COST-BENEFIT RATIO OF RAISING CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-927
Author(s):  
Martin Harris
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wage Earners

"...the motivation to restrict fertility is essentially a question of the balance between the benefits and costs of parenthood. With industrialization, the cost of rearing children increases—especially after the introduction of child labor laws and compulsory education statutes—because the skills which a child must acquire in order to earn a living and be of benefit to its parents take longer to learn. At the same time, the whole context and manner in which people earn their livings becomes transformed. The family ceases to be the locus of any significant form of production activity (other than that of cooking meals and begetting children). Work is no longer something done by family members in or near the family or business. Rather, it is something done at an office, store, or factory in the company of other people's family members. Hence the return flow of benefits from rearing children hinges more and more on their economic success as wage earners and their willingness to help out in the medical and financial crises that parents can expect in their waning years. The availability of painless contraception and the altered structure of economic tasks—the contraception revolution and the job revolution—provide the key to many puzzling aspects of contemporary social life. Longer life spans and spiraling medical costs make it increasingly unrealistic to expect children to give comfort and security to their aging parents. Thus we are in the process of substituting old-age and medical insurance programs for the preindustrial system in which children took care of their aged parents.

scholarly journals Family and fertility: does kin help influence women’s fertility, and how does this vary worldwide?

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Sear
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Reproductive Decisions ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Kin Support ◽  
Salient Factor ◽  
Context Specific

AbstractDespite the tendency of some academic disciplines to assume that the nuclear family is normative, the family takes a number of different forms cross-culturally. Regardless of family form, family members typically cooperate in raising children. Intergenerational help (from grandparents to parents and children), for example, is a cross-cultural universal. Such cooperation means that the availability of kin may be one salient factor in deciding whether and when to have children. Here I consider the evidence for whether the availability of kin does influence fertility, and whether these relationships vary cross-culturally. I find evidence from middle and lower income populations that the presence of kin does increase fertility, and that these relationships are plausibly driven by cooperation between family members. In higher income contexts, associations between kin and fertility are mixed, and appear particularly sensitive to how kin availability and support is measured. There is some evidence that certain measures of support from kin (such as emotional support or help with childcare) increases the likelihood of subsequent births, but kin support is not always positively associated with fertility. Family matters for fertility, then, though these relationships may be complex and context-specific. Policy needs to take this diversity into account, and should not focus exclusively on the nuclear family model, nor neglect the roles other family members play in reproductive decisions.

scholarly journals WORKING WITH A DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY IN THE SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SYSTEM IN POLAND

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Galina Beiger
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Family System ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Assistance System ◽  
Pedagogical Tools ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Disadvantaged Families

Dysfunctional families are families that fail to fulfill the protective and educational function of their children. They are conflicted, affected by addictions, unadapted to life, inefficient in education. The situation of these families is a challenge for the Polish social assistance system. As part of social work with these families, a number of different methods are used, among others empowerment, interdisciplinary work model, work with family assistants, psychological therapies, school for parents, Family Group Conference and day support facilities. The work methods used involve family members based on their resources and aim to ensure that families use their strengths and acquire appropriate care and upbringing skills, achieve balance and gain greater independence in functioning, and regain control over their own lives. Сhanges that take place in social life cause weakening of social ties and the role of the family as a basic environment of human upbringing. Many Polish families are unable to perform the protective, educational, economic, preventative functions of their members, including children. Particularly disadvantaged families - affected by addictions, illnesses, disorders, unadapted to life and ineffective in education - pose a serious threat to the development of children, but also a great challenge for the social assistance system. For many years, social assistance institutions have usually been a source of financial resources to support these families. The current development of the family support system tends to develop effective methods of working with families, these pedagogical tools can be used by social workers and family assistants. Their essence is to influence the restoration of relationships between family members, the improvement of relations and communication, the desire for family reintegration. To this end, actions are taken based on the developed procedures based on the resources inherent in the family to make changes in the functioning of the family system through the forces of its members. The effectiveness of social work with disadvantaged families is enhanced by interdisciplinary activities that involve the use of the knowledge, experience and professional skills of various institutions and non-governmental organizations. Nowadays, the best way to work with such a family is to involve the so-called human factor, which embodies the professionalism and effectiveness of the assistance provided. A crisis family is increasingly perceived as an entity responsible for their own destiny. Working with the family using the above mentioned methods takes into account not only the deficiency of its functioning, but above all its strengths and potentials, which allows it to gradually regain balance, stability and take control of their life.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT OF FAMILIES RAISING CHILDREN WITH HIV-POSITIVE STATUS

