scholarly journals Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3898-3905
Author(s):  
Hamid Salehiniya ◽  
Mehdi Raei
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Lip Cancer ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Alcohol Control ◽  
The World

Background: One of the most common cancers is squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck which is a serious health challenge worldwide. Considering the importance of knowledge of incidence, death and risk factors in prevention programs, this study was conducted to investigate the incidence, mortality and risk factors for oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Methods: A search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. The search keywords included: oral cavity or lip cancer, epidemiology, incidence, mortality, risk factors, and a combination of these terms. Studies that referred to epidemiological aspects of oral cavity and lip cancer epidemiology and risk factors were included in the review. Results: The five countries with the highest number of cancer of the oral cavity and lip included India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men versus women, 5.5 and 2.5 per hundred thousand, respectively). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral cavity cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for this type of cancer was 1.9 per 100,000 people in the world (2.7 vs. 1.2 in every 100,000 of men vs. women, respectively). The most important risk factors for oral and lip cancer include tobacco smoke, alcohol drinking, viral infections, exposure to sunlight, and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective.

Cancer epidemiology and public health

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-42
Author(s):  
Paolo Boffetta ◽  
Zuo-Feng Zhang ◽  
Carlo La Vecchia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Epidemiology And Public Health

Neoplasms continue to dominate globally as one of the major sources of human disease and death. There are multiple modifiable causes of cancer and understanding their attributable risk factors for each cancer is of importance. This chapter covers the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the experimental and epidemiological approaches as determinants of the main cancers. Even if major discoveries in the clinical management of cancer patients will be accomplished in the near future, the changes will mainly affect the affluent part of the world population. Promising approaches focused on prevention of the known causes, reducing its consequences, notably in resource-constrained settings are highlighted.

scholarly journals Herpesviruses in Head and Neck Cancers

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Wołącewicz ◽  
Rafał Becht ◽  
Ewelina Grywalska ◽  
Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Head And Neck Cancers ◽  
Sinonasal Tract ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
The World

Head and neck cancers arise in the mucosa lining the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx. The etiology of head and neck cancers is complex and involves many factors, including the presence of oncogenic viruses. These types of cancers are among the most common cancers in the world. Thorough knowledge of the pathogenesis of viral infections is needed to fully understand their impact on cancer development.

scholarly journals Swine Dysentery

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Burrough
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
The World ◽  
Industry Consolidation ◽  
And Control

Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality. This disease is most often observed in grower–finisher pigs, wherein susceptible pigs develop a significant mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis following infection with strongly hemolytic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. While swine dysentery is endemic in many parts of the world, the disease had essentially disappeared in much of the United States by the mid-1990s as a result of industry consolidation and effective treatment, control, and elimination methods. However, since 2007, there has been a reported increase in laboratory diagnosis of swine dysentery in parts of North America along with the detection of novel pathogenic Brachyspira spp worldwide. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in swine dysentery and Brachyspira spp infections in pigs, particularly in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. This review provides an overview of knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of swine dysentery, with insights into risk factors and control.

Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Infection Respiratory Tract

The respiratory tract can be infected by a diverse group of viruses that produce syndromes ranging in severity from mild colds to fulminant pneumonias. Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality throughout the world; influenza and pneumonia were the most prevalent infectious causes of death during the 20th century in the United States. This review contains 8 figures, 26 tables and 87 references. Keywords: Virus, infection, respiratory tract, antiviral, pneumonia, croup, pharyngitis, epidemic, pandemic, outbreak

scholarly journals Cancer Epidemiology: A Survey of Modifiable Risk Factors for Prevention and Survivorship

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Arem ◽  
Erikka Loftfield
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
Current State ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
And Control

Approximately 40% of men and women in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives. There have been dramatic developments in our understanding of cancer development and progression in recent decades, leading to improvements in screening and treatment, and in turn greater numbers of survivors living longer after diagnosis. Epidemiologic evidence of lifestyle-related factors and cancer risk and survival has been explored extensively in the published literature, with recommendations for cancer prevention and control and strategies for implementation evolving over time. This review summarizes the burden of cancer, general measurement issues in cancer epidemiology, and the current state of the science in specific lifestyle-related risk factors and cancer. It is estimated that one third to one half of cancers could be prevented by healthier lifestyle choices.

scholarly journals Selected Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer and Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Szaboova V. ◽  
Svlhrova V. ◽  
Hudeckova V.
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Positive Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Reduce Risk

Abstract The article provides a review of literature on risk factors and cofactors for cervical cancer and barriers to cervical cancer screening. Cofactors of cervical cancer are risk factors that contribute to the development of cervical cancer but are not able to generate cancer on their own. Risk factors and cofactors of cervical cancer have been clearly identified in many studies. Therefore cervical cancer is a preventable type of cancer. The aim of this article was to describe in more detail the barriers to cervical cancer screening among women all over the world. The barriers to cervical cancer screening can be sorted according to the results of studies into five main groups: informational, psychological, socio-economic, behavioral and cultural, and geographical. Efforts to reduce risk factors and cofactors of HPV infection and cervical cancer and to increase knowledge about screening are necessary in a positive approach to preventing cervical cancer in society and to promote women’s health.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Interventions to Improve HPV Vaccination Coverage

