It Began with Gymnastics…

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Vladan Vukašinović ◽  
Violeta Šiljak ◽  
Sonja Kocić ◽  
Saša Vajić
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Basic Hypothesis ◽  
The Military ◽  
Insight Into

Summary The goal of this research was to provide insight into and systematisation of data relevant for the emergence and development of gymnastics in the Principality, and later Kingdom of Serbia, based on a review of monographic and serially published sources. The basic hypothesis was founded on the expectation that a direct link would be established between gymnastics, as the pivot of the programme, as well as its forms of physical exercise, and the emergence and development of organised physical exercising system in the civilian gymnastic and Sokol associations. In this research the historical method was applied. The results presented in this paper showed that gymnastics was the first and the chief component of the military and school physical exercising programs, as well as the significant role of gymnastics in the development of civilian gymnastic, Army and Sokol associations, and in the popularisation and development of modern sports at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in Serbia. The development of gymnastics was accompanied by the provision of suitable exercising conditions, the organisation of professional courses for the gymnastics teachers and the publishing of appropriate literature.

scholarly journals The Role of Parepare Port in Trading and Shipping of Rice Commodities in South Sulawesi, 1930−1942

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Syafaat Rahman Musyaqqat ◽  
Didik Pradjoko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Colonial Government

The economic historiography in trading and shipping activity during the 20th century often linked up to the role of Makassar as the main port in Sulawesi supported the exchange of beneficial commodities, such as copra which was -deemed as the “green gold” of the archipelago. In terms of becoming the most prominent entrepot for international trading and shipping, there were also several ports in South Sulawesi that played a vital role in establishing a connection to the outside world with much more variety of commodities. It could find other commodities, such as rice, which was transported all across the archipelago. Thus, this article argues that the Port of Parepare had a significant role in the trading and shipping of rice commodities in South Sulawesi, during the age of colonial administration (1930-1942). Through the historical method, the findings show that the Port of Parepare, throughout the 1930s, the Port of Parepare was not just a collecting port for Makassar, but also became the supplier of rice from the coastal area to the hinterland. Such synergistic collaboration, between the economic potential of the hinterland, agricultural intensification program, and colonial government regulation, encouraged the Port of Parepare to become the most imminent rice exporter in South Sulawesi during the 1930s. Moreover, within the same period, Parepare was also establishing interisland networks

scholarly journals Mental Illness and Psychiatry: The 20th and Early 21st Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p57
Author(s):  
Paulann Grech ◽  
Reuben Grech
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Insight Into

The aim of this paper is to present the opposing views and tensions that characterised the evolution of psychiatry and understandings of mental health during the 20th century and the early decades of the 21st century. To this extent, the principal figures and entities that occupied the main fronts during these debates are presented during a description of the journey undertaken by psychiatry during the aforementioned years. Quotes from various original texts or their translations have been included in an attempt to recreate the spirit of the periods under study. This historical exploration provides further insight into the multifaceted world of mental health, its illnesses, treatments and the role of a number of influencing bodies that were crucial into shaping this discipline across the centuries.

Sokol Idea – Idea For The 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Kristina M. Pantelić Babić ◽  
Sladjana Mijatovic ◽  
Dejan Gavrilovic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century

SummaryCreated by the idea of Miroslav Tyrš in the second half of the 19th century as a movement of spiritual and physical strengthening of the nation, sokolism soon spread to all countries where the Slavic people lived. In that way, it reached the territory of Herzegovina as well. However, what exactly was the idea of the sokol movement, what did it develop into in the first half of the 20th century in Herzegovina and whether it is an idea that can benefit a man of the 21st century as well, are just some of the questions that the authors deal with in this research. Although Miroslav Tyrš and his sokols are typical representatives of ethnocentrism, the sokolism of Herzegovina has expanded its ideas also in another direction. Using physical exercise as a gracious food for their body and truth and zeal as food for their soul, they may have been able to hint at what is an essential need almost a century later, and that is a theoanthropocentric way of approaching man which has been used more and more lately, especially in the field of physical culture. The appointed problems authors research using the method of theoretical analysis and historical method.

Evolution of political and ideological foundations of Cuban socialism and its reflection in the Constitutions of the country

2021 ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Alexandra Arabadzhyan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Period Model

The paper investigates contemporary political and ideological shifts of Cuban socialism paying specific attention to the period of actualization of Cuban socio-economic model of development implemented since the VI Congress of the Communist party of Cuba. The analysis is based on the different variants of Cuban Constitutions and proposes three historical models of Cuban socialism (Marxist-Leninist, the model of transition and the actualization period model). Comparing the texts of the Constitutions, the study sheds light on several key aspects: the role and functions of the State and the Party, ideological problems of socialism, communism and Marxism, the evolution of the exploitation and oppression concepts, issues of equity and equality, and appeal to the figure of J. Marti. Using historical method, comparative analysis and Marxist theory, as the latter has been the base for the first model of Cuban socialism under investigation, the paper reveals the role of Marxism within the three models. The study uncovers the contradiction between postulating a significant role of Marxism within the actualization model and revision of several core Marxist principles as well as the turn towards national issues in the contemporary Cuban socialism.

scholarly journals A New Interpretation of the History of the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 or a Subjective Assessment of the Researcher?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Kuzmin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Military