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vasilevna LEVCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Infected Child ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Support Strategies ◽  
The Family

We consider the theoretical foundations of structural and functional model aimed at providing social and pedagogical support to families raising children with HIV-positive status. Modern statistical materials confirming the relevance of the problem are analyzed, in connection with which it is obvious that the number of infected people and, as a consequence, their problems of various nature: medical, legal, psychological, social, pedagogical. It is concluded that the diagnosis of HIV infection has a greater impact on the change in social status and has gender differences. An important aspect of the proposed work is the statement of the fact that the support of families raising an HIV-infected child remains one of the important problems of modern Russia. Analyzing the causes of the existing problems of the named category of families, we consider as the primary the low level of knowledge about the disease, methods of infection and protection measures, which, as a result, reduces the level of their social activity. The main content is focused on the description of the structural and functional model of social and pedagogical support for families raising a child with HIV-positive status and involving such components as target, conceptual, content-technological and effective. We present a detailed review of each component. The basic approaches to solving the problem are analyzed, among which the personal-social-activity approach is defined as the main one, which is connected with the need to integrate the educational effects of the environment on the individual in the process of activity. A crucial part is to identify the key principles on the basis of which social and pedagogical support for families raising an HIV-infected child is based. We considers such principles as consistency, complexity, variability and flexibility of social and pedagogical interaction, individual orientation. Their detailed content is presented. Determining the content of direct activities with the family, we insist on the use of various support strategies, which provides a basis for the rational use of the entire depth of social resources. Paying special attention to the level of subjectivity of the family, we determine its criteria and divides them into three groups. Such classification is necessary not only for scientific purposes, but has a high practical significance for specialists, volunteers and representatives of public organizations that provide social and pedagogical support for these categories of families. The support strategies are aimed at organizing evidence-based, competent social and pedagogical support for families raising children with HIV-positive status, ensuring their active participation in social life, the implementation of their social and personal needs, protection of rights and interests.

scholarly journals The Dimensions Of Womens Contribution To The Workforce In Agriculture: The Turkey Case

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulent Gulcubuk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
The Family ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Women In Agriculture

In less developed and developing countries, women make less use of the benefits resulting from development. Women take part in every stage of production and also shoulder the difficulties of life loaded onto them by their roles within and outside the family. However, the use, distribution, and management of the income created in the family is unjust, and women do not have access to sources such as loans. Women are negatively affected by both the traditional social class structure and the inequality between the socially defined gender roles and statuses. This situation becomes more apparent for especially women who work in agriculture in rural areas. Although women’s contribution to the workforce is high due to the fact that they work as unpaid agricultural workers in rural areas, the employment of women in agriculture decreases due to the general decrease of employment in this sector. Women working in agriculture cannot continue taking part in the workforce when they leave the sector or when they move to another region. Women who do take part in the workforce, do low status work requiring no qualifications and without any job security.  This may result in women being isolated from work life as well as social life. In Turkey, where social gender roles are shaped by social factors, that is, social gender based distribution of responsibilities, women are usually considered to be responsible for housework and raising children.  To a large extent, the domestic responsibilities of women prevent them from searching for a job and joining the work force. Women are expected to first be a housewife and mother. In rural areas, women are unpaid family workers who do agricultural work as an extension of their domestic work. These features of women’s life in rural areas make it necessary to study, discuss and find solutions to the problems of women in rural areas, and to develop relevant strategies.

scholarly journals FAMILY - INSTITUTE FOR FORMATION OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Khayrullayev Chorikul Kazakovich ◽  
Khayrullayeva Zuhra Chorikulovna
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Words Family

The article analyzes the essence of the ongoing reforms in the country to strengthen the institution of the family. It also explores the spiritual and educational mechanisms to strengthen the institution of the family, emphasizing the importance of the Eastern thinkers' views on raising children in the family. KEY WORDS- Family, relations with family members, upbringing of a child, cultural heritage.

