The distribution of short and long pronouns in Maltese

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-220
Author(s):  
Benjamin Saade
Keyword(s):  
Weak Effect ◽  
Functional Diagnostics ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
The Status

Abstract This study investigates the distribution of long and short independent pronouns in Maltese. By applying proposed positional and functional diagnostics to explain the variation between short and long pronouns (copular use, modification, coordination, peripheral positions) combined with a corpus study of pronominal form, person, and text type, this study sheds light on the factors that influence pronominal form and the status of reduced person forms in Maltese. While the copular use of pronouns does have a weak effect on pronominal form (long forms preferred), a stronger effect is observed with regard to grammatical person (1 sg prefers short forms, 2 sg & 3 sg prefer long forms) and text type.

Abstractions and exemplars: The measure noun phrase alternation in German

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-771
Author(s):  
Roland Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Weak Effect ◽  
Specific Measure ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Large Corpus

AbstractIn this paper, an alternation in German measure noun phrases is examined under a varying-abstraction perspective. In a specific measure NP construction, the embedded kind-denoting noun either agrees in case with the measure noun (eine Tasse guter Kaffee‘a cup of good coffee’) or it stands in the genitive (eine Tasse guten Kaffees). Each of the two alternants is syntactically similar to a non-alternating construction. I propose a prototype model which assigns a common prototypical meaning to each of the alternants and its corresponding non-alternating construction. Based on this, I argue that lexical, morphosyntactic, and stylistic features help to predict the choice of the alternant. A large corpus study is presented which supports this analysis. However, in addition to the prototype effects, an exemplar effect is also shown to influence the choice, namely the relative frequencies with which lemmas occur in the non-alternating constructions. I argue that allowing both prototype and exemplar effects is more adequate than following radical prototype or exemplar approaches. It is also verified in two experiments that the corpus-derived model corresponds to the behaviour of native speakers. The weak effect size of the experimental validation is discussed in the context of corpus-based cognitive linguistics and the validation of corpus-derived models.

scholarly journals Phonemic status of Bangla nasal vowels: A corpus study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Md Jahurul ISLAM
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Text Corpus ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Nasal Vowels ◽  
The Status ◽  
Phonemic Status

This study investigated the phonemic status of the nasal vowels in Bangla (aka Bengali). It has been claimed for decades that all the seven monophthongal oral vowels in Bangla have phonemically contrastive nasal counterparts; however, an in-depth investigation of the status of nasality for all the vowels is lacking in the current literature. With a phoneme dictionary build from a text corpus of 8 (eight) million word-tokens and about 275 thousand word-types, this study investigated whether all the oral vowels have phonemically contrastive nasal vowels. Findings revealed that only five of the seven monophthongal vowels form phonemically contrastive relationships with their nasal counterparts; nasality in /æ/ and /ɔ/ are not contrastive phonemically.

scholarly journals Te Reo Māori: indigenous language acquisition in the context of New Zealand English

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELAINE REESE ◽  
PETER KEEGAN ◽  
STUART MCNAUGHTON ◽  
TE KANI KINGI ◽  
POLLY ATATOA CARR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Indigenous Language ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Status

AbstractThis study assessed the status of te reo Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand, in the context of New Zealand English. From a broadly representative sample of 6327 two-year-olds (Growing Up in New Zealand), 6090 mothers (96%) reported their children understood English, and 763 mothers (12%) reported their children understood Māori. Parents completed the new MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory short forms for te reo Māori (NZM: CDI sf) and New Zealand English (NZE: CDI sf). Mothers with higher education levels had children with larger vocabularies in both te reo Māori and NZ English. For English speakers, vocabulary advantages also existed for girls, first-borns, monolinguals, those living in areas of lower deprivation, and those whose mothers had no concerns about their speech and language. Because more than 99% of Māori speakers were bilingual, te reo Māori acquisition appears to be occurring in the context of the acquisition of New Zealand English.

scholarly journals Sound change in spontaneous bilingual speech: A corpus study on the Cantonese n-l merger in Cantonese-English bilinguals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Soo ◽  
Khia A. Johnson ◽  
Molly Babel
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
The Status ◽  
Crosslinguistic Influence ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
L Word ◽  
Spectral Tilt

In Cantonese and several other Chinese languages, /n/ is merging with /l/. The Cantonese merger appears categorical, with /n/ becoming /l/ word-initially. This project aims to describe the status of /n/ and /l/ in bilingual Cantonese and English speech to better understand individual differences at the interface of crosslinguistic influence and sound change. We examine bilingual speech using the SpiCE corpus, composed of speech from 34 early Cantonese-English bilinguals. Acoustic measures were collected on pre-vocalic nasal and lateral onsets in both languages. If bilinguals maintain separate representations for corresponding segments across languages, smaller differences between /n/ and /l/ are predicted in Cantonese compared to English. Measures of mid-frequency spectral tilt suggest that the /n/ and /l/ contrast is robustly maintained in English, but not Cantonese. The spacing of F2-F1 suggests small differences between Cantonese /n/ and /l/, and robust differences in English. While cross-language categories appear independent, substantial individual differences exist in the data. These data contribute to the understanding of the /n/ and /l/ merger in Cantonese and other Chinese languages, in addition to providing empirical and theoretical insights into crosslinguistic influence in early bilinguals.

scholarly journals Translator behaviour and language usage: some constraints on contrastive studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (26) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Ian Mason
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Albert Camus ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics ◽  
Machine Readable

