ahmad ◽  
Deshan Tang ◽  
TianFang Wang ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Bakhtawar Wagan
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Swat River ◽  
Precipitation Trends

Accurately predicting precipitation trends is vital in the economic development of a country. This research investigated precipitation variability across 15 stations in the Swat River basin, Pakistan, over a 51-year study period (1961–2011). Nonparametric Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) statistical tests were used to detect trends in monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation, and the trend-free prewhitening approach was applied to eliminate serial correlation in the precipitation time series. The results highlighted a mix of positive (increasing) and negative (decreasing) trends in monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation. One station in particular, the Saidu Sharif station, showed the maximum number of significant monthly precipitation events, followed by Abazai, Khairabad, and Malakand. On the seasonal time scale, precipitation trends changed from the summer to the autumn season. The Saidu Sharif station revealed the highest positive trend (7.48 mm/year) in annual precipitation. In the entire Swat River basin, statistically insignificant trends were found in the subbasins for the annual precipitation series; however, the Lower Swat subbasin showed the maximum quantitative increase in the precipitation at a rate of 2.18 mm/year. The performance of the MK and SR tests was consistent at the verified significance level.

Monthly Precipitation Trend Analysis by Applying Nonparametric Mann- Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) Tests In Dongting Lake, China: 1961-2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tayyab ◽  
Jianzhong Zhou ◽  
Rana Adnan ◽  
Aqeela Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Dongting Lake ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Precipitation Trends

This research highlights the precipitation trends and presents the results of the study in temporal and spatial scales. Precise predictions of precipitation trends can play imperative part in economic growth of a state. This study examined precipitation inconsistency for 23 stations at the Dongting Lake, China, over a 52-years study phase (1961–2012). Statistical, nonparametric Mann- Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests were applied to identify trends within monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation. The trend-free prewhitening method used to exclude sequential correlation in the precipitation time series. The performance of the Mann- Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests was steady at the tested significance level. The results showed fusion of increasing (positive) and decreasing (negative) trends at different stations within monthly and seasonal time scale. In case of whole Dongting basin on monthly time scale, significant positive trend is found, while at Yuanjiang River and Xianjiag River both positive and negative significant trends are identified.

scholarly journals Do Downscaled General Circulation Models Reliably Simulate Historical Climatic Conditions?

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Bock ◽  
Lauren E. Hay ◽  
Gregory J. McCabe ◽  
Steven L. Markstrom ◽  
R. Dwight Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Ks Test

Abstract The accuracy of statistically downscaled (SD) general circulation model (GCM) simulations of monthly surface climate for historical conditions (1950–2005) was assessed for the conterminous United States (CONUS). The SD monthly precipitation (PPT) and temperature (TAVE) from 95 GCMs from phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5) were used as inputs to a monthly water balance model (MWBM). Distributions of MWBM input (PPT and TAVE) and output [runoff (RUN)] variables derived from gridded station data (GSD) and historical SD climate were compared using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test For all three variables considered, the KS test results showed that variables simulated using CMIP5 generally are more reliable than those derived from CMIP3, likely due to improvements in PPT simulations. At most locations across the CONUS, the largest differences between GSD and SD PPT and RUN occurred in the lowest part of the distributions (i.e., low-flow RUN and low-magnitude PPT). Results indicate that for the majority of the CONUS, there are downscaled GCMs that can reliably simulate historical climatic conditions. But, in some geographic locations, none of the SD GCMs replicated historical conditions for two of the three variables (PPT and RUN) based on the KS test, with a significance level of 0.05. In these locations, improved GCM simulations of PPT are needed to more reliably estimate components of the hydrologic cycle. Simple metrics and statistical tests, such as those described here, can provide an initial set of criteria to help simplify GCM selection.

