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PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-641
Author(s):  
J. B. Healy

Sir: The number of medical papers published is monstrously large. How much has one really learned from last year's erratic efforts to read journals? And think of all the work involved in producing the published and the unpublished papers, the millions of blood samples, and the laboratory tests, and of all the assistants, medical and paramedical, who had to be employed; and think of all the people who were measured and tested as controls. Was the primary object of all this to improve the treatment of disease or to publish papers? If the former, then publishing is only a secondary object—that of letting other doctors know something that may be of use to them. But if publication is the primary object, then one naturally suspects that the work is being done for advancement and benefit of the author(s); it is scarcely being done for the benefit of other practitioners. It seems to me that we should, for an experimental period of a year, declare a moratorium on the appending of authors' names and the names of hospitals to articles in medical journals. Just print the article. If the dissemination of information is the reason why papers are submitted for publication, there will be no falling-off in the numbers offered. If the honest search for better treatment is the object of trials, there will be no lessening of the amount of tests and measurements performed in hospitals. But if there is a big saving in costs in the Health Service and far less material is offered to the journals, we shall have unmasked ourselves.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 5446
Author(s):  
Reddy I.J. ◽  
Ashish Mishra ◽  
Mondal S.

The objective of this study was to establish the effects of red spectrum of light (650nm, treated n=12) and normal spectrum of light (450nm control=12) on GnRH-I and GnIH mRNA expression, amplitude and frequency of luteinizing hormone (LH) and egg production from 42 to 52 weeks of age in white leghorn hens. Blood samples were collected at weekly interval from both the groups. At the 47th week of age blood samples from both the groups were collected at every 3 h for 36h to study the pulsatile secretion of LH surges. GnRH and GnIH mRNA expression pattern was studied between control and treated birds. Egg production and pause days were calculated between the two groups. LH concentration in the plasma was increased significantly (P<0.01) in hens exposed to red spectrum of light. Plasma LH concentration was higher (P<0.01) in treated birds with more number of LH surges. The amplitude and frequencies of LH were advanced in birds exposed to red spectrum of light during 36 h of sampling at 3h intervals. GnRH-I mRNA concentration was significantly (P<0.01) higher, whereas GnIH mRNA was significantly (P<0.01) lower in birds exposed to red spectrum of light compared to controls. It is hypothesized that exposure of birds to red spectrum of light enhanced (P<0.01) GnRH-I mRNA, along with LH required for ovulation and egg lay. During 77 days (42-52 weeks of age) of the experimental period, egg production was increased (p<0.01) with lower incidence of pause days in the treated group. It is concluded that low GnIH mRNA and higher levels of GnRH-I mRNA, LH, lower number of pause days enabled the birds to lay more eggs by stimulating GnRH through red spectrum of light.


1995 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
B K Campbell ◽  
B M Gordon ◽  
C G Tsonis ◽  
R J Scaramuzzi

Abstract Ewes with ovarian autotransplants received either inhibin antiserum (10 ml i.v. raised in sheep against recombinant 32 kDa human inhibin; n=6) or sheep serum (10 ml i.v.; n=5) on day 3 of the luteal phase with additional daily injections (1 ml i.v.) from 48 h after the initial bolus until day 13. Jugular and ovarian venous blood samples were taken 4-hourly over days 2–13 of the luteal phase. Blood samples were also taken at more frequent intervals (every 10–15 min for 2–3 h) to examine pulsatile secretory responses from the ovary to endogenous and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-induced (150 ng i.m.) LH pulses on days 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 of the luteal phase. Plasma FSH levels, ovarian steroid secretion and ovarian follicular development were measured. The ovarian follicle population was estimated daily by real time ultrasound scanning. Immunisation against inhibin resulted in a 3- to 4-fold increase (P<0·001) in plasma FSH levels within 8 h with levels remaining elevated over controls for 6–7 days. Within 24 h of immunisation there was an increase in the number of small ovarian follicles (P<0·05) and by 3 days after treatment immunised ewes had 4–6 large ovarian follicles/ewe with this increase in the total number of large follicles being maintained for the rest of the experimental period (P<0·05). Mean ovarian oestradiol secretion during intensive bleeds was not different from controls 24 h after immunisation, but by 3 days after immunisation it was elevated 4- to 5-fold (P<0·001) over controls with this increase being maintained throughout the experiment. Similar responses to immunisation against inhibin in androstenedione secretion were observed although mean androstenedione secretion was not elevated until 7 days after treatment. In vitro antibody titres in immunised ewes remained elevated but declined steadily (P<0·001) over the experimental period. We conclude that the initial stimulation of follicle development and ovarian steroid secretion following passive immunisation against inhibin can be attributed to increased blood FSH. However, the fact that with time FSH declined but increased follicle development was sustained, despite maintenance of high circulating antibody titres, suggests that on a longer term basis inhibin immunisation may stimulate ovarian function by interfering with the modulation of follicle development by inhibin at an ovarian level. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 479–490