Experiences of discrimination by people with schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Increase Ibukun Adeosun ◽  
Abosede Adekeji Adegbohun ◽  
Oyetayo Oyewunmi Jeje ◽  
Tomilola Adejoke Adewumi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unfair Treatment ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Level

Purpose – The label of schizophrenia attracts a high level of stigma; consequently, people with schizophrenia are victims of unfair treatment and have limited access to decent livelihood and basic opportunities. However, most studies on stigma have overlooked the experiences of patients with schizophrenia. The purpose of this paper is to assess the experience of discrimination by patients with schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – A descriptive cross-sectional study. Out-patients with schizophrenia (n=150) were interviewed with the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC 12) at the Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. Findings – The majority of the respondents (86.7 per cent) had been avoided by people who knew they had schizophrenia. Unfair treatment was experienced by 71.3 per cent from family members, 62.7 per cent from friends, 32 per cent in social life and 28.7 per cent in intimate relationships, and 38.7 per cent in personal safety. The most commonly reported unfair treatment was inappropriate physical restraint (e.g. chains and ropes) applied by family members and beating. About eight out of ten (79.3 per cent) respondents concealed their illness. Originality/value – The findings indicate that people with schizophrenia in Nigeria experience high levels of discrimination, some of which contravenes their basic human rights. The unfair treatment experienced within the family context excludes people with schizophrenia from engaging in basic social relationships, education and the pursuit of life opportunities. Legislations should be reviewed to protect patients from unfair treatment and violation of their human rights. There is also need to equip them with strategies to cope with stigma.

scholarly journals Kepedulian orang tua terhadap pendidikan anak untuk menyelesaikan program wajar 9 tahun

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Halim K Malik ◽  
Sumarno Sumarno
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
School Dropouts ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
The Family ◽  
Children’S Education ◽  
Children Education ◽  
Interest And Motivation

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang: (1) perhatian orang tua terhadap pentingnya pendidikan dalam hidup bermasyarakat. (2) tanggung jawab orang tua dalam menyediakan fasilitas pendidikan bagi anak. (3) orientasi nilai yang dijadikan dasar oleh orang tua dalam pendidikan anak. (4) faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kepedulian orang tua dalam pendidikan anak untuk menyelesaikan wajib belajar 9 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis perbandingan tetap yaitu analisis domain, analisis taksonomi dan analisis tema, pengambilan kesimpulan dan verifikasi, sedangkan untuk mencapai kredibilitas data menggunakan ketekunan pengamatan dan triangulasi. Hasil penelitian adalah: (1) perhatian orang tua terhadap pendidikan anak sangat rendah, karena dipengaruhi oleh persepsi bahwa sekolah hanya untuk sekadar mengajarkan membaca, menulis dan berhitung. (2) orang tua tidak menyediakan fasilitas pendidikan di rumah sebagai penunjang proses belajar yang didapat di sekolah. (3) tingginya angka anak putus sekolah diakibatkan oleh nilai yang dianut oleh orang tua yang menganggap sekolah bukan jaminan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak. (4) faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kepedulian Orang tua adalah tidak merespon secara positif program wajib belajar 9 tahun, dan minat dan motivasi belajar anak yang justru bersumber dari lingkungan keluarga itu sendiri.Kata Kunci: kepedulian orang tua, pendidikan wajib belajar 9 tahun Parents' Attention to Children Education in Completeing 9 Year Compulsory EducationAbstractThis research is. The purpose of to describe about: (1) parental attention to the importance of education in social life. (2) the responsibility of parents to provide educational facilities for children. (3) the orientation value basis by parents in children's education. (4) factors that influence the awareness of parents in the education of children to complete nine years of compulsory education. This study employed descriptive qualitative approach. The technique of collecting data through interviews, observation and documentation. The data obtained were analyzed using comparative analysis remains the domain analysis, taxonomic analysis and theme analysis, deduction and verification, in order to achieve credibility observational data using persistence and triangulation. The results are: (1) parental supervision of children's education is very low, because it is influenced by the perception that the school is just for teaching reading, writing and arithmetic. (2) parents do not provide educational facilities at home to support learning acquired in school. (3) high rates of school dropouts due to the values embraced by parents who think school is not a guarantee to get a decent job. (4) the factors that influence parents concerns are not responding positively to 9-year compulsory education program, and the interest and motivation of children would come from the family itself.Keywords: parental care, basic education

scholarly journals The impact of strength-based interventions on the mobility of families raising children with autism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3 (136)) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Olha Stoliaryk
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Family Strengths ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Experimental Implementation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