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Edison J. Mavundza ◽  
Chinwe J. Iwu-Jaja ◽  
Alison B. Wiyeh ◽  
Blessings Gausi ◽  
Leila H. Abdullahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
The World

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Although most HPV infections are transient and asymptomatic, persistent infection with high-risk HPV types may results in diseases. Although there are currently three effective and safe prophylactic HPV vaccines that are used across the world, HPV vaccination coverage remains low. This review evaluates the effects of the interventions to improve HPV vaccination coverage. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and checked the reference lists of relevant articles for eligible studies. Thirty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Our review found that various evaluated interventions have improved HPV vaccination coverage, including narrative education, outreach plus reminders, reminders, financial incentives plus reminders, brief motivational behavioral interventions, provider prompts, training, training plus assessment and feedback, consultation, funding, and multicomponent interventions. However, the evaluation of these intervention was conducted in high-income countries, mainly the United States of America. There is, therefore, a need for studies to evaluate the effect of these interventions in low-and middle-income countries, where there is a high burden of HPV and limited HPV vaccination programs.

scholarly journals The Presence of HPV in Dental Calculus: It’s Role in Pathogenesis of Oral and Cervical Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunardhi Widyaputra ◽  
Natallia Pranata ◽  
Ignatius Setiawan ◽  
Jamas Ari Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Dental Calculus ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Proliferation Capacity ◽  
E6 And E7

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection accounts for approximately 5.2% of the worldwide human cancer burden. Molecular epidemiologic evidence clearly indicates that certain types of HPV are the principal cause of both cervical and oral cancers. Major oncoproteins E6 and E7 can inactivate p53 and pRB proteins because it happened genome instability and dysregulation host cell cycles. This virus is an epithelial tropism, vulnerable area mainly at the basal layer and epithelial stem cell, because it still has a high proliferation capacity, so it can support the replication of the virus. Virions bind initially to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG). More than 99% cervical cancer arise at the cervical transformation zone. In oral cavity, exposed areas of the basal layer will be very susceptible to HPV infection. The HPV presence in the oral area is considered as one of the etiologics of oral cancer in those who do not have bad habits such as smoking, betel chewing, or poor oral hygiene. Our study successfully identified HPV type 58 in dental calculus. Dental calculus, calcified oral plaque biofilm, has been shown to be an abundant, nearly ubiquitous, and long-term reservoir of the ancient oral microbiome, including bacteria, archaea, eukaryote, and viruses. During biomineral maturation process, several biological contents around the oral region should be trapped, including the exfoliated virus contained cells. Dental calculus is a promising source of HPV and carcinogens molecules in the oral cavity and could be used as a biomarker for early detection.

scholarly journals Linking Obesity with Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology and Mechanistic Insights

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Ye ◽  
Yue Xi ◽  
Zhiying Huang ◽  
Pengfei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
The World ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Unmet Medical Needs

The incidence of obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC) has risen rapidly in recent decades. More than 650 million obese and 2 billion overweight individuals are currently living in the world. CRC is the third most common cancer. Obesity is regarded as one of the key environmental risk factors for the pathogenesis of CRC. In the present review, we mainly focus on the epidemiology of obesity and CRC in the world, the United States, and China. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms linking obesity to CRC in different aspects, including nutriology, adipokines and hormones, inflammation, gut microbiota, and bile acids. The unmet medical needs for obesity-related CRC are still remarkable. Understanding the molecular basis of these associations will help develop novel therapeutic targets and approaches for the treatment of obesity-related CRC.

scholarly journals DNA Methylation and HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Takuya Nakagawa ◽  
Tomoya Kurokawa ◽  
Masato Mima ◽  
Sakiko Imamoto ◽  
Harue Mizokami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
Aberrant Dna Methylation

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), especially oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), has recently been found to be significantly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The incidence of OPSCC has been increasing and surpassed the number of cervical cancer cases in the United States. Although HPV-associated OPSCC has a relatively better prognosis than HPV-negative cancer, approximately 20% of HPV-associated HNSCC patients show a poor prognosis or therapeutic response, and the molecular mechanism behind this outcome in the intermediate-risk group is yet to be elucidated. These biological differences between HPV-associated HNSCC and HPV-negative HNSCC are partly explained by the differences in mutation patterns. However, recent reports have revealed that epigenetic dysregulation, such as dysregulated DNA methylation, is a strikingly common pathological feature of human malignancy. Notably, viral infections can induce aberrant DNA methylation, leading to carcinogenesis, and HPV-associated HNSCC cases tend to harbor a higher amount of aberrantly methylated DNA than HPV-negative HNSCC cases. Furthermore, recent comprehensive genome-wide DNA-methylation analyses with large cohorts have revealed that a sub-group of HPV-associated HNSCC correlates with increased DNA methylation. Accordingly, in this review, we provide an overview of the relationship between DNA methylation and HPV-associated HNSCC.

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