ANALISIS FAKTOR DOMINAN YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KUALITAS TIDUR PADA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEPERAWATAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Dhimas Wahyu Wicaksono
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Nursing Student ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Correlation Factors

Rest and sleep were human base necessary. Sleep quality was human satisfied for sleep, so that human not felt tired, not easier stimulated and nervous, not weak and apathies, no blackness around eyes, no swollen eyelid, no red conjunctiva, no poignant eyes, no difficulties to concentrate, no headache, or often felt sleepy. The aimed of this study was to explain the dominant correlation factors of sleep quality in Faculty of Nursing student Airlangga University.The research was used Descriptive Analyze Design. Population was Faculty of Nursing student Airlangga University stayed in Mulyorejo-Surabaya in Juni 2012. The samples were 50 taken with purposive sampling technique. Data were collected with questionnaire and were analyzed with spearman’s rho with significance level was p<0.05.The result showed that some factors had significance correlation but some were not. The factors were had significance correlation were between stress and sleep quality (p=0.024), tired with sleep quality (p=0.001), illness with sleep quality (p=0.022). Some factors were had no correlation were between environment with sleep quality (p=0.497), diet with sleep quality (p=0,201), drug with sleep quality (p=0.731), and life style with sleep quality (p=0.816). It can be concluded that stress, tired, and illness were dominant factors which were influence sleep quality for Faculty of Nursing student Airlangga University. Further research should occupied larger amount of sample to make more representative population.

scholarly journals Investigating Temporal and Spatial Precipitation Patterns in the Southern Mid-Atlantic United States

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishrat Jahan Dollan ◽  
Viviana Maggioni ◽  
Jeremy Johnston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Precipitation Trends

The investigation of regional vulnerability to extreme hydroclimatic events (e.g., floods and hurricanes) is quite challenging due to its dependence on reliable precipitation estimates. Better understanding of past precipitation trends is crucial to examine changing precipitation extremes, optimize future water demands, stormwater infrastructure, extreme event measures, irrigation management, etc., especially if combined with future climate and population projections. The objective of the study is to investigate the spatial-temporal variability of average and extreme precipitation at a sub-regional scale, specifically in the Southern Mid-Atlantic United States, a region characterized by diverse topography and is among the fastest-growing areas in North America. Particularly, this work investigates past precipitation trends and patterns using the North American Land Data Assimilation System, Version 2 (NLDAS-2, 12 km/1 h resolution) reanalysis dataset during 1980–2018. Both parametric (linear regression) and non-parametric (e.g., Theil-Sen) robust statistical tools are employed in the study to analyze trend magnitudes, which are tested for statistical significance using the Mann-Kendall test. Standard precipitation indices from ETCCDI are also used to characterize trends in the relative contribution of extreme events to precipitation in the area. In the region an increasing trend (4.3 mm/year) is identified in annual average precipitation with ~34% of the domain showing a significant increase (at the 0.1 significance level) of +3 to +5 mm/year. Seasonal and sub-regional trends are also investigated, with the most pronounced increasing trends identified during summers along the Virginia and Maryland border. The study also finds a statistically significant positive trend (at a 0.05 significance level) in the annual maximum precipitation. Furthermore, the number of daily extremes (daily total precipitation higher than the 95th and 99th percentiles) also depicts statistically significant increases, indicating the increased frequency of extreme precipitation events. Investigations into the proportion of annual precipitation occurring on wet days and extremely wet days (95th and 99th percentile) also indicate a significant increase in their relative contribution. The findings of this study have the potential to improve local-scale decision-making in terms of river basin management, flood control, irrigation scheme scheduling, and stormwater infrastructure planning to address urban resilience to hydrometeorological hazards.

Spatio-temporal evolutions of precipitation in the Yellow River basin of China from 1981 to 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1441-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wu ◽  
Xia Liu ◽  
Xiaoyi Ma
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Yellow River Basin ◽  
Smoothing Splines ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends ◽  
Average Precipitation ◽  
The Yellow River Basin

The partial thin plate smoothing splines method was applied to evaluate spatiotemporal trends of precipitation in the Yellow River basin from 1981 to 2013 by considering the basin's digital elevation model. Results indicate the following. (1) The spline method can greatly improve the spatial interpolation accuracy of meteorological data and can be applied to spatial modeling of meteorological elements for large regions with complex terrain. (2) Overall, annual precipitation in the Yellow River basin shows a decreasing trend from east to west, with the isohyet equipluve distribution of 400 mm being basically consistent with the dividing line between semi-humid and semi-arid regions in China. Sichuan has the highest annual average precipitation while Neimeng has the lowest; Shandong and Henan both have relatively significant changes of annual precipitation while Gansu and Qinghai have small changes. (3) The average monthly precipitation of the basin from 1981 to 2013 presents an overall increasing trend from north to south; the annual precipitation in each province was mainly concentrated in 7–9 months of the whole year. The highest monthly average precipitation in most provinces occurred in July, while the highest at Ningxia occurred in August. Results may provide a scientific basis for understanding future precipitation changes and improving our ability to cope with climate change.

