Substandard carbon-containing raw materials and methods of their thermochemical processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 1-2 (183-184) ◽  
pp. 89-109
Author(s):  
Dmytro Bryk ◽  
Myroslav Podolskyy ◽  
Yury Khokha ◽  
Oleksandr Lyubchak ◽  
Lesia Kulchytska-Zhyhaylo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
The World ◽  
Thermochemical Processing

The analysis of the structure of consumption of primary energy resources in the world and in Ukraine are carried out. It is shown that in recent decades the share of coal is stable at 25–30 % and does not show a tendency to decrease. Similar patterns are observed in Ukraine too. It is established that in Ukraine the energy potential of reserves of substandard carbon-containing raw materials is commensurate with the deposits of conditioned coal and can be used to increase the country's energy security. At the same time, the deterioration of environmental indicators in the world and in Ukraine requires an increase in the level of environmental safety in the use of carbon-containing raw materials and appropriate environmental modernization of its thermochemical conversion methods. The paper reviews the methods of thermochemical processing of substandard carbon-containing raw materials (pyrolysis and coking, hydrogenation, gasification) and shows that the gasification process, which allows processing of various substandard fuel resources in terrestrial and underground conditions, is the most promising for environmental safety use. It is shown that developed terrestrial gasification methods are characterized by insufficient productivity of gas generators, significant capital costs for their installation and negative impact on the environment. In addition, terrestrial processing of low-quality coal is not a waste-free technology and does not solve the problem of “secondary” gasification residues recycling. Some of these shortcomings can be eliminated by using the method of underground gasification, in which there is no need to extract coal to the surface, and secondary waste remains underground.

ANALYSIS OF KEY TRENDS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COAL MARKET (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA)

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Cherechukin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The World ◽  
Coal Market ◽  
National Economies

The article provides an analysis of key trends in the international market, using the example of the countries of Northeast Asia. In 2019, the world coal market amounted to 1,424.5 million tons, of which 78.1% are energy grades to produce electricity and heat, and 21.9% are in metallurgy, the reserves of which are significantly less. The import coal market of the countries of Northeast Asia in 2019 was already 680 million tons, covering 48% of the entire world coal market. The paper provides an overview of the key importers and exporters of coal in the world, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the supplied raw materials, and analyzes the key factors affecting the pricing of coal. In the conclusions, the main trends in the international coal market of the countries of Northeast Asia are presented, including "geographical" — the shift of the center of world trade from Europe to Asia, and "types and quality of imported coal" — an increase in the share of high-quality premium energy and coking (metallurgical). Trends can be clearly seen in the countries of Northeast Asia, which actively use coal, and are making efforts to decarbonize their national economies, while intensifying inter-fuel competition with other primary energy sources.

scholarly journals INNOVATIVE METHODS OF SEPARATION OF GLYCEROL-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS FROM BIOFUELS

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Yurii Polievoda ◽  
Serhiy Burlaka
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Aquatic Flora ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Transport consumes about 20% of the world's primary energy, mainly oil. This situation is unacceptable for countries that do not have their own oil reserves and want a stable economy and energy independence. Communities in many countries recognize that these problems continue to accompany the use of road transport and have long paid serious attention to the use of alternative fuels for vehicles, including biofuels, natural gas and hydrogen. However, in the current increase in the number of food industry facilities, it is necessary to deal with food products that have a negative impact on the environment (food fats). According to some data, the amount of garbage per day can range from a few kilograms to tens of tons. Approximately 90% of diesel biofuels (DBs) are mainly derived from processed oils and raw materials, including fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin that are recyclable. Biofuel is a biologically harmless product. In contact with water, the wine does not harm aquatic flora and fauna. In water or soil, it undergoes almost complete biological decomposition. Combustion of diesel biofuels emits much less carbon dioxide (CO2) than combustion of conventional fuels. Of course, there are drawbacks. First, biofuels have low frost resistance. Undiluted biofuel damages rubber hoses and gaskets. Biofuels have a certain shelf life. Due to increased maintenance costs, deposits can contaminate fuel equipment and filters during operation. Particular attention should be paid to the free glycerin that remains during production. The article considers biofuel production technologies and methods of glycerin removal. The focus is on devices that allow you to remove glycerin mobile. As a result, a faucet was proposed in which a filter was installed to remove residual glycerin and a study of its operation using the FlowVision program was performed. The simulation model of operation of the mixer with reception of indicators of its work is executed.

