Reconceptualizing Types of Religious Organization

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Bromley ◽  
J. Gordon Melton
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Organizational Forms ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
New Religions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Economies ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Over Time

One important theoretical task in the study of religion is distinguishing among the different organizational forms that religious groups assume. The most influential typology of religious organization has been based upon distinctions of church, denomination, sect, and cult. However, the various formulations of this typology have proved problematic, theoretically and empirically, and of little use to new religions scholars. We propose a relational approach to categorizing religious groups based on the social and cultural relationship of a group to established institutions (including religion). This approach yields four types of tradition groups: dominant, sectarian, alternative, and emergent. We argue that a relationally based typology is particularly useful in mapping religious economies, conducting comparative analysis, and tracking the changing status of religious groups over time.

scholarly journals VALUING DELIBERATE BUILT-IN FLEXIBILITY IN HOUSES – EXAMPLED

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Carmichael ◽  
Reza Taheriattar
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Financial Viability ◽  
Sustainability Criteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Environmental Impacts ◽  
Over Time

People’s Housing requirements commonly transition over time, and there are financial, social and environmental impacts associated with altering and moving houses. With possible future alteration in mind, this paper looks at the viability of deliberately incorporating flexibility into houses at the time they are designed and built, as compared with no specifically incorporated flexibility (yet still possibly capable of being altered). A comparative analysis, rather than an absolute analysis, is outlined. The financial viability is performed as an options analysis, while the social and environmental matters are evaluated along life cycle assessment lines. As a case example, the paper considers the viability of incorporating deliberate two-storey flexibility into a single-storey house using Australian practices. It is shown on the case example that incorporating deliberate built-in flexibility can perform positively against all sustainability criteria – financial, social and environmental, separately or combined – however the generality of this conclusion remains to be proven.

scholarly journals The Tayyibat in Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Yousef Saa’deh ◽  
Mustafa Yuosef Saa’deh
Keyword(s):  
Religious Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The expressions of the Quran regarding the tayyibat (good things) has always carried good meanings, ethical and intellectual values, because of the relationship of the tayyibat with the worldview, the belief, and the characters of the Ummah. This is what Islam is keen to assert, protect, care for, and ensure its existence because of its importance for the continuation of Islam and its mission over time, which always makes it a fertile field for research; especially when Islam is attacked from every angle, including the tayyibat. Moreover, it is also to remind the Muslims of their religion’s constants and its teachings to help them in facing of this incoming corruption, whereby their non-Muslims promote all types of khab?ith (bad things), such as doctrines of religious groups and secularism; food and drinks such as alcohol, drugs, marijuana, and others, which requires the continued vigilance of Muslims and their keenness to protect the believes of the Ummah, its members, and their future in this regard by always studying at the tayyibat and khabaith.

Gauging inequality among pastoralists

Focaal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (45) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Binomial Series ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Social Profiles ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Relative Concept

Poverty is a relative concept that is most meaningful within the context of social inequality in a particular culture. Among pastoralists in east Africa, often with mixed economies and herds that tend to fluctuate erratically over time, the problem of assessing poverty and wealth can be resolved by examining profiles of polygyny to provide a comparable index of wealth. Several profiles are examined in relation to a mathematical model based on the binomial series, with an emphasis on its social rather than mathematical implications. These series are especially apt because they closely follow the distribution of wives in a substantial sample of African societies, and they reveal different types of balances between competition and conformity associated with age and with status. The purpose of this essay is to redefine the problem of poverty in terms of the social profiles of inequality, leading toward a comparative analysis between cultures.

scholarly journals ‘We Don't Do God’? Religion and Party Choice in Britain

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Social Cleavages ◽  
Party Choice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Party Preference ◽  
Parental Transmission ◽  
Social Conservatism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This article shows that religion has been consistently important in predicting voters’ party choices in Britain over time. The relationship between religion and party preference is not primarily due to the social make-up of different religious groups, nor to ideological differences between religious groups, whether in terms of social conservatism, economic leftism or national identity. Instead, particular denominations are associated with parties that represented those denominational groups in the early twentieth century when social cleavages were ‘frozen’ within the system. The main mechanism underpinning these divisions is parental transmission of party affiliations within denominations. These findings have important implications for how we understand both the persistence of social cleavages and the precise mechanisms that maintain social cleavages.

scholarly journals La riscoperta dell'amicizia nell'età adulta in tempo di pandemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Zannoni
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mutual Assistance ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Collective Dimension ◽  
Over Time