scholarly journals FAMILY SUPPORT AND FAMILY ECONOMIC STATUS WITH DEPRESSION LEVEL ON PATIENTS END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) IN GATOEL HOSPITAL MOJOKERTO DISTRICT INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Abdul Muhith Muhith ◽  
Lutfi K ◽  
Tatik Sutarti ◽  
Hannan Mujib4 ◽  
Lantin Sulistyorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
The Family ◽  
Depression Level ◽  
Esrd Patients

Patients with hemodialysis therapy have uncertainty as to how long hemodialysis is required and should accept the fact that therapy is needed throughout life. Because it appears anxiety response, rejection and anger. ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy, require support from the family. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of family support and economic status with depressed ESRD patients who underwent hemodialysis therapy <1 year. The design of this research is descriptive correlation with cross sectional research method, by using simple random sampling technique with the number of samples of 47 ESRD patients who are undergoing hemodialysis at Gatoel Hospital Mojokerto. The Research done in April 2017. The results obtained most of the respondents have economic ability Above the Provincial Minimum Wage of 27 respondents (57.4%). Most of the respondents stated that they received good family support in 30 categories (63,8%) and most of respondents had light depression 24 respondents (51,1%). Based on statistical test of spearman's rho with significance level α 0,05 obtained result (r) = 0,462 meaning bigger than value signifikansi (0,462> 0,05) hence H1 rejected which mean there is no significant relation between economic status with depression level In ESRD patients and Spearman's rho statistical test results obtained significance value 0.000 <0.05 which means there is a significant relationship between family support with depression levels in ESRD patients. The economic level does not affect depression because the cost of hemodialysis therapy all respondents is covered by health insurance, whereas family support has a positive influence where the better the family support the lighter the depression level in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy

scholarly journals TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TB PARU MEMPENGARUHI PENGGUNAAN MASKER PADA PENDERITA TB PARU

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Yuliastuti ◽  
Nur Wachida Novita ◽  
Siti Narsih
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho Test ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Analytic Design

Number of patients with pulmonary TB increased annually in Surabaya, on of the measures to prevent TB infections is by using a mask. In TB care room a lot of visitors (family) who did not wear a mask. The purpose of this study to determine the relationship between the knowledge level of Tuberculose with the masks using among visitors (family). This study used correlational analytic design with cross sectional approach. independent variable in the study is the level of knowledge about Tuberculose and dependent variable is the using of masks. Samples were taken by using simple random sampling technique earned by 28 respondents. Data collection was undertaken using questionnaire about Pulmonary Tuberculose and observation sheet of the using of mask. Data were analyzed with Spearman's Rho test with a significance level Corellation ρ <0.05. Results showed that the level of knowledge about Tuberculose less 14 respondents (50%) and 16 respondents (57.1%) did not wear a mask. Spearman's Rho test showed that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge about Pulmonary Tuberculose with the using of masks in Pulmonary Wards,  Dr. Ramelan Navy Hospital, Surabaya (ρ = 0.000). The implications of this study is the level of knowledge about Tuberculosis associated with using of a mask, which is expected for nurses in the room can provide health education about and prevention of pulmonary Tuberculose transmission by using a mask.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variations of Precipitation over Iran Using the High-Resolution and Nearly Four Decades Satellite-Based PERSIANN-CDR Dataset

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Mosaffa ◽  
Mojtaba Sadeghi ◽  
Negin Hayatbini ◽  
Vesta Afzali Gorooh ◽  
Ata Akbari Asanjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kendall Test ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Precipitation Trends

