Which Dogs Bite? A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-917
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Gershman ◽  
Jeffrey J. Sacks ◽  
John C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Case Control ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Number Case ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Selection Of

Objective. Dog bites cause an estimated 585 000 injuries resulting in the need formedical attention yearly and children are the most frequent victims. This study sought to determine dog-specific factors independently associated with a dog biting a nonhousehold member. Methods. A matched case-control design comprising 178 pairs of dogs was used. Cases were selected from dogs reported to Denver Animal Control in 1991 for a first-bite episode of a nonhousehold member in which the victim received medical treatment. Controls were neighborhood-matched dogs with no history of biting a nonhousehold member, selected by modified random-digit dialing based on the first five digits of the case dog owner's phone number. Case and control dog owners were interviewed by telephone. Results. Children aged 12 years and younger were the victims in 51% of cases. Compared with controls, biting dogs were more likely to be German Shepherd (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 16.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8 to 71.4) or Chow Chow (ORa = 4.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 13.7) predominant breeds, male (ORa 6.2, 95% CI 2.5 to 15.1), unneutered (ORa = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.3), residing in a house with ≥1 children (ORa 3.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 7.5), and chained while in the yard (ORa = 2.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 8.1). Conclusions. Pediatricians should advise parents that failure to neuter a dog and selection of male dogs and certain breeds such as German Shepherd and Chow Chow may increase the risk of their dog biting a nonhousehold member, who often may be a child. The potential preventability of this frequent public health problem deserves further attention.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk of Selective and Nonselective Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors (COX-Is) in Arthritic Patients: A Comparative Matched Case Control Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-338
Author(s):  
N. Quraishi ◽  
U. Bhosale ◽  
R. Yegnanarayan ◽  
D. Devasthale
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

This study was conducted to assess and compare the cardiovascular risk and to explore the demography of CV risk of nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COX-Is) and selective COX-2-Is in arthritic patients. In this comparative matched case control study adult arthritic patients of either sex taking COX-Is for >1 yr; were included. Arthritic age and sex matched individuals with no history of COX-Is treatment were the controls. Patients those with history of any other disease (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, stroke, IHD etc.) were excluded. Patients were grouped into Control, nonselective COX-I and selective COX-2-I groups. The CV risk factors like blood pressure, blood sugar level(BSL), lipid profile, BMI(body mass index) etc. were assessed and compared; demography of CV risk factors i.e. age, sex, smoking, alcohol, heredity was also studied. Qualitative data was analyzed using Chi-square and quantitative data was analyzed by student’s‘t’-test. Study clearly revealed that all NSAIDs exhibit significant CV risk when taken over a period of time as in arthritis. However selective COX 2-Is found to exhibit more CV risk in this regard. Odds ratio (OR) for CV risk=10.3(95% CI: 1.45, 3.31) and OR for CV risk=5.2(95%CI: 1.05, 2.57) for nonselective COX-Is. BMI, BSL and lipid profile; the potential CV risk factors, showed significant impairment in selective COX 2-Is group; P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01 (HDL), P<0.001 (cholesterol), respectively compared to controls and P<0.05 compared to nonselective COX-Is. This study portrays the potential CV risk of selective COX 2-Is and confirms and re-evaluate the results of earlier studies in this regard.  Keywords: Anti-arthritic agents; BMI; COX-Is; CV risk; Lipid profile.  © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i2.17039 J. Sci. Res. 6 (2), 328-338 (2014)  

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Predict Enterococcus Expansion but Not Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Acquisition

