Wertfreiheit und Rechtfertigung von Normen im Positivismusstreit / The Positivist Dispute on a Value-Free Science and the Vindication of Norms

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckard König
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
No Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Technical Interest

AbstractThe discussion between HABERMAS and ALBERT concerning the problem of ‘Wertfreiheit’ has not yet been finally solved. For this reason it would seem desirable to clarify both positions. In the course of such an explanation, it becomes apparent that the reason for the lack of results between HABERMAS and ALBERT lies in the fact that both authors are talking at cross-purposes. Whereas ALBERT tries to prove that social sciences can be purely empirical and value-free (i.e. containing no value-judgements), HABERMAS is concerned basically not with the question of value-judgements but with that of the value-basis (Wertbasis). On the whole ALBERT assumes that the norms of modern sciences are meaningful and sensible; HABERMAS questions their foundations. His thesis on the ‘technical interest’ (technisches Interesse) does not therefore refer as ALBERT seems to believe to the question of the applicability of empirical sciences but represents an attempt to offer a foundation for these sciences. Admittedly he is only able to make his criticism by presupposing an interest in ‘herrschaftsfreie Kommunikation’ for the explanation of which HABERMAS has suggested several possibilities without as yet having achieved more than initial steps.

scholarly journals UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK MELALUI METODE DISKUSI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPS DI KELAS VIIA SMPN 4 TAPUNG HILIR TAHUN PELAJARAN 2019/2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Yami Yami
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
A Value ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Classroom Action Research

Based on the formulation of the problem, the objectives to be achieved in this study are as follows. To find out the improvement of learning outcomes after using the discussion method, in learning Social Sciences the main discussion of the location and area of Indonesia in SMPN 4 Tapung Hilir The research design set in this study is classroom action research. There are four stages in action research, namely (1) planning, (2) implementation, (3) observation, and (4) reflection. Based on the results of research conducted on students of Class VIIA IPS, amounting to 20 students, the researcher can collect data on student learning outcomes through written tests. The following are the results of pre-test and post-test learning of students taught using the discussion method. the level of mastery of students' material in the pretest as follows. value 40-46 with a frequency of 4 (20%), a value of 47 -53 with a frequency of 5 (25%), a value of 54-60 with a frequency of 4 (20%), a value of 61-67 with a frequency of 2 (10%), a value of 68-75 with a frequency of 5 (41.67%). Based on the data obtained in the pretest shows that the number of students who completed as many as 5 students or (25%), not complete as many as 15 students or (75%), while the first cycle of students who completed as many as 15 students or (75%), and incomplete 5 students or (25%).

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Watson
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
Justice Practice

Respect is a value whose importance in contemporary criminal justice many would endorse in principle. It is well established that every person, by virtue of his humanity, has a claim to respect that need not be negotiated and cannot be forfeited. Rich and ongoing debates about respect beyond criminal justice—notably, in philosophy and elsewhere in the social sciences—indicate that scholarly interest in respect surpasses disciplinary boundaries, that it is of considerable explanatory and normative scope, and that it matters. It is curious, then, that despite academic interest in the democratic design of penal institutions in recent decades, respect is more akin to a slogan than a foundational value of criminal justice practice.

Writing History: Problems of Neutrality

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-126
Author(s):  
Donald Bloxham
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Moral Evaluation ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Value Neutrality ◽  
Made In

Part 2 Writing History: Problems of Neutrality This Part of the book challenges widespread assumptions that, where it matters, it is possible or desirable for historians to avoid value judgements and the sorts of evocative descriptions that imply or could reasonably be expected to prompt such judgements. The first section distinguishes between History and particular traditions within the social sciences in order to show why the ‘rules’ about moral evaluation can be different in these differing endeavours. The second section establishes the widespread existence of evocations and evaluations in the very labelling and description of many historical phenomena, suggesting not just how peculiar works of History would look in their absence of evocations and appraisals, but that their absence would often distort what is being reported. These arguments are key to the distinction made in the third section about rejecting value neutrality as a governing ideal while insisting on truthfulness as a historian’s primary duty. The fourth section highlights the nature of most historical accounts as composites of a range of perspectives as it considers questions of context, agency, outcome, and experience. The composition gives rise to the overall impression, evaluative or evocative, provided by the work. The fifth section brings together a number of the chapter’s themes as it examines an important case of the historian’s judgement—judgement about the legitimacy of power in past worlds where legitimacy could be as contested as often today.

Intellectual Schisms in Philippine Psychology are Schisms of the Self: Meditations from an East-West Comparative Standpoint

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-318
Author(s):  
Joseph Anthony Narciso Tiangco
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Zen Buddhism ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Self ◽  
Value System ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
East West

AbstractCritical reflection on the study of psychology situates both students and practitioners in a position to ponder upon not only the conceptual, methodological, and perhaps, theoretical advances within the discipline, but more so, in rediscovering what psychology is in the first place. The first part of this paper provides a discussion on how psychology can be remembered and studied within the backdrop of a condensed history of intellectual progression. Within this context, intellectual schisms can be understood as prompted by the value system held by members of a scientific community. Such a value system, therefore, is also attributable to the emergence of contending perspectives and systems that characterize psychology within a postmodern context. The second part of this paper argues that since psychology is the study of the self, then Eastern re flections have a place in situating Zen Buddhism as it correlates with Western postmodernism. The problem of the self in Eastern philosophy is a source of rich insight in arguing that the emptiness of the self is, in fact, due to its fluidity. Given this, I conclude in this paper that the fluidity of the self accounts for the fluidity of knowledge in psychology and the rest of the social sciences. I pose the challenge that the practice of psychology in the Philippines, as a science and profession, should take on a spiritual depth in consideration of the positive values espoused by postmodernism from an East-West comparative standpoint.