2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-156
Author(s):  
Roberta Bivins

It is something of a cliché to speak of Britain as having been transformed by the traumas of World War II and by its aftermath. From the advent of the ‘cradle to grave’ Welfare State to the end of (formal) empire, the effects of total war were enduring. Typically, they have been explored in relation to demographic, socioeconomic, technological and geopolitical trends and events. Yet as the articles in this volume observe across a variety of examples, World War II affected individuals, groups and communities in ways both intimate and immediate. For them, its effects were directly embodied. That is, they were experienced physically and emotionally—in physical and mental wounds, in ruptured domesticities and new opportunities and in the wholesale disruption and re-formation of communities displaced by bombing and reconstruction. So it is, perhaps, unsurprising that Britain’s post-war National Health Service, as the state institution charged with managing the bodies and behaviour of the British people, was itself permeated by a ‘wartime spirit’ long after the cessation of international hostilities.


2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Masdeu ◽  
R. M. García-García ◽  
P. Millán ◽  
L. Revuelta ◽  
O. G. Sakr ◽  
...  

The presence of an ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) in the seminal plasma (SP) of several species with spontaneous and induced ovulation, included the rabbit, has been documented. The biochemical identity of OIF in SP remains unknown, but it seems that OIF is a protein (Ratto et al. 2011 Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 9, 24). The aim of this study was to determine if the protein present in the rabbit SP could induce ovulation in a dose manner and provoke changes in plasma hormone concentrations [LH and progesterone (P4)]. Semen was collected from 12 male rabbits using an artificial vagina, pooled, centrifugated at 3000g for 30 min twice and analysed by Bradford method to determine protein concentration that was 7 mg protein mL–1 of SP. After storage at –80°C, the SP was lyophilized for use at different concentrations. Twenty-four females were synchronized with an i.m. injection of 25 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin and randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 6). Forty-eight hours later (day 0) they were given a single i.m. dose of 1) 1 mL of saline solution (SS; negative control), 2) 20 µg of gonadorelin (GnRH; positive control), 3) 1 mL of lyophilized SP diluted in SS containing 7 mg of protein (SP7), 4) 1 mL of lyophilized SP diluted in SS containing 14 mg of protein (SP14). Blood samples for LH measurement were taken every 30 min from 30 min before injection to 2 h after treatment. Blood samples for P4 measurement were taken every 2 days from Day 0 to Day 6. Hormone determinations were made by enzyme immunoassay. Ovulation rate (OR), number of corpora lutea (CL), follicles higher than 1 mm, and total number of hemorrhagic follicles were determined after euthanasia on Day 7. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA. The OR was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in GnRH than in SS, SP7, and SP14 groups (OR: 100, 0, 0, and 8.3%, respectively). Total number of CL counted in does that ovulated in GnRH and SP14 groups was not different (13.7 ± 0.8 and 9 ± 0.0 CL, respectively; P < 0.0001). No statistical differences were observed between groups on the number of follicles higher than 1 mm (GnRH: 17 ± 2.4; SS: 15 ± 1.6; SP7: 11.7 ± 2.6; SP14: 14.8 ± 0.9) and anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles (GnRH: 2.3 ± 0.9; SS: 0.2 ± 0.2; PS: 1.7 ± 0.8; PS 14: 1.7 ± 1.5). Treatment was followed by a surge in plasma LH concentration beginning 30 min after treatment to 120 min in GnRH group ranging ~75 ng mL–1, whereas in the other groups it remained at basal levels (around 20 ng mL–1; P < 0.0001). Plasma P4 concentrations were significantly increased from Day 2 to 6 (4.7 ± 0.7 to 22.3 ± 3.7 ng mL–1; P < 0.0001) only in rabbits treated with GnRH. Plasma P4 concentrations did not vary throughout the experimental period in all OIF-treated rabbits. The present study failed to demonstrate the effect of 3 different dosages of OIF of the rabbit SP on induction of ovulation. More studies are necessary to elucidate if rabbit SP could induce ovulation in rabbit females. We acknowledge CM and MEC for funding.