scholarly journals Economic-mathematical model of obtaining commodity products of the green construction department of the Krasnoyarsk city

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012056
Author(s):  
N Haydenok ◽  
V Chumakov ◽  
N Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The article deals with the possibility of obtaining marketable products from plant raw materials obtained as a result of urban landscaping and gardening in Krasnoyarsk. The aim of this scientific research is to create an effective system of recycling environmentally friendly organic waste, and thus to reduce the negative impact on the environment and ensure environmental safety. The material of the research is organic waste from pruning of trees, bushes and lawn mowing, as well as means of production for their processing. A linear programming method was used in the work. Solving the posed optimization problem according to the chosen criteria and established systems of restrictions, we will receive either the maximum income, or the minimum costs, or the maximum productivity. It is realistic to formulate the optimization problem seasonally. Economic effect is achieved by reducing the cost of landfill disposal and obtaining a profit from the sale of commercial products made from green organic waste. The project is planned to be implemented on the basis of Krasnoyarsk municipal enterprise “Green Building Department”. The prospect of this research is to reduce the amount of waste by maximising recycling and incorporating it into the economy.

scholarly journals Recycling building materials is the ideal way to protect the environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 09046
Author(s):  
Arkadiy Larionov ◽  
Raheem Al-Rubaye Saba Jasim
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
The World ◽  
The Ideal

Annotation. At the present time, the issues of combating environmental pollution are especially acute in the world. At various scientific and public platforms, the sources of the negative impact on the environment and ways to restore the ecosystem are discussed. The purpose of this article is to consider one of the main sources of environmental pollution - construction waste. Having studied a number of works on this topic and summarizing the results obtained, the authors give a detailed description of environmentally hazardous construction waste. At the same time, the authors propose a solution to this problem, which consists in the recycling of waste, that is, in the reuse of unnecessary things for the purpose of subsequent use as raw materials, energy, materials and consumer products. The authors argue that recycling waste can be safe and profitable, with great returns. Thus, the recycling of environmentally hazardous, in this particular case, construction waste will contribute not only to solving environmental issues, but also to improve the economic situation of the state.

scholarly journals Problem of environmental safety during construction (analysis of construction impact on environment)

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 07006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Smirnova ◽  
Yuliya Larionova
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
System Level ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Construction Activity

The article provides an analysis of construction influence on the environment, the environment-forming function of the construction activity has also been studied. The assessment of environmental factors has been made on the basis of interdisciplinary approach. The conducted assessment of state and dynamics of eco-economic interaction between the construction activity and the environment, the basis of sustenance of the urban and agricultural economy in Russia, has demonstrated the investment potential of production of the construction materials. However, the raw materials are mined by the open pit; the lands of agricultural purpose get requisitioned for the pits. All this shows an ecological inefficiency of the construction industry growing from year to year. A direct demolition of natural eco-systems in the local areas contradicts the attractiveness of ecological construction in the framework of movement to the sustainable development of the country. The system “construction – vital activities environment” has been reviewed as an eco-economic equilibrium, as a criterion of the authentic system-level development. It is necessary to increase the quality of ecological monitoring. The performed analytical helps to come to a conclusion that notwithstanding the developed basic provisions of institutional policy a negative impact of construction on the environment impedes the development of ecologically-oriented investment and construction activity and sustainable development of the country.

scholarly journals Sustainability in the Chemical Industry in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Gabriele Azevedo Garcia ◽  
Carolina Cabral Netto ◽  
Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Sustainability Reports

