PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF PROBLEMS OF CURRENT INTEREST IN NEONATAL PEDIATRICS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-501
Author(s):  
LEONA BAUMGARTNER
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Previous History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Standards Of Care

The salient facts regarding fetal, neonatal and infant mortality in the United States are presented, using the most recent national figures available, or those from other large population groups. A plea is made for the use of perinatal mortality rates in order to obtain a better picture of the success of current programs designed to reduce infant loss. Six areas for future attack are suggested: 1. Development of several research institutes to study the problems of human reproduction from a multidiscipline approach. 2. An organized program to raise standards of care in all lying-in hospitals with particular emphasis on activities which can be carried on by nurses and doctors at the local level. 3. Further experimentation with and development of ways to supply better service or pay for medical care for certain groups. More attention could be paid to regional plans whereby services of large medical centers are brought to smaller, less well cared for areas; to hospitalizing women with previous history of or current complications of pregnancy, including labor; to providing expert pediatric and obstetric consultation more freely, to supplementing the prenatal diet, et cetera. 4. Acceleration of activities which bring about closer cooperation between obstetric and pediatric services with full cooperation of general practitioners, nurses, nutritionists and all those involved in the care of mother and baby. More local studies of neonatal deaths with the studies used as the basis for community action and professional education. 5. Development of better prenatal service for all mothers in the local community. 6. Continued experimentation with methods of solving the many social problems created by the low economic and social status of those families which contribute so heavily to fetal and neonatal mortality rates today.

scholarly journals State Preparedness for Crisis Standards of Care in the United States: Implications for Emergency Management

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Annie E. Ingram ◽  
Attila J. Hertelendy ◽  
Michael S. Molloy ◽  
Gregory R. Ciottone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
State And Local

Abstract State governments and hospital facilities are often unprepared to handle a complex medical crisis, despite a moral and ethical obligation to be prepared for disaster. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has drawn attention to the lack of state guidance on how hospitals should provide care in a crisis. When the resources available are insufficient to treat the current patient load, crisis standards of care (CSC) are implemented to provide care to the population in an ethical manner, while maintaining an ability to handle the surge. This Editorial aims to raise awareness concerning a lack of preparedness that calls for immediate correction at the state and local level. Analysis of state guidelines for implementation of CSC demonstrates a lack of preparedness, as only five states in the US have appropriately completed necessary plans, despite a clear understanding of the danger. States have a legal responsibility to regulate the medical care within their borders. Failure of hospital facilities to properly prepare for disasters is not a new issue; Hurricane Katrina (2005) demonstrated a lack of planning and coordination. Improving disaster health care readiness in the United States requires states to create new policy and legislative directives for the health care facilities within their respective jurisdictions. Hospitals should have clear directives to prepare for disasters as part of a “duty to care” and to ensure that the necessary planning and supplies are available to their employees.

Evaluating Public Participation Mechanisms in LA21 Programs in Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Hardev Kaur Latchimanan Singh ◽  
Shamsinar Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Agenda 21 ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Local Agenda 21

Objective - The role of local government in LA21 is important in order to harness local level participation. In Malaysia, as in many other countries, the need to engage the public in sustainable development issues has shifted the focus to more decentralized and bottom up approaches in harnessing public participation in achieving sustainable development. This means that local authorities as the leading partners in LA21 need to work with the local community and the private sector to develop community action plans for sustainability under Local Agenda 21(LA21). Thus, the overall goal of the study is to determine how participation can best be implemented in LA21 programmes in selective councils by evaluating the key participatory mechanisms that have been employed by the councils. Methodology/Technique - This is a qualitative study that was conducted on four specific councils in West and East Malaysia to determine the effectiveness of the participatory mechanisms used in LA21 programs. The main methods of data collection were through the use of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and document analysis. Findings - The overall conclusion is that the councils were still using the conventional methods to encourage public participation and hence were not able to enhance public participation in the LA21 program. Novelty - The study will not only create a framework for local councils intending to implement a bottom-up approach to participation but also establish a base-line description of participatory mechanisms in LA21 programmes to encourage further research in this area of evolving LA21 research. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Public Participation; Participatory Mechanisms; Local Government; Local Agenda 21; Sustainable Development. JEL Classification: H83, Q01.

The Effect of Casinos on Local Labor Markets: A County Level Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Cotti
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
County Population ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Scott Adams ◽  
Changes Over Time

The economic outcomes surrounding the dramatic spread of “Las Vegas” style casinos in the United States has become a point of great interest and inquiry both politically and academically. Prior research has tended to focus on regional studies and provided uniform conclusions regardless of differences in the nature of the community. Moreover, much of the previous empirical work fails to account for local level trends during estimation. By using a comprehensive data set on employment and earnings from across the US, and by including county-specific trends, this research hopes to alleviate these earlier concerns, as well as help reconcile differences in the early literature surrounding casino effects on related industrial sectors. Basic findings suggest that counties experience an increase in employment after a casino opens, but there seems to be no measurable effect on average earnings. More detailed analysis reveals that the effect on industries related to casinos is somewhat mixed, but in general mildly positive, as casinos provide a positive employment and earnings spillovers into the surrounding local community. Intertemporal estimation suggests that the casino effect changes over time, but also finds that time effects vary across sectors. Estimates of how overall effects vary across different population sizes find that employment growth is inversely related to county population. Finally, additional estimation finds little impact on employment levels in neighboring counties, although there are some small effects in certain industries.I would like to thank Scott Adams, Scott Drewianka, John Heywood, James Peoples, McKinley Blackburn, Keith Bender, Don Siegel, Gary Anders, Doug Walker, and Mike Wentz for their helpful suggestions.  I would also thank David Mustard and Earl Grinols for their help with the data.  Dain Johnson provided valuable research assistance.

