The Effect of Casinos on Local Labor Markets: A County Level Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Cotti
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
County Population ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Scott Adams ◽  
Changes Over Time

The economic outcomes surrounding the dramatic spread of “Las Vegas” style casinos in the United States has become a point of great interest and inquiry both politically and academically. Prior research has tended to focus on regional studies and provided uniform conclusions regardless of differences in the nature of the community. Moreover, much of the previous empirical work fails to account for local level trends during estimation. By using a comprehensive data set on employment and earnings from across the US, and by including county-specific trends, this research hopes to alleviate these earlier concerns, as well as help reconcile differences in the early literature surrounding casino effects on related industrial sectors. Basic findings suggest that counties experience an increase in employment after a casino opens, but there seems to be no measurable effect on average earnings. More detailed analysis reveals that the effect on industries related to casinos is somewhat mixed, but in general mildly positive, as casinos provide a positive employment and earnings spillovers into the surrounding local community. Intertemporal estimation suggests that the casino effect changes over time, but also finds that time effects vary across sectors. Estimates of how overall effects vary across different population sizes find that employment growth is inversely related to county population. Finally, additional estimation finds little impact on employment levels in neighboring counties, although there are some small effects in certain industries.I would like to thank Scott Adams, Scott Drewianka, John Heywood, James Peoples, McKinley Blackburn, Keith Bender, Don Siegel, Gary Anders, Doug Walker, and Mike Wentz for their helpful suggestions.  I would also thank David Mustard and Earl Grinols for their help with the data.  Dain Johnson provided valuable research assistance.

Local Labor Market Inequality in the Age of Mass Incarceration

2020 ◽  
pp. 003464462096602
Author(s):  
Luke Petach ◽  
Anita Alves Pena
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Level Data ◽  
White Poverty

We contend that the rise of mass incarceration in the United States can be framed through the lens of stratification economics, which views race- and class-based discrimination as a rational attempt on behalf of privileged groups to preserve their relative status and the material benefits which that status confers. Using the first (to our knowledge) local-level data set on incarceration rates by race, we explore the relationship between income inequality, poverty, and incarceration at the commuting zone level from 1950 to the present. Consistent with Michelle Alexander’s hypothesis that expansion of the penal system and the rise of “tough on crime” policy were efforts by privileged groups to drive a wedge into working-class political coalitions formed out of the Civil Rights Movement, we find that labor markets with greater inequality experienced larger increases in the overall incarceration rate. Furthermore, we find that relative rates of poverty play a key role in explaining differential effects of mass incarceration across race. Areas where White poverty rates were large relative to non-White poverty rates experienced no significant change in White incarceration, but an expansion of non-White incarceration. These findings have implications for policies related to economic and judicial systems.

The Political Economy of Deficit Spending: A Cross Comparison of Industrialized Democracies, 1955–90

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Hahm
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Industrialized Democracies ◽  
Parliamentary Systems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Presidential Systems

The postwar deficit experiences of nine industrialized democracies are analyzed. The relative importance of three of the primary influences on a country's deficit which have been suggested in the literature: (1) the state of the country's economy, (2) the ‘left – right’ ideology of the party in power, and (3) the strength of the party in power (as advanced by Roubini and Sachs) are examined. The author also introduces and tests the importance of an additional potential influence based on institutional structure in which presidential, ‘stable’ parliamentary, and ‘unstable’ parliamentary systems are seen to provide different incentives regarding the deficit for key political actors. The arguments are tested on a pooled time-series cross-sectional data set involving two presidential systems (France and the United States), four relatively stable parliamentary systems (Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom), and three relatively unstable parliamentary systems (Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands). The findings include: (a) strong effects of the state of a nation's economy on its deficit; (b) little systematic relationship between the ideology of the party in power and its deficit; and (c) the observation that increased control of the government leads to lower deficits in unstable parliamentary systems but larger deficits in presidential systems, with stable parliamentary systems serving as an intermediate case. The findings are compared both with the author's theoretical refinement and with recent theoretical and empirical work by Roubini and Sachs.

scholarly journals A Data Adaptive Model for Retail Sales of Electricity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Marcelia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Adaptive Model ◽  
Retail Sales ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Specific Cost ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Data Adaptive

When fitting a model to a data set, the goal is to create a model that captures the trends present in the data. However, data often contains regions where the underlying model changes or exhibits shifts in certain parameters due to economic events. These locations in the data are known as changepoints, and ignoring them can result in high error and incorrect forecasts. By developing a specific cost function and optimizing using the genetic algorithm, we are able to locate and account for the changepoints in a given data set. We specifically apply this process to the retail sales of electricity in the United States by examining data sets from each state's residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. We demonstrate that, when changepoints are accounted for, model trends can be computed more accurately. We specifically explore this in the case of data sets that exhibit changepoints due to the 2020 (and ongoing) pandemic.

PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF PROBLEMS OF CURRENT INTEREST IN NEONATAL PEDIATRICS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-501
Author(s):  
LEONA BAUMGARTNER
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Previous History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Standards Of Care

The salient facts regarding fetal, neonatal and infant mortality in the United States are presented, using the most recent national figures available, or those from other large population groups. A plea is made for the use of perinatal mortality rates in order to obtain a better picture of the success of current programs designed to reduce infant loss. Six areas for future attack are suggested: 1. Development of several research institutes to study the problems of human reproduction from a multidiscipline approach. 2. An organized program to raise standards of care in all lying-in hospitals with particular emphasis on activities which can be carried on by nurses and doctors at the local level. 3. Further experimentation with and development of ways to supply better service or pay for medical care for certain groups. More attention could be paid to regional plans whereby services of large medical centers are brought to smaller, less well cared for areas; to hospitalizing women with previous history of or current complications of pregnancy, including labor; to providing expert pediatric and obstetric consultation more freely, to supplementing the prenatal diet, et cetera. 4. Acceleration of activities which bring about closer cooperation between obstetric and pediatric services with full cooperation of general practitioners, nurses, nutritionists and all those involved in the care of mother and baby. More local studies of neonatal deaths with the studies used as the basis for community action and professional education. 5. Development of better prenatal service for all mothers in the local community. 6. Continued experimentation with methods of solving the many social problems created by the low economic and social status of those families which contribute so heavily to fetal and neonatal mortality rates today.

scholarly journals A quick guide to effective grassroots advocacy for scientists

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (16) ◽  
pp. 2155-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellyann N. Jones-Jamtgaard ◽  
Connie M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Scientific Training ◽  
Science Funding ◽  
Grassroots Advocacy

The current political climate in the United States has mobilized scientists to become more cognizant of the need to advocate for sustainable science funding from the federal government and for acceptance of evidence-based policy making that relies on the best available scientific data. Many scientists, however, do not learn about science policy or how to advocate in Washington, D.C., or at the local level as part of their scientific training. Here we explain why science advocacy is important and provide steps on how to get involved by communicating with elected officials and engaging in the local community.

scholarly journals The Price of Wind: An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Wind Energy and Electricity Price across the Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3363
Author(s):  
John Dorrell ◽  
Keunjae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Wind Energy Development

This paper quantifies the long-term impact of wind energy development on electricity prices across the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors in the United States. Our data set is made up of state level panel data from 2000 through 2018. This time period covers the vast majority of total wind energy capacity installed in the history of the USA. Our econometric model accounts for the primary factors that influence electricity prices, incorporating both fixed effects and general method of moments in order to more precisely isolate the effect of wind energy. The empirical results conclude that wind energy is positively and significantly related to electricity prices across all sectors, as indicated by the higher average electricity prices in states with higher percentages of wind energy. The price increase is largest in the industrial sector, followed by commercial, then residential. Wind turbine technology has become significantly more efficient, but the technical gains have been offset by the increased indirect costs of incorporating wind energy into the grid. Transmission and balancing costs have increased the final price to consumers. Our results highlight the need to view wind energy development from a more holistic perspective that accounts for structural and systemic costs. This will ensure the continued growth of wind energy. These results provide relevant insight to help wind energy developers, policy makers, and utility companies build a more sustainable energy future.