scholarly journals The No ‘Ought’ From ‘Is’ Argument: Faulty Thinking in Ethics and Social Science

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Doughney
Keyword(s):  
Moral Realism ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Hilary Putnam ◽  
John Searle ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
A Value ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
Positivist Approach

According to Hilary Putnam, the ‘moral is clear: when we are dealing with any important value disagreement, we assume facts are irrelevant at our peril. No convincing logical reason can be given for the logical irrelevance of fact to value judgements, even if we accept the positivist conception of what a “fact” is.’ (2002, p. 78) This paper explores why the dichotomies engendered by the ‘positivist’ approach – fact/value, positive/normative and descriptive/evaluative – are false. The main reason, the paper argues, is that the fundamental principle underlying the approach fails. This principle, the ‘no ought from is argument’ (or the NOFIA), is the formally structured argument that a value (ought) cannot logically be derived from a fact (is). The paper rejects the NOFIA and, especially, its iconic status in economics. Using criticisms of the NOFIA by John Searle, Amartya Sen, Hilary Putnam, Vivian Walsh and Julius Kovesi, as well as the critical realist method of explanatory critique, the paper argues for a form of moral realism.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Metode Kooperatif Picture And Picture Guna Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryani Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
A Value ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Quality Of Learning ◽  
Cooperative Methods

In the teaching and learning process of Social Sciences, many problems are carried out by the teacher. One of them is some students still rely on their teacher's activities in learning, so the role of students is still very lacking. Even thought, the teacher always involving students to play an active in learning process. In contrary, students assume that the subject of Social Sciences is very boring. So that this causes a low quality of learning in Social Sciences, especially in  SMP Negeri 21 Pontianak. This cases has tickled the writer to take the theme of research on picture and picture cooperative methods to improve the quality of learning and increase the interest and activity of students in teaching and learning activities in Social Sciences.As for the techniques used of data collection is through observation by teachers and collaborators. The research involved two cycles of 42 students. While the data analysis used description with percentage techniques. Furthermore the level of activity of students and teachers is expressed in the category of "very good", "good" or "moderate", while the success of using picture and picture cooperative methods is stated as "successful", "less successful", or "unsuccessful".The results of this reseacrh with picture and picture cooperative methods have been successful, which is showing indicated by an increase in student activity of learning because it has reached the specified criteria is 81% of students are actively involved, while teacher activities reach 86.53%, as well as student learning outcomes with a value of 78.57, where this shows that it is exceeding the KKM value of 72, with a percentage of completeness of 76%, which has exceeded the criteria of 75%.

Value-Judgements in a Value-Complex Society

Contact ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Malcolm Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Complex Society ◽  
A Value ◽  
Value Judgements

On the value of a language

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN LEHMANN
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
The Public ◽  
A Value ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
The Individual

We live in an age where the extinction of languages has become a topic of discussion in many different circles. Opinions on whether the process should be stopped or considered profitable differ widely even in the field of linguistics, let alone in the public domain. A rational attitude presupposes the recognition that a language may constitute a value for some and that value judgements are controlled by more or less outspoken and divergent interests. In the case of a language, interest is taken in its maintenance (or suppression) at all the levels from the individual via the speech community and the scientific community up to mankind. These interests have to be made explicit before the value of a language can be assessed. Ultimately, such an evaluation must even be confronted with the costs that arise in the maintenance of a minority language or in the revitalization of a dying language.

scholarly journals The Values of Integration-Interconnection in the Material of Arabic Textbook for Islamic Senior High School in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sya'dullah Fauzi ◽  
Zaimatuz Zakiyah
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
High School ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
No Value ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The Times

As one of the scientific disciplines in the sociolinguistic field, Arabic is often only fixated on the concept of language without involving other scientific studies, thus giving birth to Arabic learners who are less responsive to the times. This study aims to analyze the values of integration-interconnection contained in the material in the Arabic textbook class XII Islamic Senior High School published by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, supported by other relevant documents using a literature study. The data collected in the field were analyzed using descriptive-qualitative. This study indicated that the five chapters has already contained the value of integration-interconnection between religious, scientific, and social sciences. However, there were no value in scientific knowledge found in Chapter II and III. Also, the result of this study needed to be emphasized the application of the value of integration-interconnection in Arabic learning. It is not enough to rely only on textbooks alone, but it also requires the presence of teachers who participate in extracting other scientific values. The results are expected to contribute to improving the concept of Arabic textbooks, which contain the value of integration-interconnection. Further research is expected to explore the value of integration-interconnection at every level of education.  It is highly expected that this will create Arabic language learning that can meet other scientific disciplines.

scholarly journals The Importance of Trust at the Level of Public International Law: A Contribution to Theoretical Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Duszka-Jakimko
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Community ◽  
Sociology Of Law ◽  
Effective Practice ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
A Value ◽  
Community Cooperation ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Abstract The purpose of this article is to point to trust as a value serving the coexistence of international community cooperation, as well as the elimination of global threats in public international law. The article presents selected approaches and typology of trust adopted in social sciences (with particular emphasis on the sociology of law as an auxiliary science of jurisprudence), their reference to the understanding and meaning of trust in public international law, as well as consequences in the form of shaping the quality and content of legislative solutions and practice of acting in the international arena. As a result of the conducted analyses, trust in international law can be considered in three ways: first, as trust in the binding rule established by the subjects of international law; second, as a value expressed by the axiology of international law and principles of institutional significance; third, as a requirement of effective practice that exemplifies the theoretical and axiological assumptions of law.

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