scholarly journals A quick guide to effective grassroots advocacy for scientists

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (16) ◽  
pp. 2155-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellyann N. Jones-Jamtgaard ◽  
Connie M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Scientific Training ◽  
Science Funding ◽  
Grassroots Advocacy

The current political climate in the United States has mobilized scientists to become more cognizant of the need to advocate for sustainable science funding from the federal government and for acceptance of evidence-based policy making that relies on the best available scientific data. Many scientists, however, do not learn about science policy or how to advocate in Washington, D.C., or at the local level as part of their scientific training. Here we explain why science advocacy is important and provide steps on how to get involved by communicating with elected officials and engaging in the local community.

scholarly journals 393. Prevalence of HIV in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 and Associated Mortality Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S266-S266
Author(s):  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Anna E Ssentongo ◽  
Emily S Heilbrunn ◽  
Ping Du
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Population ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Cochrane Library

Abstract Background As of June 3rd, 2020, the number of confirmed cases of novel SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, was approximately 6,538,456, with 386,503 deaths globally. Individuals with pre-existing conditions are particularly susceptible to and more likely to die from Covid-19. However, individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are unique due to their use of antiretroviral therapy, including protease inhibitors, which have been used to treat COVID-19. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the prevalence and prevalence of HIV in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and delineating the mortality rates. Methods MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases and medrxiv.org were searched from January 1st, 2020, to June 15th, 2020. Studies reporting on the prevalence of HIV among hospitalized COVID-19 patients among and outcome of mortality were extracted. Two reviewers independently extracted appropriate data of interest and assessed the risk of bias. All analyses were performed using random-effects models on log-transformed proportions and risk ratio estimates, and heterogeneity was quantified. Results A total of 144,795 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were identified from 14 studies (United States 8, Spain 3, China 1, Italy1, and Germany 1). The pooled prevalence of HIV in COVID-19 patients was 1.22 % [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61%-2.43%)] translating to a 2-fold increase compared to the respective local-level pooled HIV prevalence in the general population of 0.65% (95% CI: 0.48%-0.89%. When we stratified the analysis by country, pooled HIV prevalence among COVID-19 patients in United States (1.43%, 95% CI: 0.98% -2.07%) was significantly higher compared to Spain (0.26%, 95% CI: 0.23%-0.29%) but not different from China (0.99 %, 95% CI: 0.25 %-3.85%). The pooled mortality rates in HIV-positive patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 14.1 % 95% CI: 5.78%-30.50% and was substantially higher in the United States compared to other countries. Conclusion The prevalence of HIV among COVID-19 patients may be higher compared to the general population, suggesting higher susceptibility to COVID-19. The mortality rates are high but vary significantly across countries. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Community action and the regulation of alcohol availability: Modelling the connections

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Peter D'abbs
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Local Action ◽  
Alcohol Availability ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Laws And Regulations

In Australia, as in other countries, recent initiatives aimed at reducing alcohol-related harm have focused on the local community as the site of interventions, and in many cases have included local controls on alcohol availability as a key component. In this process, liquor licensing authorities – as the statutory agency primarily responsible for regulating alcohol availability – have been called upon to act as instruments of public health. Historically, however, their primary function has not been to promote public health, but rather to maintain orderly markets. Moreover, their power to intervene in market processes has in many instances been curtailed under deregulatory policies accompanying globalisation. Taken together, these trends generate a need for a theoretically-informed understanding of the role of liquor licensing bodies and other regulatory agencies in a context of locally-based initiatives aimed at reducing alcohol-related problems. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for meeting this need. Liquor regulatory systems are seen as agencies of social control mandated by the state. Three key components of these systems are identified: 1) laws and regulations governing the activities of liquor licensing authorities; 2) the structure and resourcing of agencies established to uphold the laws and regulations, and 3) practices through which decisions are reached by the licensing authorities. Each of these has influence independently of, but also in interaction with, each other. The initiation of local action focusing on alcohol problems generates a complex social field within which economic and political agencies, some operating at a purely local level, others at a national or even global level, compete to promote and defend their interests, and in which culturally ascribed beliefs and practices associated with drinking alcohol at the micro-social level are endorsed, challenged and/or defended. Within this field, liquor licensing authorities become agencies upon which competing claims are made. The processes involved can be analysed in terms of four phases: 1) agenda setting and problem definition; 2) specification of alternatives; 3) decision-making; 4) implementation. The components and processes outlined in the paper are illustrated with reference to instances of local action in northern Australia. The model proposed will serve, it is argued here, as a framework for more systematic comparative analysis of such local actions.

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