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi Chanderraj ◽  
Christopher A. Brown ◽  
Kevin Hinkle ◽  
Nicole Falkowski ◽  
Piyush Ranjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
And Control ◽  
Present On Admission ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACT Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections and continues to spread despite widespread implementation of pathogen-targeted control guidelines. Commensal gut microbiota provide colonization resistance to VRE, but the role of gut microbiota in VRE acquisition in at-risk patients is unknown. To address this gap in our understanding, we performed a case-control study of gut microbiota in hospitalized patients who did (cases) and did not (controls) acquire VRE. We matched case subjects to control subjects by known risk factors and “time at risk,” defined as the time elapsed between admission until positive VRE screen. We characterized gut bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of rectal swab specimens. We analyzed 236 samples from 59 matched case-control pairs. At baseline, case and control subjects did not differ in gut microbiota when measured by community diversity (P = 0.33) or composition (P = 0.30). After hospitalization, gut communities of cases and controls differed only in the abundance of the Enterococcus-containing operational taxonomic unit (OTU), with the gut microbiota of case subjects having more of this OTU than time-matched control subjects (P = 0.01). Otherwise, case and control communities after the time at risk did not differ in diversity (P = 0.33) or community structure (P = 0.12). Among patients who became VRE colonized, those having the Blautia-containing OTU on admission had lower Enterococcus relative abundance once colonized (P = 0.004). Our results demonstrate that the 16S profile of the gut microbiome does not predict VRE acquisition in hospitalized patients, likely due to rapid and profound microbiota change. The gut microbiome does not predict VRE acquisition, but it may be associated with Enterococcus expansion, suggesting that these should be considered two distinct processes. IMPORTANCE The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that VRE causes an estimated 54,000 infections and 539 million dollars in attributable health care costs annually. Despite improvements in hand washing, environmental cleaning, and antibiotic use, VRE is still prevalent in many hospitals. There is a pressing need to better understand the processes by which patients acquire VRE. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that intestinal microbiota may help some patients resist VRE acquisition. In this large case-control study, we compared the 16S profile of intestinal microbiota on admission in patients that did and did not subsequently acquire VRE. The 16S profile did not predict subsequent VRE acquisition, in part due to rapid and dramatic change in the gut microbiome following hospitalization. However, Blautia spp. present on admission predicted decreased Enterococcus abundance after VRE acquisition, and Lactobacillus spp. present on admission predicted Enterococcus dominance after VRE acquisition. Thus, VRE acquisition and domination may be distinct processes.

Physical Activity and Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Laura Resem Brizio ◽  
Pedro C. Hallal ◽  
I-Min Lee ◽  
Marlos Rodrigues Domingues
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the association between lifetime physical activity and risk of lung cancer.Methods:A case-control study was conducted in southern Brazil. Case subjects were recruited from oncology services of 4 hospitals. Control subjects were selected from the same hospitals, but from different services (traumatology and emergency). Both case subjects (n = 81) and control subjects (n = 168) were interviewed using a questionnaire about sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric information and family history of cancer. Control subjects were matched to case subjects according to sex and age (± 5 years). Detailed information on smoking was collected. Physical activity was measured using the Lifetime Physical Activity Questionnaire.Results:Of the case subjects, 89% were either current or former smokers; among control subjects, this value was 57%. Participants in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of all-domains physical activity had odds ratios of 0.54 (95% CI, 0.21–1.40), 0.25 (95% CI, 0.08–0.72), and 0.24 (95% CI, 0.07–0.83) for lung cancer, compared with the lowest quartile, after adjusting for confounding. In the fully adjusted models, leisure-time physical activity was not associated with lung cancer risk.Conclusion:Lifetime all-domains physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer.

scholarly journals Does the Polymorphism in the Length of the Polyalanine Tract ofFOXE1Gene Influence the Risk of Thyroid Dysgenesis Occurrence?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Clebson Pantoja Pimentel ◽  
Erik Artur Cortinhas-Alves ◽  
Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira ◽  
Luiz Carlos Santana-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thyroid Dysgenesis ◽  
Susceptibility Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Polyalanine Tract ◽  
Control Study

