scholarly journals The Trade Disruption Hypothesis Fails for State-Sponsored Genocides and Mass Atrocities: Why It Matters

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Anderton ◽  
Roxane A. Anderton
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Intrastate Conflict ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Mass Atrocity ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Abstract Our research question is: Do state-sponsored genocides and mass atrocities disrupt trade? In the “conflict disrupts trade” literature there is substantial research on how interstate and intrastate conflict and terrorism affect trade, but very little research on the possible trade disruption effects of genocides and mass atrocities. Our work helps fill this research gap. We bring a suite of estimation methodologies and robustness checks to the question for a pooled sample of 175 countries for the time period 1970–2017. We also test for trade disruption individually for 26 countries that experienced genocide or mass atrocity. Unlike much of the “conflict disrupts trade” literature, we find little empirical support that genocide disrupts trade and at best weak evidence that mass atrocity disrupts trade. Our results have important implications for atrocity prevention policy; when potential atrocity architects evaluate the expected benefits and costs of carrying out atrocity, it seems that, in most cases, they need not worry about trade disruption costs. Our results also matter for empirical research on risk factors for genocides and mass atrocities, particularly for studies that hypothesize risk reduction properties associated with trade.

Leveraging Key Aspects of Collaborative Techniques to Assist Clinical Decisions

2017 ◽  
pp. 440-456
Author(s):  
Hoda Moghimi ◽  
Jonathan L. Schaffer ◽  
Nilmini Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Hip And Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Key Aspects

Employing collaborative systems in healthcare contexts is an important approach towards designing and developing intelligent computer solutions. The objective of this study is to develop a real-time collaborative system using the Intelligent Risk Detection Model (IRD) to improve decision efficiency for the care of patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty (THA, TKA). Expected benefits include increasing awareness, supporting communication, improving decision making processes and also improving information sharing between surgeons, patients, families and consultants as key collaborative parties. The research question under investigation is: How can key information technologies be designed, developed and adopted to support clinical decision making in the context of THA and TKA? This research in progress has identified the value and benefit of developing a systematic and technology supported tool to facilitate the identification of various risks associated with THA and TKA.

Futility and Free-Riding: Corporate Political Participation and Taxation Rates in the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Drope ◽  
Wendy L. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Large Random Sample ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Business Sectors

While there is a strong theoretical foundation for the relationship between business sectors' political spending and the policy benefits that they receive, the empirical support for it is mixed. We use the logic of this exchange to examine a policy area that directly and significantly affects all businesses, and is thus a most likely case, taxation. Using principally firm-level tax rates of a large random sample of U.S. corporations for the 1998–2005 time period, we determine whether lobbying has measurable effects on firm-level tax rates. Contrary perhaps to popular belief, or at least anecdotal illustration, we find after controlling for firm size and industry-level tax rates, among other controls, that there is no discernible effect of political spending on firm-level taxation: firms that spend more in an effort to affect policy generally or tax policy specifically are no more likely to benefit from lower tax rates. We also examine the possibility that firms in the same industry coordinate efforts to affect tax rates. While we find limited evidence that firms occasionally coordinate within industries – or at least lobby simultaneously – to affect tax rates, perhaps more importantly, we determine that free-riding by smaller firms at the expense of the largest firms is rampant.

Decision Process, Choice, and Consequences: Israel's Deep-Penetration Bombing in Egypt, 1970

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Shlaim ◽  
Raymond Tanter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Security ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Air Power ◽  
War Of Attrition ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Weapons systems have a great impact on national security decision making. In particular, the use of air power for political coercion or “compellence” is a tempting option when a nation has overwhelming aerial capabilities relative to an opponent. Israel's decision to launch air attacks deep within Egypt during the 1970 War of Attrition suggests that coercive bombing may not yield expected benefits and effect unanticipated costs. The decision process that produced the bombing choice was characterized by inadequate search for alternatives; conservative revision of opinion; faulty evaluation of consequences in terms of likelihood, benefits, and costs; a failure to consider value trade-offs between military and political dimensions; and overestimation of the probability of preferred outcomes, coupled with underestimation of the likelihood of undesirable outcomes.

