scholarly journals Research of Effectiveness of „Plamostop“ Fire Retardand and Suitability of Testing Methods for Wood Flame Retardants Evaluating

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Patrik Mitrenga ◽  
Miroslava Vandlíčková ◽  
Martina Hudáková ◽  
Milada Sihelská
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Other Information

Abstract The paper deals with testing of a water-miscible intumescent fire retardant. Experiments are conducted by thermal analysis (TG/DTG, DSC), cone calorimeter and non-standardized methods for monitoring weight loss when exposed to flame burning. Based on the experiment results and other information the most appropriate methods for testing fire retardants are reviewed. All methods by which experiments have been carried out are described. Our own method for testing fire retardants was created. It is also evaluated the effectiveness of a representative fire retardant of wood by all mentioned methods. The result of the experiment is to evaluate the suitability of each method for testing of fire retardants and evaluation fire retardant “Plamostop”.

Thermal Analysis of Some Organo Bromides as Potential Flame Retardants for Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Day ◽  
D.M. Wiles
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Bromide Ions ◽  
Infrared Heater ◽  
Poly Ethylene

A technique capable of simultaneously monitoring bromide ions and an asso ciated weight loss of organic bromides when heated with an infrared heater chosen to reflect conditions similar to those encountered in the burning pro cess is described. The technique has been applied to a range of aliphatic and aromatic bromine compounds in order to evaluate their potential as candidate gas-phase combustion inhibitors for poly/ethylene terephthalate).

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF OIL PALM FIBRE COMPOSITE FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS BY CONE CALORIMETER AND THERMAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
T. O. Suoware ◽  
S. O. Edelugo ◽  
C. O. Amgbari ◽  
F. L. Sorgbara
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Loading Ratio

The high yielding of oil pam fibre reinforced composite (OPFC) to fire has necessitated research to improve and develop fire retardants (FR) to mitigate the spread of fire. Researchers relied on Flame Retardants (FR) classified as either halogenated or non-halogenated based FR to improve the performance of composites with emphasis on flammability properties (FP). The main object of this paper is to evaluate the effect of six non-halogenated FR species in OPFC to meet required fire safety standards for building purposes. The six FR species comprising aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Gum Arabic powder (GAP) and carbon black (CB) were processed with OPFC at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. Specimens cut from the OPFC panels were tested for flammability and thermal properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC Metlar Toledo) and cone calorimeter apparatus respectively. The result obtained for thermal analysis shows that the panel was thermally stable at 391.6OC before degradation began compared to those without FR while peak flammability properties obtained for heat released rates, mass loss rates and smoke production rates showed the OPFC panels rapid fire response were significantly reduced respectively by 67.4%, 50.9% and 37.5% compared to those without FR. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR comprising APP-GAP showed a stable char structure during fire and thus prevented the escape of combustible volatiles which reduced the peak FP values of the OPFC panels. These flammability properties could be said to meet required fire safety standards for building applications.

scholarly journals Manufacture of semi non-combustible wood-fiber insulation boards by inorganic fire-retardant treatment

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8235-8248
Author(s):  
Se-Hwi Park ◽  
Min Lee ◽  
Eun-Chang Kang ◽  
Sang-Min Lee ◽  
Kugbo Shim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Resistance Performance ◽  
Co Emission

Fire-retardant performance was imparted to the existing wood-fiber insulation boards (WIB) via internal and external treatment with silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants. The combustion and smoke characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter. Based on combustion for 600 s, the weight loss and shrinkage of WIBs decreased due to fire-retardant treatment. The time to ignition was delayed to more than 400 s on the WIBs treated internal and external fire- retardant (WIB-IEs), whereas that of WIB with only internal treatment (WIB-I) was 5 s. The overall heat release rate (HRR), HRRpeak, and total heat release (THR) of WIB-IE specimens decreased, and the fire resistance standard Class II was satisfied. The WIB-IE2 showed higher fire resistance performance, with a HRRmean level of 6.7 kW/m2 and a THR of 1.3 MJ/m2. The WIB-I showed extremely low total smoke release (TSR) compared to the external fire-retardant treated specimen. However, the externally treated WIB-IEs had an increased TSR of 165 to 256 m2/m2 due to the increase in incomplete combustion caused by the fire-retardant. After fire-retardant treatment, CO2 generation decreased because the rate of complete combustion decreased, but CO emission increased slightly. Therefore, silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants by internal and external treatments were suitable for WIBs.