In recent decades we have witnessed the disruptive rise of an ultraliberalism which, by enhancing the autonomy of the individual, has given the collective dimension a primarily instrumental connotation; the affirmation of the “self-centered man” (Bertin’s definition), that pursues the experience of the world above all on the level of “possession”, has intertwined with the crisis, especially among adults, in the practice of friendship, understood as a relationship of voluntary, free interdependence, which continues over time through manifestations of sharing, complicity, intimacy, affection and mutual assistance. The social isolation resulting from the pandemic event has led to the reconsideration of the importance of friendships and to the search for new opportunities for meeting, online or face to face (possibly respecting the current restrictive rules for the containment of the epidemic), in which “being together” is predominant over “doing something together”.

scholarly journals The Efforts of Islamic Splinter Movements to Withstand from Heretical Issue in Indonesia: Study of LDII, MTA and Jam'iyyatul Islamiyah

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Zaki Faddad Syarif Zain ◽  
Anggi Wahyu Ari
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The State ◽  
New Order ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Nahdlatul Ulama ◽  
Political Milieu

This article discusses how the splinter movements in Indonesia, namely LDII (Lembaga Dakwah Islam Indonesia), MTA (Majlis Tafsir Al Quran) and JMI (Jam'iyyatul Islamiyah) can survive and develop against two constraints that are the state and Islamic orthodox group. The methods of this research-based article are both library and field research. This article uses comparative analysis from the three movements include their adaptive means to the social and political milieu in Indonesia. The movements start to grow in the 1970'. In New Order Era (1966-1998), under Suharto authoritarian regime, these movements use the state approach by joining Golkar, government political party, and help the party to win general elections. However, in the 1990 era, when Suharto starts to embrace the orthodox group, government protection to those religious groups is not enough to withstand the heretical issues that have already spread in public. The issues lead to physical persecution from the mass to these movements. Thus, the only way to survive from that conditions, the three movements start to make an approach to  orthodox groups, especially MUI (Majlis Ulama Indonesia) the mainstream group representative such as NU (Nahdlatul Ulama) and Muhammadiyah two biggest Islamic groups in Indonesia, by making dialogues and complying the Islamic mainstream standards issued by MUI.     

scholarly journals Relative educational poverty: conceptual and empirical issues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Glaesser
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Basic School ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Relevant Work ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper’s goal is to discuss implications for the empirical study of low educational status arising from the use of the concept of educational poverty in research. It has two related conceptual foci: (1) the relationship of educational poverty with material poverty and to what extent useful parallels exist, and (2) the distinction of absolute and relative (educational) poverty and whether the notion of absolute (educational) poverty is a sensible one. For the concept of educational poverty to be analytically fruitful, clear conceptualisation and operationalisation of the relevant issues are required. The paper contributes to the aim of providing these by building on existing work on educational poverty and by drawing on relevant work on material poverty as well as discussing some conceptual challenges and some of the challenges arising from the operationalisation of the concepts. Some of these challenges are illustrated using examples based on data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). In a further step, factors which may lead to a greater risk of being in relative educational poverty are analysed, employing the method multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The empirical findings highlight the relative nature of educational qualifications: the usefulness of a basic school leaving qualification has changed over time, and it has not been the same for different groups. Thus, a conceptualisation of low educational status as educational poverty has been shown to be useful, and it has been demonstrated that the relative nature of educational poverty ought to be taken into account by researchers.

scholarly journals Citizen participation in Europe: A comparative analysis from the sociopolitical contexts

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Ernesto Ganuza Fernández ◽  
Francisco José Francés García
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Questioning the social spiral deriving from participation has flared up the debate regarding the place it occupies in contemporary democracies. It does not seem possible to deny the evidence that many studies have pointed to regarding the political attitudes associated with institutionalised participation (associations). But we question in this study the fact that the whole participation phenomenon is equated with that type of participation. Our paper compares different ways of participation in a sample of European countries to, first, analyse the activities that can be linked to each form of participation and whether it can be held that they are different from the point of view of the individual. Second, we analyse the attitudes that lead individuals to choose one option over the other. We conclude that for individuals the different forms of participation are different forms of political engagement. Our study shows an evolution in non-institutional forms of participation over time that is difficult to ignore, from being expressions bordering illegality to taking them as normalised tools for citizens. We could now start to consider them from the point of view of the implications they have for democracy as a different way to exercise political influence.