1990 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Campbell ◽  
A. S. McNeilly ◽  
H. M. Picton ◽  
D. T. Baird

ABSTRACT By selective removal and replacement of LH stimulation we sought to examine the relative importance of inhibin and oestradiol in controlling FSH secretion, and the role of LH in the control of ovarian hormone secretion, during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Eight Finn–Merino ewes which had one ovary removed and the other autotransplanted to a site in the neck were given two injections of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (50 μg/kg s.c.) in the follicular phase of the cycle 27 h and 51 h after luteal regression had been induced by cloprostenol (100 μg i.m.). Four of the ewes received, in addition, i.v. injections of 2·5 μg LH at hourly intervals for 23 h from 42 to 65 h after GnRH antagonist treatment. Ovarian jugular venous blood samples were taken at 10-min intervals for 3 h before and 5 h after the injection of antagonist (24–32 h after cloprostenol) and from 49 to 53 h after antagonist (74–78 h after cloprostenol). Additional blood samples were taken at 4-h intervals between the periods of intensive blood sampling. The GnRH antagonist completely inhibited endogenous pulsatile LH secretion within 1 h of injection. This resulted in a marked decrease in the ovarian secretion of oestradiol and androstenedione (P<0·001), an effect that was reversible by injection of exogenous pulses of LH (P<0·001). The pattern of ovarian inhibin secretion was episodic, but removal or replacement of stimulation by LH had no effect on the pattern or level of inhibin secretion. Peripheral concentrations of FSH rose (P<0·01) within 20 h of administration of the antagonist and these increased levels were maintained in ewes given no exogenous LH. In ewes given LH, however, FSH levels declined within 4 h of the first LH injection and by the end of the experimental period the levels of FSH were similar to those before administration of antagonist (P<0·01). These results confirm that ovarian oestradiol and androstenedione secretion, but not inhibin secretion, is under the acute control of LH. We conclude that oestradiol, and not inhibin, is the major component of the inhibitory feedback loop controlling the pattern of FSH secretion during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle in ewes. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 377–384


1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Fordham ◽  
S. Al-Gahtani ◽  
L. A. Durotoye ◽  
R. G. Rodway

ABSTRACTChanges in plasma cortisol and B-endorphin concentrations and behaviour in sheep subjected to a change in environment have been studied. Three male and three female sheep were transferred from pasture to indoor crates for a 9-week period. Behaviour was observed by scan sampling for 1-h periods morning and afternoon 5 days/week. Blood samples were taken hourly for 24-h periods on days 1, 5, 30 and 60, and assayed for β-endorphin and cortisol.Plasma cortisol concentration decreased significantly between days 30 and 60 (P < 0·001) but there was no significant change in plasma B-endorphin concentration over the experimental period. After an initial period of ‘withdrawal’ in weeks 2 and 3, when the amount of time spent resting increased, the occurrence of active behaviours increased with length of confinement. The results suggest that animals had not fully acclimatized to the new surroundings within the 9-week period. This raises important welfare issues concerning experimental animals.


2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Piccione ◽  
M. Rizzo ◽  
F. Arfuso ◽  
C. Giannetto ◽  
S. Di Pietro ◽  
...  

