scholarly journals Surface densification of poplar solid wood: Effects of the process parameters on the density profile and hardness

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 4814-4831
Author(s):  
Qiaofang Zhou ◽  
Chuanfu Chen ◽  
Dengyun Tu ◽  
Zhipeng Zhu ◽  
Kaifu Li
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Density Profile ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Densified Wood ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Surface Densification ◽  
Populus Tomentosa Carr ◽  
Higher Temperature

Poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) solid wood was surface densified in the tangential direction, and the vertical density profile (VDP) and hardness of the treated and untreated samples were measured. The effects of the process parameters on the VDP and hardness were investigated. To explicitly describe the VDP of the surface densified wood, five indices (AD, ADx, PD, PDi, and DTh) were used. The compressing temperature and closing speed influenced the formation and shape of the VDP. A higher temperature yielded a greater PD and Pdi, and a faster closing speed yielded a higher PD, but smaller PDi and DTh. Increasing the compression ratio increased the AD, ADx, and maximum load, and the poplar wood was compressed in the overall thickness as the compression ratio exceeded a certain degree. The Janka hardness of the poplar wood was significantly improved after surface densification; a higher temperature resulting in a higher surface hardness was explained by the higher PD. The closing speed and compression ratio affected the hardness by impacting the VDP, specifically the PD and DTh indices. When the PD and DTh were greater the surface hardness was greater. By this study, a compressing temperature of 140 to 160 °C and the closing speed of 10 mm/min is recommended, and to prevent the deformation of unheated side of the wood samples and obtain a higher surface hardness, the compression ratio is restricted to 20%.

scholarly journals Effect of spray drying process parameters on Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. dried extracts

Revista Fitos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-475
Author(s):  
Lucas Oliveira Rodrigues ◽  
Rachel Andrade de Faria ◽  
Marcos Martins Gouvêa ◽  
Carlos Augusto de Freitas Peregrino ◽  
Elizabeth Valverde Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Process Yield ◽  
Uncaria Tomentosa ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
Higher Temperature

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. (Cat's claw) is a plant member of the Rubiaceae family, from the Amazon region, and used in traditional medicine as raw material for phytomedicines indicated for arthritis and osteoarthritis. This study aimed to evaluate the spray drying process parameters on the properties of different extracts obtained from Uncaria tomentosa. A reduced 24-1 multifactorial design was applied to evaluate the importance of the equipment variables (pump speed, spray nozzle diameter, air inlet temperature, and atomization airflow rate) in the process. Maltodextrin and acacia gum were used as carriers in a 1:1 (m/m) ratio, considering the solid residue content of the liquid plant extract. Process yield, moisture, and hygroscopicity were evaluated as dependent variables. Higher atomization airflow rate led to higher process yield for powdered dried extracts with maltodextrin. Higher temperature led to lower moisture contents regarding powdered dried extracts with acacia gum. No variable, for any carrier, was considered significant for hygroscopicity. The best spray drying configuration for the desired characteristics (i.e. lower hygroscopicity and moisture) used the larger spray nozzle with a diameter of 1.2 mm and the higher temperature of 150 °C, with both carriers.

scholarly journals Weldability Investigation and Optimization of Process Variables for TIG-Welded Aluminium Alloy (AA 8006)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
T. Sathish ◽  
S. Tharmalingam ◽  
V. Mohanavel ◽  
K. S. Ashraff Ali ◽  
Alagar Karthick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Tig Welding ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Superior Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Welding Processes

Aluminium and its alloys play a significant role in engineering material applications due to its low weight ratio and superior corrosion resistance. The welding of aluminium alloy is challenging for the normal conventional arc welding processes. This research tries to resolve those issues by the Tungsten Inert Gas welding process. The TIG welding method is an easy, friendly process to perform welding. The widely applicable wrought aluminium AA8006 alloy, which was not considered for TIG welding in earlier studies, is considered in this investigation. For optimizing the number of experiments, the Taguchi experimental design of L9 orthogonal array type experimental design/plan was employed by considering major influencing process parameters like welding speed, base current, and peak current at three levels. The welded samples are included to investigate mechanical characterizations like surface hardness and strengths for standing tensile and impact loading. The results of the investigation on mechanical characterization of permanent joint of aluminium AA8006 alloy TIG welding were statistically analyzed and discussed. The 3D profilometric images of tensile-tested specimens were investigated, and they suggested optimized process parameters based on the result investigations.

Grafting polyethylene glycol dicrylate (PEGDA) to cell walls of poplar wood in two steps for improving dimensional stability and durability of the wood polymer composite

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 919-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youming Dong ◽  
Kaili Wang ◽  
Yutao Yan ◽  
Shifeng Zhang ◽  
Jianzhang Li
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wood Polymer ◽  
Higher Dimensional ◽  
Peg Treatment

Abstract Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment is an effective approach to endow wood with higher dimensional stability (DS), which is still a concern under humid conditions. In this study, poplar wood was first treated with methacryloyl chloride to introduce methacryl groups in the cell wall. Then functional PEG served as modifier, and copolymerization was conducted in the second step to prepare PEG-diacrylate (PEGDA) modified samples. The resultant wood polymer composites (WPCs) were characterized by solid state NMR, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The physical and mechanical properties of the WPCs were also evaluated, such as anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), water uptake, dynamic hydrophilicity (contact angles), and thermal stability. The results show that the copolymerized WPC achieved 51.4% ASE with leaching <3.0%. Moreover, the surface hardness and water resistance of the wood are also greatly improved.

