scholarly journals Understanding Caking Phenomena in Industrial Fertilizers

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Aysu Ulusal ◽  
Cemre Avsar

One of the most important problems of the fertilizer industry is that fertilizers show caking tendency during transportation and storage. Caking occurs as a result of interaction at the contact points formed between solid fertilizer particles. These interactions, also called contact mechanisms, are activated by a number of properties that fertilizers have and by environmental conditions. Prevention of caking mechanism is a substantial research subject that directly affects the quality and financial value of the final product and ensures its applicability. Fertilizer in good quality can provide ease in agricultural applications, and directly affect plant nutrition and crop productivity. At this point, there are various promoter practices for obtaining the free-flowing property in fertilizers that can be maintained or suggested during or after production, both in industry and in R&D studies. In order to develop new process control points in the industry, it is important to understand the factors that cause caking and the mechanism of physicochemical interactions that progress depending on these factors. In addition, it is essential to improve the storage conditions of the fertilizer, as well as to maintain its quality until end-use. This paper focuses on the caking behavior of fertilizers in detail, giving brief information about the prevention of caking and various types of anticaking agents.

Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.


2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1073-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Holubová ◽  
Iva Chvílíčková ◽  
Vlastimil Kubáň

Extraction procedures (steam distillation, supercritical fluid extraction and solvent extraction) for isolation of monoterpene hydrocarbons from fresh needles of Picea abies and Picea omorica were optimised. The procedures were compared with the aim of minimizing consumption of needles and improving the extraction efficiency and repeatability. An influence of homogenisation procedures and storage conditions (liquid nitrogen, -18 and 4 °C) on the total content and composition of essential oils was studied. Cryogenic grinding (liquid nitrogen) combined with the extraction with cold hexane (extraction time 2 h) and subsequent GC-MS determination in freshly homogenised needles gives the best results (1.5-4 times better extraction efficiency, RSD < 10% for P. abies and < 25% for P. omorica). Limits of detections (3 S/N) for individual monoterpene hydrocarbons from units to tens of ng/g and recoveries 97.2-101.4% were found in fresh needles (calculated to fresh weight). While cooling to 4 °C is unacceptable, freezing at -18 °C for the period of 18 days in the dark gives also good results.


Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Teresa Szczęsna ◽  
Ewa Waś ◽  
Piotr Semkiw ◽  
Piotr Skubida ◽  
Katarzyna Jaśkiewicz ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of storage temperature and time on physicochemical parameters of starch syrups recommended for the winter feeding of bee colonies. The studies included commercially available three starch syrups and an inverted saccharose syrup that were stored at different temperatures: ca. 20 °C, 10–14 °C, and ca. 4 °C. Physicochemical parameters of fresh syrups (immediately after purchase) and syrups after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months of storage at the abovementioned temperatures were measured. It was observed that the rate of unfavorable changes in chemical composition of starch syrups and the inverted saccharose syrup, mainly the changes in the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, depended on the type of a syrup and storage conditions (temperature, time). Properties of tested starch syrups intended for winter feeding of bees stored at ca. 20 °C maintained unchanged for up to 6 months, whereas the same syrups stored at lower temperatures (10–14 °C) maintained unchanged physicochemical parameters for about 12 months. In higher temperatures, the HMF content increased. To date, the influence of this compound on bees has not been thoroughly investigated.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Supapohn Yamuangmorn ◽  
Suchada Jumrus ◽  
Sansanee Jamjod ◽  
Narit Yimyam ◽  
Chanakan Prom-u-Thai

Purple rice has become an interesting source of nutritional value among healthy cereal grains. The appropriate cultivation together with post-harvest management would directly benefit farmers and consumers. This study aimed (i) to determine the yield, grain nutritional quality, and antioxidant capacity of purple rice varieties grown at lowland and highland elevations, and (ii) to evaluate the effects of storage conditions on the stability of the rice nutritional value during six months of storage. The high anthocyanin PES variety grown in the lowlands had a higher grain yield than the plants grown in the highlands, but grain anthocyanin concentration had the opposite pattern. In the high antioxidant capacity KAK variety, grain yield and DPPH activity were not significantly different between plants grown at the two elevations. The storage of brown rice and vacuum-sealed packages were both found to preserve greater anthocyanin concentrations in PES, but there was no effect on the DPPH activity of KAK. The grain properties were not significantly different between storage at 4 °C and room temperature. This study suggests that the optimal cultivation practices and storage conditions would result in the higher yield and grain quality of purple rice varieties.


2021 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
pp. 117738
Author(s):  
Cathrina H. Edwards ◽  
Amalia S. Veerabahu ◽  
A. James Mason ◽  
Peter J. Butterworth ◽  
Peter R. Ellis

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Soares-Pinheiro ◽  
W. Dasso-Pinheiro ◽  
J. M. Trindade-Bezerra ◽  
W. P. Tadei

Abstract The viability of Aedes aegypti eggs was assessed in the Amazon region. The eggs were maintained under different conditions: indoors (insectarium) and outdoors (natural environment), as well as in different storage types (plastic cup, paper envelope, plastic bag) for different days. Egg viability was measured as the mean of hatchings observed from egg-bearing sheets of filter paper immersed in water, using three sheets randomly selected from each storage type and at both sites. There were significant differences in the viability of Ae. aegypti eggs with respect to the location (F=30.40; DF=1; P<0.0001), storage type (F=17.66; DF=2; P<0.0001), and time of storage (F=49.56; DF=9; P<0.0001). The interaction between storage site versus storage type was also significant (F=15.96; DF=2; P<0.0001). A higher hatching mean was observed for the eggs kept in the insectarium than for those outdoors (32.38 versus 7.46). Hatching rates of egg batches stored for 12 to 61 days ranged between 84 and 90%. A reduction was observed between 89 and 118 days, with values of 63 and 48%, respectively. With respect to type of storage, mean egg hatching was higher for the eggs in plastic cups (44.46). It was concluded that the viability of the eggs of Ae. aegypti in the Amazon region remains high up to 4 months, after which it declines drastically, although in this study hatching occurred for up to 8 months in very low percentages.


2017 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keun-Young Lee ◽  
Jimin Kim ◽  
Maengkyo Oh ◽  
Eil-Hee Lee ◽  
Kwang-Wook Kim ◽  
...  

AbstractMetal ferrocyanides (MFCs) have been studied for many years and are regarded as efficient adsorbents for the selective removal of radioactive cesium (Cs) from contaminated aqueous solutions. Although their efficiency has been demonstrated, various investigations on the physicochemical, thermal, and radiological stability of the solids of MFCs are required to enhance the applicability of MFCs in the treatment process. We observed that the Cs adsorption efficiencies of cobalt and nickel ferrocyanides decreased as their aging period increased, while the Cs adsorption efficiencies of copper and zinc ferrocyanides did not decrease. The tendencies of these ferrocyanides were accelerated by exposure of the solids at a higher temperature for a longer time. Our comprehensive analyses demonstrated that only the oxidizable metals in the MFCs can be oxidized by aging time and increasing temperature; also, this affects the Cs removal efficiency by decreasing the exchangeable sites in the solids. The chemical stability of MFCs is very important for the optimization of the synthesis and storage conditions.


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