Abstract During early post-partum period both neonatal foals and peripartum mares are most susceptible to diseases. The aim of this study was to establish physiologic modifications of leukogram during the first month after foaling in mares and their newborn foals. To this end blood samples were collected from nine mares and nine foals (T0-T10), every three days from the 1st day until the 30th day after foaling. Samples were analysed for white blood cell (WBC) count and differential leucocyte counts. Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed, in postpartum mares WBC showed significant higher values at T0 (9.02±0.76) in respect to other time points, and at T2 (8.08±0.53) and T3 (7.92±0.59) compared to T1 (6.98±0.43), whereas in foals lower WBC values at T0 (6.11±0.49) compared to other experimental periods except T1 (6.90±0.94), and at T1 compared to T8 (7.95±0.61) and T10 (7.90±0.36) were observed. The differential leucocyte counts showed significant modifications in the percentage of neutrophils (π<0.001) and lymphocytes (p<0.001) both in postpartum mares and in foals during the experimental period. Furthermore ANOVA showed significant differences between postpartum mares and foals (P<0.01) in all studied parameters, and between postpartum mares and control mares in WBC and neutrophils values. The obtained results provide suitable information about the influence of foaling on leukogram of periparturient mares and reveal WBC dynamics in newborn foals during the first month post-partum.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irendem K. A. Loho ◽  
Glady I. Rambert ◽  
Mayer F. Wowor

Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathophysiological process with diverse etiology, resulting in a progressive decreased in renal function, and generally ends up with kidney failure. In CKD patient, the level of urea increases -uremia- a clinical syndrome that occurs in all organs due to the increased level of urea. During catabolism process, protein is broken down into amino acids and deamination ammonia which is further synthesized to become urea. Increased level of urea depends on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Decreased of GFR (<15ml / min) can cause renal failure and uremia. This study aimed to determine the levels of urea in patients with stage 5 CKD non-dialysis. This was an observational descriptive study. This study was conducted from December 2015 to January 2016 at two hospitals, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital and Adventist Hospital Manado. Samples were blood samples of all patients suffering from CKD stage 5 non-dyalisis within the specified time. The results of laboratory tests showed that of 35 patients diagnosed with stage 5 CKD non-dialysis all had increased urea levels (100%). Conclusion: There was an increase in urea level of patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease non-dialysis either of outpatients or inpatients.Keywords: urea serum, stage 5 non-dialysis chronic kidney disease.Abstrak: Penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) merupakan suatu proses patofisiologi dengan etiologi beragam, mengakibatkan penurunan fungsi ginjal yang progresif dan umumnya berakhir dengan gagal ginjal. Umumnya pada PGK terjadi peningkatan kadar ureum dan mengakibat-kan terjadinya uremia yaitu suatu sindrom klinik yang terjadi pada semua organ akibat meningkatnya kadar ureum. Dalam proses katabolisme, protein dipecah menjadi asam amino dan deaminasi ammonia yang selanjutnya disintesis menjadi urea. Peningkatan kadar ureum bergantung pada tingkat laju filtrasi glomerulus (LFG). Pada penurunan LFG (<15ml/mnt) dapat terjadi gagal ginjal dan uremia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar ureum pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5 non-dialisis. Jenis penelitian ini ialah deskriptif observasional. Penelitian dilakukan sejak Desember 2015-Januari 2016 di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou dan RS Advent Teling Manado. Sampel penelitian ialah sampel darah dari semua pasien yang menderita penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5 nondialisis dalam kurun waktu yang ditentukan. Hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium dari 35 pasien yang terdiagnosis penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5 non dialisis memperlihatkan peningkatan kadar ureum serum (100%). Simpulan: Terjadi peningkatan kadar ureum serum pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5 non-dialisis baik yang dirawat jalan maupun dirawat inap.Kata kunci: ureum, penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5 non dialisis


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Triana Widati ◽  
Hudi Asrori ◽  
Pujiyono ,