Spatiotemporal precipitation trend analysis provides valuable information for water management decision-making. Satellite-based precipitation products with high spatial and temporal resolution and long records, as opposed to temporally and spatially sparse rain gauge networks, are a suitable alternative to analyze precipitation trends over Iran. This study analyzes the trends in annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation along with the contribution of each season and month in the annual precipitation over Iran for the 1983–2018 period. For the analyses, the Mann–Kendall test is applied to the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) estimates. The results of annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation trends indicate that the significant decreases in the monthly precipitation trends in February over the western (March over the western and central-eastern) regions of Iran cause significant effects on winter (spring) and total annual precipitation. Moreover, the increases in the amounts of precipitation during November in the south and south-east regions lead to a remarkable increase in the amount of precipitation during the fall season. The analysis of the contribution of each season and month to annual precipitation in wet and dry years shows that dry years have critical impacts on decreasing monthly precipitation over a particular region. For instance, a remarkable decrease in precipitation amounts is detectable during dry years over the eastern, northeastern, and southwestern regions of Iran during March, April, and December, respectively. The results of this study show that PERSIANN-CDR is a valuable source of information in low-density gauge network areas, capturing spatiotemporal variation of precipitation.

scholarly journals Investigations into Precipitation and Drought Climatologies in South Central Asia with Special Focus on Pakistan over the Period 1951–2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (16) ◽  
pp. 6019-6035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzada Adnan ◽  
Kalim Ullah ◽  
Gao Shouting
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
South Central

Abstract The climatology of precipitation and drought are analyzed by using different indices in the region of south central Asia (SCA). The spatial precipitation pattern is delineated by using principal component analysis (PCA) over the period of 1951–2010, which identifies six subregions in the SCA. The monthly and annual trends of precipitation were analyzed by applying the five statistical tests: Student’s t, Mann–Kendall, and Spearman’s rho tests for linear trend and turning point analysis and Sen’s slope for randomness and slope magnitude, respectively, at the α = 0.05 significance level. The time series analysis shows data similarity between Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and area-weighted precipitation of 52 meteorological stations in Pakistan, which results in a high correlation (R2 = 0.93). Two main drought periods were identified (1971 and 2000–02); also, 2001 was an extremely dry year in the SCA region. The drought in 1952 was the most severe in Pakistan; the longest drought period was 2000–02. Intense droughts were reported in the whole SCA region when the annual percent of precipitation was below 80%. It is noted that the A-5 region (northeast SCA), where 19 droughts were reported, is the most vulnerable. The monthly precipitation analysis shows a significant increasing trend in the months of September and June in the A-3 (northwest SCA) and A-5 regions, respectively, while a decreasing trend is observed in January and August in the A-4 region (east SCA). The decadal analysis shows significant decreasing trend (−21.5 mm decade−1) in region A-4, while the highest increasing trends (17.1 and 7.5 mm decade−1) are observed in Pakistan and the A-5 region respectively.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TENTANG TB PARU MEMPENGARUHI PENGGUNAAN MASKER DI RUANG PARU RUMKITAL Dr. RAMELAN SURABAYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Wachida Novita ◽  
Christina Yuliastuti ◽  
Siti Narsih
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho Test ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Number of patients with pulmonary TB increased annually in Surabaya, on of the measures to prevent TB infections is by using a mask. In TB care room a lot of visitors (family) who did not wear a mask. The purpose of this study to determine the relationship of the level of knowledge with the use of masks to visitors (family).This study used correlational analytic designwith cross sectional approach. independent variable in the study is the level of knowledge about Tuberculose anddependent variable is the use of masks. Samples were taken by using purposive sampling technique earned by 28 respondents visitors in Pulmonary Wards,Dr. Ramelan Navy Hospital, Surabaya, date 11 – 20 June 2013. Data collection was undertaken using questionnaire about Pulmonary Tuberculose and observation sheet of the use of mask. Data were analyzed with Spearman's Rho test with a significance level Corellation ρ <0.05.Results showed that the level of knowledge about Tuberculose less 14 respondents (50%) and 16 respondents (57.1%) did not wear a mask. Spearman's Rho test showed that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge about Pulmonary Tuberculosewith the use of masks in in Pulmonary Wards,Dr. Ramelan Navy Hospital, Surabaya (ρ = 0.000).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document