The birth of a child with autism determines the characteristics of the family in the system of social interactions. The objective of the study is to determine the features of the impact of a strength-centered approach on the mobility of families raising children with autism based on the analysis of the academic literature and through the experimental implementation of the intervention. The study involved 90 parents of children with autism (two control groups consisting of 30 people each and an experimental group consisting of 30 people; the experiment was conducted on the basis of the Training and Rehabilitation Center "Trust" in Lviv). The analysis of the academic literature made it possible to identify different strategies of social support for families, to characterize the approach focused on the strengths of clients. A survey of parents revealed that families raising children with autism have low indicators of social mobility, which is determined by the characteristics of the nosology of autism, the need for care, living with a sense of stigma and autostigma. The intervention lasted for three months and involved the participation of parents in weekly meetings. The results of the experiment substantiate the effectiveness of the use of interventions based on family strengths to improve self-esteem of the quality of life by family members, including increasing social activity of the family, developing skills of interaction with the social environment, reducing guilt and shame, transformation of negative attitudes to cooperation into positive ones, increase in the number of interactions in the life of family members and desire for professional and cultural integration into the life of the community. However, the application of the approach has certain limitations, among which should be noted the need for intrinsic motivation of the family, the risks of ethical or methodological dilemmas for social workers; the threat of regression at the end of participation in the intervention, the impossibility of applying the approach in emergency and short-term forms of work.

scholarly journals PERAN KOMUNIKASI KELUARGA TERHADAP KONSEP DIRI

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Mutiara Magta
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
The Way

<p>Konsep diri adalah gambaran seseorang berdasarkan pengetahuan, pengharapan dan penilaiannya tentang dirinya sendiri melalui berbagai pengalaman yang dialaminya. Perkembangan konsep diri yang dipelajari manusia sejak kanak-kanak akan mengantarkannya kepada aktualisasi diri sebagai wujud eksistensi dirinya di kehidupan bermasyarakat. Pengalaman pertama kehidupan anak terjadi di dalam keluarga. Interaksi antar anggota keluarga mempengaruhi cara pandang seseorang terhadap dirinya dan lingkungan sekitarnya. Bentuk komunikasiyang beragam memberikan kekayaan pengalaman dalam membentuk konsep diri positif atau negative.</p><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><strong>Kata kunci </strong>: konsep diri, komunikasi, keluarga, anak usia dini</p><p align="left"> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract.</em></strong></p><p align="left"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Self-concept is a picture of a person based on his/her knowledge, expectation and judgment about him/herself through the various experiences. The development of self-concept that a person learn from childhood will lead them to self-actualization as a manifestation of their existence in social life. The first experience of a child’s life takes place in the family. Interactions between family members affect the way a person views him and his surroundings. Various forms of communication provide a wealth of experience in shaping positive or negative self-concept</em></p><p align="left"><em> </em></p><p><strong>Keywords </strong>: <em>self concept, communication, family, early childhood</em></p>

scholarly journals SLIKA OBITELJI U KNJIŽEVNOJ TRILOGIJI ZLATNI DANCI JAGODE TRUHELKE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Maja Verdonik ◽  
Josipa Kovač
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
The Family ◽  
The One ◽  
Family Harmony ◽  
Insight Into

With an insight into the theoretical determinants of the children’s novel and the theme of the family in the Croatian children’s novel, the paper presents the importance and role of the family in the literary trilogy Golden Days (Zlatni danci), written by one of the founders of Croatian children’s realistic prose, Jagoda Truhelka. The aim of the paper is through analysis of the available scientific sources and literary texts to present the literary motifs present in describing the image of the family in the literary trilogy Golden Days (Zlatni danci). Jagoda Truhelka introduces readers to her idyllic childhood, which is characterized by family harmony, the Christian spirit in raising children, patriotism and the interdependence of children and parents. These are the values on which, as constituent components, the analysis of the image of the family in Truhelka’s children’s novels, presented in the paper, is based. The literary trilogy Golden Days (Zlatni danci) depicts a tightly structured, homogeneous family in which the father-teacher played a major role. Religious principles were a guide in the upbringing of children, based on Christian principles also present in the descriptions of religious holidays and customs. Nurturing patriotism is evident in everyday storytelling and children’s games, with the father once again being the one who played the most important role in it. Child and parental interdependence are present in the constant care of family members for each other, especially in moments of children getting into trouble in situations where parents were not present. Growing up in Jagoda Truhelka’s family was happy because it gave the children what every child deserves: love, attention, feelings of security, belonging, tenderness and respect. The image of such a family, presented in the literary trilogy Golden Days (Zlatni danci), certainly still contributes to the upbringing of today’s children.

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