ABSTRACT Over the past few decades, the Chemical Industry has shown a high growth rate resulting in higher consumption of raw materials, natural resources and also higher waste generation. In this context, a more sustainable attitude was adopted by the industry in order to reduce its negative impact, the results of such efforts are published in Sustainability Reports. However there are only but a few academic papers related to the subject, the objective of this graduation project is to help to fill this gap by presenting, through the analysis of sustainability reports of ten companies previously selected and by their economic, social and environmental indicators, the level of quantitative and qualitative application of sustainability in the processes, policies and culture of the chemical industry. The reports were analyzed by means of Excel Spreadsheets that were elaborated based on GRI guidelines, containing the description of the topic or sustainability indicator and also a field designated to the inclusion of relevant information that was exposed in the report. For the qualitative analysis, the companies were grouped by sector of performance and/or similar processes, enabling the development and analysis of relative indicators. It was also performed a qualitative assessment of the GRI application levels. The analysis of relative indicators allowed us to understand and measure the level of sustainability across industries that, together with the other analysis, allowed the authors to conclude that sustainability in the national chemical industry is at an early stage , where the industry is currently focusing its attention on aspects of energy consumption, water and emissions, further progress in the area requires greater investments in research and development of cleaner processes and that result in less waste. Keywords:Chemical Industry; Sustainability; Sustainability - indicators

Features of vegetable production in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Т.Н. Сурихина ◽  
Р.А. Мещерякова ◽  
Г.А. Телегина
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Ground

В статье рассмотрены результаты влияния пандемии COVID-19 на экономику и овощеводство России. Вспышка COVID-19 создала дисбаланс в мировой экономике. Введенные странами карантинные меры, предпринимаемые для сглаживания распространения пандемии, негативным образом повлияли на экономическую ситуацию в мире и экономику отдельных стран, в том числе России. Нарушение цепочки поставок товаров привело к росту цен на сырьевые и продовольственные товары, к закрытию предприятий и увольнениям. Введение ограничений на экспорт товаров снизило объемы импорта. В январе 2021 года по сравнению с январем 2020 года снижение импорта в России по продовольственным товарам и сырью для их производства составило 4,2%, по овощам – 11,5%. Цены на ввозимые в страну овощи в 2,5–3,4 раза превышали цены на экспортируемые. Однако потери в овощеводстве из-за пандемии оказались минимальными. Валовой сбор овощей в целом по стране в 2020 году составил 13,8 млн т., что на 1,7% ниже уровня 2019 года. При этом валовые сборы овощей открытого грунта сократились на 3,1%, овощей защищенного грунта – выросли на 6,6%. Возникли трудности с реализацией овощей, так как в кризисный период из-за пандемии COVID-19 спрос на овощи упал на 30%. Кроме того, население переключилось на более дешевые овощи. Правительства различных стран мира для поддержания производителей и потребителей предприняли ряд мер. The results of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the Russian economy and vegetable growing are considered. The COVID-19 outbreak has created an imbalance in the global economy. The quarantine measures imposed by countries to mitigate the spread of the pandemic, continue to have a negative impact on the economic situation in the world and the economy of individual countries, including Russia. Disruptions in the supply chain of consumer and industrial goods have led to higher prices for raw materials and food products, to business closures and layoffs. The introduction of restrictions on the export of goods has reduced the volume of imports. In January 2021, compared to January 2020, the decrease in imports for food products and raw materials for their production was 4.2%, for vegetables – 11.5%. The prices of imported vegetables were 2.5–3.4 times higher than the prices of exported vegetables. The losses in this area due to the pandemic were minimal. The gross harvest of vegetables in the whole country in 2020 amounted to 13.8 million t, which is 1.7% lower than in 2019. At the same time, the gross harvest of open ground vegetables decreased by 3.1%, and of protected ground vegetables increased by 6.6%. There were difficulties with the sale of vegetables. During the crisis period, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for vegetables fell by 30%. The population switched to cheaper vegetables. To support producers and consumers world countries governments undertook measures.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the criteria for evaluation of complex infrastructure of the socio-economic projects in the context of digitalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 11004
Author(s):  
Irina Kryuchkova ◽  
Elena Smorodina ◽  
Oksana Belyantseva ◽  
Elena Serebryakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation

The formation and development of the waste processing industry is important in the social and economic life of society. Ensuring environmental safety, rational nature management and minimizing the negative impact of waste on the environment are priority areas for the development of the Voronezh region. Currently, the regional system for managing municipal solid waste is being modernized through the formation of inter-municipal environmental waste processing clusters (IEWC). In this regard, the need to study the issue of assessing the effectiveness of ongoing measures to form an integrated infrastructure for safe waste management is very relevant, especially in the context of digitalization. The analysis of the system of target indicators of the federal and regional levels for the disposal, disposal and disposal of waste. As a result of the study, it was concluded that environmental indicators prevail in the management system in the field of safe waste management. The team of authors examined the variety of properties and characteristics of socio-ecological clusters and, on the basis of a comparative analysis, highlighted criteria by which it is possible to assess the results of digital transformation and the efficiency of the functioning of the sphere of safe waste management in our region. Using the results of this study will make it possible to analyze and control the degree of achievement of the objectives of the regional program for the modernization of the waste management sector in order to make effective management decisions in the context of digital transformation.

scholarly journals Main Directions of Russian Developments of Prospective Structures of Water-Cooled Supercritical Pressure Reactors

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
I. G. Sharaevsky ◽  
◽  
N. M. Fialko ◽  
A. V. Nosovskyi ◽  
L. B. Zimin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Process Characteristics ◽  
Supercritical Parameters

An analytical review of the evolution of attempts to create, schematic and constructive solutions for energycooled nuclear reactors with nuclear steam overheating and supercritical parameters of the working fluid in the conditions of the former USSR and the Russian Federation was made. A comparison of a number of major technical and economic characteristics of main developments of tube and tank reactors is made, the available information on the results of experimental and industrial operation of AMB reactors structures is considered, their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated in terms of technical perfection, reliability, technical and economic performance as well as environmental safety. The expected reduction in capital costs of 40% during the transition of nuclear power units with a capacity of 1,000 MW to single-circuit promising SCWR reactors is achievable only if the steam temperature rises to 625 °C, which has not yet been mastered even in traditional power engineering. The specific energy intensity of reactor’s active zones promising Russian developments under the SCWR program is in most cases extremely high, which will have a negative impact on the characteristics of nuclear safety. The conclusion is made concerning the high probability of a significant increase in the accident rate of the SCWR reactor cores, due to the insufficient study of the heat transfer process characteristics on the heat transfer surface of the TVEL under the conditions of supercritical parameters of the coolant, in particular, such phenomena as pseudo film boiling and thermoacoustic vibrations. In general, insufficient level of completeness of the latest Russian developments and lack of final conceptual projects were noted, which does not provide sufficient grounds for choosing promising schematic and constructive decisions necessary for making reasonable forecasts about the possibility of using supercritical parameters of the coolant in the modern nuclear power industry in the near future.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliia Poliakova ◽  
Larysa Yaremko ◽  
Oksana Shayda
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the analysis of trends in international trade in the conditions of current global challenges, including the pandemic that led to the introduction of quarantine restrictions, lockdown, and closure of national borders causing one of the largest economic crises in the last century. The article also aims to substantiate the role of exports for economic development of countries. Important global trends that have been observed are identified, the processes of development of the sphere of international trade are determined, and the position of the World Trade Organization in the researched issues is highlighted. The article outlines the peculiarities of the application of a number of measures aimed at regulating foreign trade flows including a significant restriction of exports of certain categories of goods and simplification of import procedures for goods needed to combat the pandemic in the countries of the world. An econometric model (a panel regression model) is constructed to illustrate the dependence of the gross domestic product of the twenty leading countries on their exports of goods and services. The study proves that the growth of exports of goods and services will directly lead to GDP growth. It is substantiated that, in the conditions of emergence and long-term action of the trends and with a simultaneous absence of means preventing the negative influence of global factors on international trade in general and foreign trade of separate countries of the world, there is a danger of reduction of their role as an important factor of economic growth. The trends of development of foreign trade of Ukraine are considered in the period of the pandemic, in particular its commodity and geographical structure, rates of change of volumes of trade flows. The stress is laid on the high export-oriented raw materials, the steady trend of import dependence and the preservation of the negative balance of the foreign trade balance of our country. The common features and differences in the processes of foreign trade operations by the EU member states and Ukraine are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the need to create effective response mechanisms at the state level that can reduce the negative impact of global challenges on the country’s foreign trade.

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