scholarly journals The Search for a Culture of Bribery in Cameroon

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Lincoln J. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Logistical Regression Analysis

<p><em>Introduction:<strong> </strong>This paper addresses systematic corruption in Cameroon. Based on the literature review and a previous study, the research question was “does a culture of bribery exist in Cameroon, and what are its predictors? Method and materials</em><em>:</em><em> Data for this study was collected by the Afrobarometer project from 1,200 Cameroonian respondents Based on self-reported data, the research attempted to determine the volume of bribes paid by respondents to receive public services. Results: Overall, the findings revealed the existence of a culture of bribery in Cameroon; forty-five percent of the respondents reported paying bribes within the last year and 30 percent reported paying two or more bribes in that same time period. Logistical regression analysis revealed that 7 variables were significant predictors of payment of bribes. Being the victim of a property crime was the strongest predictor, which, in turn, drew attention to the role of the police in Cameroon’s bribery culture.</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Marketing communication tools and their influence on marketing innovation: Evidence from Slovakian SMEs

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-227
Author(s):  
Mehmet Civelek ◽  
Michal Červinka ◽  
Krzysztof Gajdka ◽  
Václav Nétek
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Personal Selling ◽  
Online Marketing ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Marketing Innovation ◽  
Research Gap

Abstract Due to lack of sources, SMEs face certain problems when applying innovative activities. Since marketing communication tools enable to perform innovative actions, SMEs’ usage of such channels might provide solutions for them to overcome the barriers of making innovation. Thus, this paper investigates whether the usage of marketing communication tools by SMEs enables them to be innovative in marketing or not, and the research question is “Does the usage of marketing communication tools by SMEs improve their innovativeness in marketing?” This paper focuses on traditional and technology-enabled marketing communication tools, such as direct marketing, personal selling, online marketing, and advertising in social media. The researchers employ a random sampling method and then create an online internet-mediated questionnaire to collect data from 812 SMEs in Slovakia. The researchers have also performed Ordinal Logistic Regression analyses to fulfill the research aim. The results show that the usage of marketing communication tools by SMEs improves their innovative posture in marketing. The education level of firm executives and cultural factors in a specific nation might be the reasons for the findings of this research. Thus, the trainings and financial support provided by policymakers and collaboration of other institutions are beneficial for the growth of SMEs. This research analyzes traditional and technology-enabled marketing tools, and areas of marketing innovation in a broad perspective, including innovations in products/services, prices, distribution, promotion, people, processes, and visualization. Therefore, it differs from other studies and fills the research gap by making a significant value addition in related literature.

scholarly journals Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s Contribution in the Development of Bengali Language and Literature and Its Relevance in Present Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Roni Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Educational Plan ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Bengali Language

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a great person and great human being. He is known not only for his contribution in the field of educational and social reformation, but also for his literary works and contribution in the development of modern Bengali language. He is the pioneer who understood the problem of the then readers in understanding the complicated Bengali language, whose origin was purely Sanskrit. Thus, he took initiatives for simplifying and modernizing this language. Before him there was no such simple, easy and systematic text books for the learners. So, the researcher aims to find out the literary works of Ishwar Chandra, his contributions in the development of modern Bengali language and its present day relevancy in education. To fulfill these aims and objectives the researcher has framed some research questions. This is a Historical and Bibliographical research. Necessary data are collected from the primary and secondary data sources. For the analysis and interpretation of collected data, researcher used documentary analysis method. According to the researcher this research has significance from many aspects. One of them is, it will reveal the contribution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar as the first writer of Bengal in creating the simple and modern Bengali language. But the study is delimited by the researcher from the time period, i.e. only the time between 1820-1891 is considered as the period under study. After collecting necessary data, the researcher has found that, large number of books has been written by Ishwar Chandra and he has memorable contribution in the development of modern Bengali language. One of his popular creations is “Barna Porichay”. It is also found that he had done many activities like, writing of text books, grammar books, bio-graphical books and was actively involved in the writings of some magazines. Following the third research question, the research has found that Ishwar Chandra’s all activities are not somehow done by him, but those were much planned works. His report regarding the reformation of the educational system of Sanskrit college is considered as the first Educational Plan by the Indians. His works and activities regarding language development and literature support the principles of educational philosophy and psychology even after a long period of three centuries.