<p>Abstract<br />This article examines the legal protection of BPJS emergency patients with diagnoses beyond the emergency diagnostic list and factors that may inhibit the emergency services for BPJS user patients at the Sukoharjo District Hospital. This type of research is empirical. Form of research is deskriptif. The dara used are primary data, secondary data and tertiery data collection methode of documentation and interviews. Analysis of data using qualitative analysis. Based on the description of the results of research and discussion in connection with the considered promblems with the teory of the working of the legal system and the legal protection teory, it can be concluded that the legal protection of BPJS participants and the right to submit a complaint related to the health service in the National Health Insurance (JKN). Based on Article 25 letter b of Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2013, services that are not guaranteed are services performed in health facilities that are not cooperated with BPJS Health, except in emergency conditions, but the emergency condition condition has also been determined, if the people who have emergency discharge. Factors that can inhibit the emergency services for patients using BPJS in RSUD Sukoharjo District, among others, the legal factor which limits the emergency conditions.<br />Key Word: Legal Protection; Patients; Emergency Diagnosis</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perlindungan hukum bagi pasien kegawatdaruratan BPJS dengan diagnosa di luar daftar diagnosa gawat darurat dan faktor-faktor yang dapat menghambat <br />dalam  pelayanan  kegawatdaruratan  bagi  pasien  pengguna  BPJS    di    RSUD  Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Jenis penelitian ini adalah empiris. Bentuk penelitian deskriptif analitis. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer, sekunder dan tersier dengan pengumpulan data dokumentasi dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kualitatif. Berdasarkan deskripsi hasil penelitian dan pembahasan sehubungan dengan masalah yang dikaji dengan teori bekerjanya hukum dan teori perlindungan hukum dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlindungan hukum peserta BPJS didasari oleh perlindungan hak memperoleh pelayanan kesehatan sebagai peserta BPJS dan hak menyampaikan keluhan terkait dengan pelayanan kesehatan dalam Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). Berdasarkan Pasal 25 huruf b Perpres Nomor 12 tahun 2013 pelayanan yang tidak dijamin adalah pelayanan yang dilakukan di fasilitas kesehatan yang tidak bekerjasama dengan BPJS Kesehatan, kecuali dalam kondisi gawat darurat, namun demikian kondisi kegawat daruratannya juga telah ditentukan, apabila orang-orang yang mengalami kegawatdaruratan yang tidak tertulis maka tidak ditanggung oleh BPJS. Faktor-faktor yang dapat menghambat dalam pelayanan kegawatdaruratan bagi pasien pengguna BPJS  di  RSUD Kabupaten Sukoharjo antara lain faktor hukum yang membatasi kondisi kegawatdaruratan. <br />Kata kunci: Perlindungan Hukum; Pasien; Kegawatdaruratan.</p>


2021 ◽  

In 2007, PAHO launched the Integrated Health Service Delivery Network (IHSDN) initiative to address the problems derived from the fragmentation of health services and to overcome the structural problems stemming from the widespread segmentation of health systems in the countries of the Region. In the IHSDN initiative, hospitals are an aggregate of specialized institutions that support a highly effective first level of care. Hospitals themselves are defragmented, which is theoretically correct, innovative, and even visionary. However, the IHSDN initiative does not seek to diminish the influence of hospitals in the health system or the importance of their role, but to integrate these institutions so that all their efforts are aligned with the needs of the people and communities they serve through the development of IHSDNs. It is obvious that without hospitals there can be no IHSDNs; however, it should also be recognized that without effective networks, hospitals cannot do their job. The IHSDN initiative presents a change in the role assigned to hospitals, in which they are no longer considered the apex of a pyramid in which the hierarchy is based on specialization to successfully treat disease. Instead, the hospital becomes a very important participant in a service organized as a network, performing specific tasks in a series of processes that cut repeatedly across the health service delivery network and include the participation of individuals and communities. The product of an intense debate and joint effort, this work contains a series of proposals in the six areas considered a priority for developing the new role of hospitals in IHSDNs: governance, resource allocation and incentives, the model of care, technology and infrastructure, human resources, and organization and management.


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