The Web of Production: The Economic Geography of Commercial Internet Content Production in the United States

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A Zook
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Industrial Sectors

This paper provides a description and analysis of the clustering behavior of the commercial Internet content industry in specific geographical locations within the United States. Using a data set of Internet domain name developed in the summer of 1998, I show that three regions—San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles—are the leading centers for Internet content in the United States in terms both of absolute size and of degree of specialization. In order to understand better how the industrial structure of a region impacts the formation of the Internet content business, I provide an analysis of how the commercialization of the Internet has changed from 1993 to 1998 and explore the relationship between existing industrial sectors and the specialization in commercial domain names. Over time there appears to be a stronger connection between Internet content and information-intensive industries than between Internet content and the industries providing the computer and telecommunications technology necessary for the Internet to operate. Although it is not possible to assign a definitive causal explanation to the relationships outlined here, this paper provides a first step in theorizing about the overall commercialization process of the Internet.

scholarly journals New Legal Realism's Rejoinder

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY SHAFFER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Legal Realism ◽  
Third Stream ◽  
Legal Positivist ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis rejoinder responds to criticisms by Jan Klabbers and Ino Augsberg of ‘The New Legal Realist Approach to International Law’ (Leiden Journal of International Law, Volume 28:2, 2015). The New Legal Realism brings together empirical and pragmatic perspectives in order to build theory regarding how law obtains meaning, is practised, and changes over time. In contrast with conceptualists, such as Augsberg, legal realists do not accept the priority of concepts over facts, but rather stress the interaction of concepts with experience in shaping law's meaning and practice. Klabbers, as a legal positivist, questions the value of the turn to empirical work and asks whether it is a fad. This rejoinder contends that the New Legal Realism has deep jurisprudential roots in Europe and the United States, constituting a third stream of jurisprudence involving the development of sociolegal theory, in complement with, but not opposed to, analytic and normative theory.

Confronting the Problems of Professional Sports: A Public Policy Response to Franchise Relocation and Stadium Subsidization

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor F Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Sports Finance ◽  
Sports Venues ◽  
Benefits And Costs

During the past decade, forty-six professional sports venues were constructed in the United States, while only 16 expansion teams were created by the major sports leagues. Nearly two thirds of these newly built stadiums and arenas were funded with public tax revenues, despite substantial evidence showing no positive economic impact of new sports stadium construction on local communities. In reviewing the economic literature, this article investigates the role of professional sports organizations in the construction and public subsidization of new sports venues. Franchise relocation and public stadium subsidization is a direct result of the monopoly power of professional sports leagues, whose franchise owners extract large subsidies from their host communities by threatening to relocate to viable alternative locations. After explaining how the most common methods of stadium subsidization project a disproportionate allocation of the benefits and costs of hosting a professional team to local community interests, this article outlines several considerations for local policymakers who seek to reinvigorate public discussion of equity concerns in professional sports finance.

State Medical Boards' Perceptions of a Minimum Data Set and Current Practices for Collecting Physician Information

2013 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Young ◽  
Philip Davignon ◽  
Margaret B. Hansen ◽  
Mark A. Eggen
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minimum Data Set ◽  
Direct Patient Care ◽  
Physician Workforce ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Minimum Data ◽  
State Medical Boards ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Current Practices

ABSTRACT Recent media coverage has focused on the supply of physicians in the United States, especially with the impact of a growing physician shortage and the Affordable Care Act. State medical boards and other entities maintain data on physician licensure and discipline, as well as some biographical data describing their physician populations. However, there are gaps of workforce information in these sources. The Federation of State Medical Boards' (FSMB) Census of Licensed Physicians and the AMA Masterfile, for example, offer valuable information, but they provide a limited picture of the physician workforce. Furthermore, they are unable to shed light on some of the nuances in physician availability, such as how much time physicians spend providing direct patient care. In response to these gaps, policymakers and regulators have in recent years discussed the creation of a physician minimum data set (MDS), which would be gathered periodically and would provide key physician workforce information. While proponents of an MDS believe it would provide benefits to a variety of stakeholders, an effort has not been attempted to determine whether state medical boards think it is important to collect physician workforce data and if they currently collect workforce information from licensed physicians. To learn more, the FSMB sent surveys to the executive directors at state medical boards to determine their perceptions of collecting workforce data and current practices regarding their collection of such data. The purpose of this article is to convey results from this effort. Survey findings indicate that the vast majority of boards view physician workforce information as valuable in the determination of health care needs within their state, and that various boards are already collecting some data elements. Analysis of the data confirms the potential benefits of a physician minimum data set (MDS) and why state medical boards are in a unique position to collect MDS information from physicians.

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