scholarly journals An organisational cultivation of digital resignation?: Enterprise social media, privacy, and autonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (s4) ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
Christoffer Bagger
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Knowledge Workers ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Qualitative Interview ◽  
Enterprise Social Media ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Research Gap

Abstract Enterprise social media (ESM) have largely gone ignored in discussions of the datafication practices of social media platforms. This article presents an initial step towards filling this research gap. My research question in this article regards how employees of companies using the ESM Workplace from Facebook feel that the implementation of this particular platform relates to their potential struggles for digital privacy and work–life segmentation. Methodologically, I explore this through a qualitative interview study of 21 Danish knowledge workers in different organisations using the ESM. The central analytical proposal of the article is that the interviewees express a “digital resignation” towards the implementation of the ESM. In contrast to previous discussions, this resignation cannot only be thought of as “corporately cultivated” by third parties, but must also be considered as “organisationally cultivated” by the organisations people work for. The study suggests that datafication-oriented media studies should consider organisational contexts.

scholarly journals ALF - a Framework for Evaluating Accelerated Learning in Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-99
Author(s):  
Sobah Abbas Petersen ◽  
Manuel Oliveira ◽  
Kristin Hestetun ◽  
Anette Østbø Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Balance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Accelerated Learning ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Learning In Games ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Industrial Project ◽  
Aluminium Production ◽  
Research Gap

Games have long been considered as a means to support effective learning, motivate learners and accelerate their learning. Several successful studies using game-based learning are reported in the literature. However, there appears to be a research gap on systematically evaluating accelerated learning in game environments. The main research question we address in this paper is how can we evaluate accelerated learning in game-based learning environments? The main contribution of this paper will be a framework for evaluating accelerated learning in games (ALF). We will illustrate the use of this framework by describing studies conducted in the Norwegian industrial project ALTT (Accelerate Learning Through Technology), aimed at capacity building in the aluminium industry, where we have co-designed a game for accelerating learning about the electrolysis process for extracting aluminium and heat balance in the aluminium production cells.

scholarly journals For horses undergoing general anaesthesia, are rope recoveries or free recoveries better?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ffion Lloyd ◽  
Pamela Murison
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Weak Evidence

PICO question In horses undergoing general anaesthesia, does assistance with ropes result in better recoveries when compared to no assistance (‘free’ recovery)?   Clinical bottom line Category of research question Treatment The number and type of study designs reviewed One randomised, non-blinded controlled trial and two retrospective cohort studies Strength of evidence Weak Outcomes reported The three studies reviewed arrive at different conclusions regarding the utility of rope assistance in recovery from general anaesthesia in horses, but examine very different populations. The randomised controlled trial provides weak evidence that rope assistance can shorten recovery and improve recovery quality in healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I–II) horses. One retrospective cohort study provides weak evidence that rope assistance confers a reduction in fatality in both healthy and sick horses. The other retrospective cohort study provides weak evidence that rope assistance confers no benefit to horses undergoing emergency colic surgery. Both assisted and unassisted groups in each study had fatalities and all studies reported complications related to the rope recovery system Conclusion Insufficient evidence is available to permit a full recommendation regarding rope assistance during recovery from general anaesthesia in horses. Rope assistance may improve recovery time and quality in some horses. The decision to perform a rope-assisted recovery must be made considering individual patient, team and clinic factors. Rope assistance cannot prevent fatalities in recovery   How to apply this evidence in practice The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources. Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.  

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