This article concerns the phenomenon of junction, a cohesive device for signalling inter-clausal or inter-sentential relations, and its translation. The predominant finding of recent French-English contrastive studies on the topic of junction has been that, whereas there is a trend to junction-less juxtaposition in French, explicit co-ordination is preferred in English. Doubts concerning the universal validity of such a norm constitute the motivation for this study, which aims to consider:(1) the status of translator behaviour as evidence of norms of language behaviour;(2) the status of contrastive linguistics within translation studies.Examples of translations of writings by Albert Camus are then discussed in an attempt to show that translators’ decisions are sensitive to a number of contextual factors including genre, discourse and text type. My conclusions lead me to suggest some limitations on the use of quantitative studies within translation studies, including those based on analysis of machine-readable corpora.

scholarly journals Status turcyzmów "marama" i "maramica" we współczesnym języku chorwackim

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Fałowski
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function

The Status of Turkish Loanwords marama and maramica in Modern CroatianThe present article aims to investigate the status, frequency and function of Turkish loanwords marama and maramica in modern Croatian. This study attempts to compare views of Croatian linguists on these lexemes with their practical usage recorded in online corpora. The analysis demonstrates that a purist language policy applied in Croatia, especially in the 1990s, resulted in a change of status of marama and maramica in standard Croatian: these originally stylistically neutral lexemes came to be regarded as regionalisms, “worse” words or even Serbisms. On the other hand, the corpus study under discussion indicates that the loanwords marama and maramica are still popular in journalistic and official texts, where they appear in a number of new contexts. Status turcyzmów marama i maramica we współczesnym języku chorwackimGłównym celem publikacji jest zbadanie statusu, frekwencji i funkcji turcyzmów marama i maramica we współczesnym języku chorwackim. Artykuł stanowi próbę konfrontacji poglądów na temat badanych leksemów, formułowanych przede wszystkim przez chorwackich lingwistów, z uzusem poświadczonym w korpusach językowych. Badania pokazują, że purystyczna polityka językowa prowadzona w Chorwacji, przede wszystkim w latach 90. XX wieku, skutkowała zmianą statusu wspomnianych słów w standardowym języku chorwackim: te początkowo neutralne stylistycznie wyrazy zaczęto określać mianem regionalizmów, form gorszych, a nawet serbizmów. Z drugiej strony analiza korpusu pokazuje, że leksemy marama i maramica są nadal bardzo popularne w tekstach publicystycznych i urzędowych, gdzie pojawią się w licznych nowych kontekstach.

Das Deutsche und die dräuenden Apostrophe. Zur Verbreitung von ᾿s im Gegenwartsdeutschen

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Context Analysis ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms

AbstractTwo main functions are attested for the apostrophe in German: the substitution of omitted letters (‘phonographic apostrophe’) as opposed to the indication of morpheme boundaries (‘morphographic apostrophe’). While the first type of use is in accordance with the orthographical norm, the second one is not. Based on a corpus study of a total of more than 350 million word forms, the distribution of the apostrophe in a specific graphemic environment, namely before <s>, will be investigated. It will be shown that 10–20% of all apostrophes are used in case of genitive or plural formation. Furthermore, a detailed context analysis will reveal an interdependency between the different types of apostrophe and text type.

scholarly journals Popular vs. Professional Aspects of Economics Texts in English

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Magnar Brekke
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Band ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
General Question ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Intended Audience ◽  
Authentic Texts ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Economic Texts

This article takes up the important issue of distinguishing popular from professional texts using economic texts as the object of analysis. It reports on a limited corpus study of authentic texts produced by native English professionals and published for na-tive English readers, but differing in the nature of intended audience (lay/expert). Economics/electronic money transactions constituted the textual domain/subdomain, and the dominant text type was expository. Following a basic quantitative check and a tentative readability ranking the text samples were scrutinized with respect to lexical profile, frequency band penetration, terminological density and uniqueness. A detailed collocation study was then made of focal multi-word terms as well as personal pronouns. Standard corpus techniques were employed in exposing regularities and produ-cing supporting documentation. At the same time possible reflections of communicative situation, pragmatic purpose and semiotic significance were noted. An attempt was then made to integrate such internal (“linguistic”) and external (“situational”) var-iables as revealed by a comprehensive textual analysis in a synopsis intended to bring out a possible clustering of features. The general question to which an answer was sought was to what extent is each perspective necessary and/or sufficient in defining the textual genre?

The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
The Status ◽  
Si Doped ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

Fate of sperm membrane in fertilized ova

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 40-41
Author(s):  
Frank J. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sperm Membrane ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Measurement of the egg's electrical activity, the fertilization potential or the activation current (in voltage clamped eggs), provides a means of detecting the earliest perceivable response of the egg to the fertilizing sperm. By using the electrical physiological record as a “real time” indicator of the instant of electrical continuity between the gametes, eggs can be inseminated with sperm at lower, more physiological densities, thereby assuring that only one sperm interacts with the egg. Integrating techniques of intracellular electrophysiological recording, video-imaging, and electron microscopy, we are able to identify the fertilizing sperm precisely and correlate the status of gamete organelles with the first indication (fertilization potential/activation current) of the egg's response to the attached sperm. Hence, this integrated system provides improved temporal and spatial resolution of morphological changes at the site of gamete interaction, under a variety of experimental conditions. Using these integrated techniques, we have investigated when sperm-egg plasma membrane fusion occurs in sea urchins with respect to the onset of the egg's change in electrical activity.

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