The author of the book, O.S. Smyslov, interprets the military events in the area of the Khalkhin Gol river in 1939, defines the causes of the war, the role of commanders, military casualties and participants of military actions. The battle of Khalkhin Gol becomes the subject of much attention and study of Russian and Mongolian historians, especially the most complex and controversial issues of military and diplomatic history. Most of the research is original and contributes significantly to the interpretation of the military conflict, its geopolitical nature and its role in the world history of the 20th century. A new interpretation of the role of Georgy Zhukov in the crushing defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol is proposed in the monograph of the military historian O.S. Smyslov. The author of the book made an attempt to downplay and misrepresent the participation of Zhukov in the historical events. The author’s approach to the cause of the military conflict is critically examined as well as the methodology of historical research. The author of the review believes that the attempt of a new interpretation of the war in the Khalkhin Gol area is controversial and historically unconvincing. The matter merits professional discussion. There is a need to make a special encyclopedia, “The Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939”, which will enable to avoid misrepresentation of the tragic and heroic military events of history of the USSR and Russia of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Role of Government Agent in Local Administration in Sri Lanka

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
R.A.W Ranasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The Political ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
District Administration

The Government Agent (GA) represented the highest authority of the district Administration in the pre-independent Sri Lanka. A similar position known as the “Disawe” could be found in the local administration in the kandyan kingdom. The post of the disawe was replaced by the colonial post of the GA. The powers and functions of the GA made him a petty king in the district. The GA commanded his duty centering in his official place known as Kachchery. The beginning of the 20th Century, the GA played a significant role in district administration in Sri Lanka. Despoil of power and functions of the GA by the political authority were accelerated with the introduction of the Provincial Council system in 1987. Presently the GA is not other than a government servant who plays a role of a coordinator. Also GA has become a victim of the rapid process of politicization of bureaucracy.

scholarly journals Становлення професійного середовища пам'яткоохоронців в українських землях (друга половина ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Novak
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Scientific Communication ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Culture Heritage

The article deals with the analysis of the main forms of scientific communication between the monumental-protection researches at the second half of 19th – early of 20th century. The background of grow of interests to the domestic historical and culture heritage are described. The role of the Archeological Congresses in Russian Empire in the researching and popularization of Ukrainian historical and culture heritage are defined. It is also shown at the different stages between the first Archeological Congress (1869) to the World War I. The significant role of Ukrainian historians in the process of verification of information about domestic monuments is proved. The conclusion is made that the grow of interests of public to monuments of previous epochs in this period are helped to institutionalization of monumental-protection activities and spread of systematic researches of historical and culture heritage of the Ukraine.

scholarly journals Role of Business Incubation in Sustaining Small and Medium Enterprises in the Kingdom of Eswatini

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Thobile Makhosazana Dlamini ◽  
Oyebanjo Ogunlela ◽  
Chux Gervase Iwu
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Business Incubators ◽  
Business Incubation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Insight Into

What do business incubators do? Do they play a significant role in enhancing the entrepreneurial competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs)? Could they play any significant role in the development of SMEs? What are the types of entrepreneurial skills and strategies offered by business incubators in the Kingdom of (Note 1) Eswatini? These are the pertinent questions that were taken on in this paper through a desktop literature analysis, to understand the role and impact of business incubators. Themes that emerged helped to gain better insight into the roles of business incubators as well as how they overcome identified challenges. This paper concludes that further study on the role of business incubators in Eswatini may take the form of an extensive, statistical approach using empirical data to unearth business incubators’ impact on SMEs’ competitiveness and sustainability. Further to this, it is suggested that available frameworks and policies from other successful countries be examined for the benefit of the Kingdom of Eswatini.

scholarly journals Social and family life of the Serbs in Vojvodina at the beginning of the 20th century

2012 ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Sokolovska ◽  
Gordana Tripkovic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Real State

The willingness to improve the lives of the Serbs by using education primarily, led Tihomir Ostojic and the associates of Matica srpska to make an attempt to distinguish analytically the real state of Serbian ethnicity in the scope of economy, social life, moral and physical solidarity. That is how, we are proud to say, the first sociological survey in Vojvodina was created, and conducted in 1903. Gifted with scientific intuition and knowledge, the creators of the survey set the methodological rules professionally, hence, they conducted a research which, considering all its characteristics, can be compared to the principles and demands of contemporary sociological research. Questionnaire, the way the survey is named, provides the insight into the daily life of the Serbian peasantry within the scope of economy, hygiene, morale, education; the insight into the role of founded cooperatives, and much more. However, the primary goal of this survey is to analyze the desires of the readers, in order to improve and adjust the Books for the people and the other publications of Matica srpska to the population.

scholarly journals The Old City of Al Zubair. The Emergence and Physical Reality (1571-1882 Iraq)

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (27) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Firas Sami Abdulaziz Alqatrani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Reality ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The City ◽  
Constant Growth ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Suitable Environment

Abstract The natural advantages of the site of the city of Al Zubair contributed to its becoming a stable settlement for the tribes migrating from Najd and Hejaz during the last four centuries. These features gave the city a fundamental stability and constant growth, turning it, later, into one of the main cities in the region and an important commercial centre. This research study aims to examine the historical dimensions of Al Zubair's emergence, as well as the physical housing reality within the boundaries of the walled city (which represents the first phase of the city's development), and to identify the role of people adapting the local conditions of the place in ways that made it a suitable environment for human habitation. The morphological method has been used in this study of the physical reality of the city. This sequential historical method grants geography an important third dimension: time. Al Zubair is, in terms of its architecture, a history written in the form of buildings, streets, and various other facilities; it is an historic compound that cannot be comprehended without an understanding of and insight into its historical development.

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