Investigation in the kinetics of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of wood treated with fire-retardants and untreated wood

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Николай Петрович Копылов ◽  
Александр Евгеньевич Кузнецов ◽  
Елена Юрьевна Сушкина ◽  
Владимир Васильевич Яшин
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Thermo Oxidative Degradation

Разработана экспериментальная методика определения механизма огнезащитного действия антипиренов на основе изучения кинетики термической и термоокислительной деструкции древесины. Отработка методики проведена на антипирене MgCl (бишофит). Методика основывается на количественной оценке при термическом разложении древесины выхода продуктов деструкции: CO, CO, дымового аэрозоля. В качестве приборной базы используются хроматографы, фотометр фотоэлектрический для аэрозолей, спектрофотометр. Water with various additives is used during extinguishing forest fires. Fire-retardants are used as additives in most cases. The selection of fire-retardants depends on the level of increase in extinguishing effectiveness at their addition to water. The purpose of this work is to develop an experimental method for evaluating the fireproof effect of flame retardants solutions. This method is based on the investigation of the kinetics of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of treated wood with flame retardants and untreated wood. In practice, bischofite and diammonium phosphate are often used as additives. Investigations were conducted using MgCl (bischofite). The explanation of the fireproof effect of the bischofite solution is based on the study of the yield of decomposition products (CO, CO, smoke aerosol) of wood treated with fire-retardant and untreated wood. The instrument base includes chromatographs «Gasochrom 3101», «Tsvet 152», photoelectric photometer for aerosols, spectrophotometer IKS-29. Wood samples were subjected to thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation in nitrogen flow or air flow with a volume velocity of 60 ml · min. Pulse heating in the pyrolysis furnace was carried out in the temperature range from 350 to 550 °C. The significant increase in fire resistance of wood treated with fire-retardant was found as a result of researches using the proposed method. It was shown that the theory of the coating layer, thermal and gas theory of catalytic dehydration are not suitable for explaining the mechanism of fireproof action of an aqueous solution of magnesium halides. Although it is not excluded the inhibition of gas-phase oxidation of cellulose degradation products by hydrogen halides released when heating aqueous solutions of magnesium halides.

INVESTIGATION INTO THE INFLUENCE OF IMPREGNATION ON PINE TIMBER COMBUSTION USING A CONE CALORIMETER AND LARGE SCALE TESTS

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Gałaj ◽  
Zbignev Karpovič ◽  
Waldemar Jaskółowski
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Co Concentration ◽  
Piloted Ignition

Fire safety is one of the main requirements with respect to the regulations on the buildings involved into the category of human hazards. Human safety measures are applied equally to inhabitants, users, customers, spectators, etc., as well as to fire brigades taking part in the activities connected with rescue actions. Methods for emission research were applied to estimate thermo-kinetic parameters related to smoke and toxic gases. The methods fall into two types: full scale methods reflect fire conditions and small laboratory scale methods having a significantly lower degree of reflection. This paper presents the results of studies on the influence of BAK-1 and Flamasepas-2 fire retardants produced in Lithuania and applied for timber on the selected parameters of the fire environment. Experimental studies were conducted using a cone calorimeter (small scale) in the closed compartment equipped with measuring devices (full scale). The undertaken studies have demonstrated that considering some parameters, such as heat release rate (HRR), a positive effect of the lower amount of the released heat can be obtained. Unfortunately, in case of the major part of the studied parameters, including time to ignition, CO concentration and extinction parameter reflecting smokiness, worse results (shorter time, higher CO values and higher extinction coefficient) have been observed for the treated timber rather than for the non-impregnated one. The obtained results have showed combustion with piloted ignition. In case of no piloted ignition, the results were slightly different. For all studied specimens treated with fire retardants, no ignition was observed and tests were terminated following 15 minutes. CO concentration and extinction parameter (smokiness) were higher for non-impregnated timber. Full scale experiments have confirmed the above provided information; moreover, it has been found that the application of fire retardant has no significant impact on temperatures in the compartment.

Testing of Fire Retardants

2016 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelaida Fanfarová ◽  
Linda Makovická Osvaldová ◽  
Stanislava Gašpercová
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Evaluation Criterion ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Different Types

The authors deal with the importance and significance of fire retardants for fire protection in practice. The main aim of this paper is to inform the readers about the possibilities of wood modifications by fire retardants. The authors present the experiment of testing wood specimens applying the experimental scientific method of test for limited flame spread on the test bench under laboratory conditions. The results of the experiment represent fire-technical characteristics that describe the wood behavior during the process of combustion. Different types of fire retardants are evaluated according to the selected evaluation criterion - the weight loss of test specimens. The conclusion summarizes the results of the experiment and recommendations for fire retardant modification in practice.