scholarly journals Functionalized Surface Layer on Poplar Wood Fabricated by Fire Retardant and Thermal Densification. Part 1: Compression Recovery and Flammability

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demiao Chu ◽  
Jun Mu ◽  
Stavros Avramidis ◽  
Sohrab Rahimi ◽  
Shengquan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Densified Wood ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Vertical Density ◽  
Functionalized Surface

To enhance compression stability and fire retardancy of densified wood, a new modification method i.e., combined nitrogen–phosphorus (NP) fire retardant pre-impregnation with surface thermo-mechanical densification is used to fabricate a certain thickness of functionalized surface layer on poplar. This combined treated wood is investigated via vertical density profile (VDP), and the compression stability is revealed by both soaking test and cone analysis. Results demonstrate that the combined treatment hardened the surface of wood and reformed the interface combination of the NP with the wood cell wall, thus making the surface tissue more close-grained. Fire retardancy was also enhanced; the total heat release and CO generation values decreased by 21.9% and 68.4%, respectively, when compared with that of solely NP-treated wood. Moreover, surface hardness increased by 15.8%, and the recovery of surface hardness and thickness were 56.8% and 77.2% lower than that of simply densified wood. It appears that this NP-involved thermal densification could be considered as an alternative approach to enhance both the compression stability and fire resistance of wood.

Assessment of Titanium Carbide Chlorination by Statistical Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 860 ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eltefat Ahmadi ◽  
E.M. Sereiratana ◽  
S.A. Rezan ◽  
F.Y. Yeoh ◽  
M.N. Ahmad Fauzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Titanium Carbide ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Experimental Values

In present study, the effects of the process parameters on chlorination of Titanium Carbide (TiC) was studied. Besides that, process parameters were investigated by using experimental design of experiment (DOE) and statistical analysis. The chlorination of the samples was carried out at temperatures between 400 to 500°C. Effects of three parameters, namely temperature, soaking time, and molar ratio of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to hydrochloric acid (HCl) were investigated. The interaction, on the rate of chlorination of TiC were statistically evaluated by using DOE. The weight loss (wt. %) was the main response taken into account in this paper. The results of the experimental design indicated that the main significant factor for chlorination of TiC was higher temperature, soaking time and higher molar ratio of KMnO4 to HCl. DOE results have demonstrated that the highest extent of chlorination obtained at the highest weight loss (wt. %) was about 54.59 wt. % at 500°C with a soaking time of 180 minutes and KMnO4 to HCl molar ratio of 0.17 respectively. The amounted to a titanium extraction of about 96.39 %. On the other hand, the lowest wt. lost was 30.76 wt. % and this was obtained at 500°C for 120 minutes with KMnO4 to HCl molar ratio of 0.09 respectively. The results obtained from this work will be employed as a guide for the future studies on chlorination of nitrided/carburized Malaysian ilmenite or titanium oxycarbonitride. The final aim was to produce TiCl4 at low temperatures (≤500°C) using the latter samples. The experimental values are in good agreement with calculations from the statistical model.

scholarly journals Optimization of Process Parameters of Shot Peening for AISI 4340 Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Supinderjit Singh ◽  
Ankur Gil ◽  
Dhiraj Parkash Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Aisi 4340 Steel ◽  
4340 Steel ◽  
Aisi 4340

Surface modification is one of the important requirements of various components used in industrial applications. Shot peening is one of the surface modification techniques which is being widely used in automotive industry to enhance fatigue life and surface characterises of mechanical parts. In this thesis, the development of experimental set up for shot peening has been undertaken to investigate the effect of prominent process parameter on surface characterises of a given target surface. The major objective of this work is to investigate the effect of three prominent process parameters, namely Air pressure, Temperature of target surface and Stand-off distance on surface characteristics of AISI 4340 steel. The work material has been chosen keeping in view its applications in local industry related to automotive components. The performance of peening process has been measured in terms of surface hardness, surface roughness and residual stresses. An experimental design approach Response Surface Method (RSM) has been used for the design and analysis of experimental data. The effect of process parameters on performance characteristics has been depicted with the help of ANOVA. Optimal set of process parameters has been obtained on the basis of desirability approach. The optimised combination for best performance came as (Air pressure – 4.83 bars, Temperature of target surface – 30°C and stand-off distance-178 mm).

Development of Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Using Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesive

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Sagrika Behera ◽  
Seema Bhatt ◽  
Sneha Dobhal
Keyword(s):  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Resin Content ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Internal Bonding ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Screw Withdrawal ◽  
Internal Bonding Strength

Oriented strand board (OSB) was prepared using poplar wood with different resin content of phenol formaldehyde. It was observed that modulus of rupture and screw withdrawal of face and edge was more in oriented strand board as compare to solid wood. Internal bonding strength was very less in oriented strand board as compare to solid wood. It was also observed that most of the properties improve with increase in resin content.

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