REVITALISASI AGAMA DI SULUT(KASUS STUDI KELOMPOK ALIRAN SYIAH DI MANADO)

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Amin
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
The Social ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract. This study discusses the social history and development of Shiite groups in Manado. It is known in Manado that there are Shi'ite religious groups with various organizations. This study wants to answer the question: how come and the development of Shi'ite followers in Manado. Start when it comes and develops. Who are the characters, and how they relate to similar flow groups in Indonesia. Through the method of observation and in-depth interviews with various parties involved in Manado and surrounding areas, this research found several important things including: the understanding or ideological thinking of the Shi'a sect has basically been accepted since the development of Islamic activism which was rolled out after the 1979 Iranian revolution. became a religious organization along with the opening of the taps of political reform in Indonesia, precisely in 2005 when the Shiite-based study groups began to develop in Manado. The acceptance of this group is mainly due to emotional closeness both in terms of kinship or other social relations between the group figures and their followers. The acceptance of this group is also due to the phenomenon of "curiosity" about the new flow that is opposed but it actually makes new followers get a new "interesting" understanding in religion. Meanwhile, the refusal of the sect was due to unbalanced information from actual Shiite sources. The Shi'a sect in Manado is not in an extreme Shia category that infiltrates, opposes and spread hatred towards other Islamic groups. With these findings, this study recommends that the Shiite sect is not a scourge or threat to Muslims in North Sulawesi. In fact, they must be embraced to cooperate in advancing Muslims in this region. Differences in furu or non-fundametal understandings should not be used as an excuse to marginalize this group of Muslims in Manado, North Sulawesi.. Keywords: Syiah, Manado. Abstrak. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan tentang sejarah sosial dan perkembangan kelompok Syiah di Manado. Diketahui di Manado terdapat aliran kelompok keagamaan Syiah dengan berbagai organisasinya. Penelitian ini ingin menjawab pertanyaan: bagaimana datang dan berkembangnya penganut aliran Syiah di Manado. Mulai kapan datang dan berkembang. Siapa tokoh-tokohnya, dan bagaimana keterkaitannya dengan kelompok aliran serupa di Indonesia. Melalui metode observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan berbagai pihak yang terkait di Manado dan sekitarnya, penelitian ini menemukan beberapa hal penting di antaranya : pemahaman atau pemikiran ideologis aliran Syiah pada dasarnya sudah diterima sejak berkembangnya aktivisme islam yang di gulirkan pasca revolusi Iran 1979. Namun baru berkembang menjadi organisasi keagamaan bersamaan dengan dibukanya kran reformasi politik di Indonesia, tepatnya tahun 2005 saat mulai berkembangnya kelompok-kelompok pengajian berpaham Syiah di Manado. Penerimaan yang terjadi terhadap kelompok ini utamanya karena kedekatan emosi baik secara kekerabatan atau hubungan sosial lainnya antara figur-figur kelompok tersebut dengan para pengikutnya. Penerimaan terhadap kelompok ini juga karena fenomena “penasaran” terhadap aliran baru yang ditentang tapi justru membuatpengikut baru mendapatkan pemahaman baru yang “menarik” dalam beragama. Sementara itu, penolakan-penolakan terhadap kelompok aliran ini lebih disebabkan karena informasi yang tidak seimbang dari sumber-sumber Syiah yang sebenarnya. Kelompok aliran Syiah di Manado bukan dalam kategori syiah ekstrim yang mengkafirkan, memusuhi, dan menyebarkan kebencian terhadap kelompok Islam lainnya. Dengan temuan ini, penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar kelompok aliran Syiah tidak dijadikan momok atau ancaman bagi umat Islam di Sulawesi Utara. Bahkan harus dirangkul untuk bekerja sama dalam memajukan umat Islam di Wilayah ini. Perbedaan pemahaman yang bersifat furu atau bukan fundametal janganlah dijadikan alasan unntuk meminggirkan kelompok ini dari bagian umat Islam di Manado Sulawesi Utara. Keywords: Syiah, Manado.

scholarly journals PARADOXES OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOMANDREPRESSION IN (POST-)SOVIET CONTEXTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathijs Pelkmans
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Inequalities

AbstractThe religious revival that followed the collapse of the USSR provides an excellent opportunity to compare the dynamics of projects of religious freedom with those of religious repression. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Georgia and Kyrgyzstan, this article documents the contradictory effects that both repressive and liberal policies and laws have on religious expression. Thus, while Soviet anti-religious policies undeniably caused much suffering and hardship, religious repression also contributed to an intensification of religious experience among certain Muslim and evangelical groups. And while religious freedom laws expanded the scope for public religious organization and expression, they also produced new inequalities between religious groups, as the cases of Georgia and Kyrgyzstan demonstrate. Ultimately, the article shows that the effects of liberal and repressive laws are far from straightforward and need to be analyzed in relation to the social context in which they are applied.

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