On the Impact Caused by Titanium Dioxide of Different Trademarks on the Properties of Intumescent Fire-Protective Coatings

2019 ◽  
Vol 945 ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Ustinov ◽  
O.A. Zybina ◽  
A.V. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Rutile Titanium Dioxide ◽  
The Impact

The paper overviews the process of thermolysis of fire-retardants based on melamine, ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythtritol and containing titanium dioxide of different trademarks. The role of titanium dioxide as a component of fire-retardants is revised. Titanium dioxide was perceived only as white pigment, but this paper states that the properties of a charred layer forming from an intumescent coating depend on the properties of titanium dioxide's species, such as surface treatment and crystalline structure. This statement is proven by using thermal analysis of intumescents with different titanium dioxide's trademarks; it shows that rutile titanium dioxide helps forming a charred layer with the highest thermal stability thus fire retardant efficiency grows up. It means that the knowledge of processes which occur in intumescents based on primary products with different qualities helps to create fire-protective compositions which will perform more reliable in case of fire.

scholarly journals Fire Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Enhanced with Organic Montmorillonite and Exolit Fire Retardant

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5433
Author(s):  
Tudor Mihai Simionescu ◽  
Alina Adriana Minea ◽  
Paulo Nobre Balbis dos Reis
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

In this paper an experimental investigation on fire retardancy of a new polymer nanocomposite derived from organic montmorillonite and exolit fire retardant in an acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene copolymer by analyzing the flammability and fire behavior is described. The samples were prepared by melting and mixing nanocomposites and fire retardant in different concentrations in an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene base polymer. It was found that using only one component (organic montmorillonite or fire retardant) the burning stops in 10 s on the sample. Confirmation of synergy in flammability by combining both montmorillonite and flame retardants was noticed and is discussed regarding the flame-retardant mechanisms assessed by means of the Limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94, and cone-calorimeter methods. The acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene preparation with 15–20 wt% fire retardant and 1–2 wt% organic montmorillonite reached a UL-94 V-0 classification, contrasting with the pure acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with 15 wt% fire retardant and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with 1–2 wt% organic montmorillonite formulations, which completely burned. Finally, the samples showed a very good synergy going to a higher reduction of the peak heat release rate and to a minimum mass reduction, as obtained from cone calorimeter tests.

Mechanism and Preparation Methods of Inorganic Fire-Retardant

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 757-760
Author(s):  
Ting Ting Tang ◽  
Xing Yong Liu ◽  
Shi Xiong Hao
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

The flame-retardant mechanisms of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) that used as typical inorganic fire-retardant were illustrated. The preparation methods of the fire-retardants are reviewed. And the modification approaches and future development direction of the fire-retardants were also discussed. Although the ATH and MH are environmental friendly flame retardants, they still have drawbacks and further research is needed to improve their flame retardant properties.

scholarly journals Chlorine-Functional Silsesquioxanes (POSS-Cl) as Effective Flame Retardants and Reinforcing Additives for Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3979
Author(s):  
Anna Strąkowska ◽  
Sylwia Członka ◽  
Karolina Miedzińska ◽  
Krzysztof Strzelec
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
One Step

The subject of the research was the production of silsesquioxane modified rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams (POSS-Cl) with chlorine functional groups (chlorobenzyl, chloropropyl, chlorobenzylethyl) characterized by reduced flammability. The foams were prepared in a one-step additive polymerization reaction of isocyanates with polyols, and the POSS modifier was added to the reaction system in an amount of 2 wt.% polyol. The influence of POSS was analyzed by performing a series of tests, such as determination of the kinetics of foam growth, determination of apparent density, and structure analysis. Compressive strength, three-point bending strength, hardness, and shape stability at reduced and elevated temperatures were tested, and the hydrophobicity of the surface was determined. The most important measurement was the determination of the thermal stability (TGA) and the flammability of the modified systems using a cone calorimeter. The obtained results, after comparing with the results for unmodified foam, showed a large influence of POSS modifiers on the functional properties, especially thermal and fire-retardant, of the obtained PUR-POSS-Cl systems.

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