Background.Recent data have suggested that polymorphisms in the length of the polyalanine tract (polyA) ofFOXE1gene may act as a susceptibility factor for thyroid dysgenesis. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of polyA ofFOXE1gene on the risk of thyroid dysgenesis.Method.A case-control study was conducted in a sample of 90 Brazilian patients with thyroid dysgenesis and 131 controls without family history of thyroid disease. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples and the genotype of each individual was determined by automated sequencing.Results.More than 90% of genotypes found in the group of patients with thyroid dysgenesis and in controls subjects were represented by sizes 14 and 16 polymorphisms in the following combinations: 14/14, 14/16, and 16/16. Genotypes 14/16 and 16/16 were more frequent in the control group, while genotype 14/14 was more frequent in the group of patients with thyroid dysgenesis. There was no difference between agenesis group and control group. Genotype 14/14 when compared to genotypes 14/16 and 16/16A showed an association with thyroid dysgenesis.Conclusion.PolyA ofFOXE1gene alters the risk of thyroid dysgenesis, which may explain in part the etiology of this disease.

scholarly journals Evaluation of serum calcium differences in hypertensive crises and control patients: A randomly matched case‐control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
IfeanyiChukwu O. Onor ◽  
Rose M. Duchane ◽  
Casey J. Payne ◽  
Hannah Naquin Lambert ◽  
DeMaurian M. Mitchner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Hypertensive Crises ◽  
And Control ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Association between the use of insecticide-treated bed net and malaria infection in Ende District, East Nusa Tenggara

2017 ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
M. S. Sekunda ◽  
A. A. Sagung Sawitri ◽  
P. P. Januraga
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Net Use ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Background and purpose: Malaria is a public health problem in Eastern Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara. Insecticide-treated bed net was massively distributed in 2014, however the incidence of malaria in Ende District remains high. This study aims to examine association between the use of insecticide-treated bed net and malaria infection.Methods: A case control study was conducted in Wewaria Subdistrict, Ende District in 2016 involving 67 cases and 134 controls. Data on the use of insecticide-treated bed net which include methods of net use, net use practice, net maintenance and its current conditions were obtained through interviews and observations. Physical conditions of respondent’s house that include conditions of the wall, floor, window, ventilation, ceiling and lighting were also documented through observations. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Results: Cases and control groups were comparable for gender (p=1), age (p=0.9), education level (p=0.9) and occupation (p=0.6). This study found that five variables were associated with malaria infection: irregular use of the insecticide-treated bed net (AOR=4.08; 95%CI: 1.87-8.89), torn net (AOR=2.23; 95%CI: 1.10-4.54), inadequate lighting (AOR=3.64; 95%CI: 1.77-7.47), humid floor (AOR=3.02; 95%CI: 1.24-7.34) and holes or broken ceiling (AOR=2.41; 95%CI: 1.02-5.72).Conclusions: The use of insecticide-treated bed net and physical conditions of the house are risk factors for malaria infection.

scholarly journals Toxoplasma gondii Infection by Serological and Molecular Methods in Schizophrenia Patients with and without Suicide Attempts: An Age-Sex-Matched Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özer Akgül ◽  
Ömer Faruk Demirel ◽  
Cana Poyraz Aksoy ◽  
Ezgi Tanrıöver Aydın ◽  
Nuray Uysal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: The opinion that latent T. gondii infection is having a broadly asymptomatic projection has now been interrogated, in specific due to the echoed association between the latent infection and an elevated incidence of schizophrenia or even suicide attempts. Notwithstanding conducted studies aimed to understand this feasible link are restricted. Methods: In the present case-control study, we focused to illuminate the relationship between the serological and molecular presence of T. gondii and schizophrenia with or without the suicide attempts by comparing it with healthy individuals. A total of 237 participants (117 in schizophrenia; 120 in healthy control) were included in this study. Results: Overall, latent T. gondii infections were found statistically higher in 63 (53.8%) of the 117 patients with schizophrenia and in 33 (27.5%) of the 120 controls (p < 0.001). In schizophrenia patients, seroprevalence T. gondii was again found to be statistically higher in suicide attempters (59.6%), compared to no history of suicide attempts (48.3%) (p < 0.05). The molecular positivity rate of T. gondii DNA was higher in the schizophrenia group, compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.05), whereas the history of suicide attempts was not statistically associated (p = 0.831) with T. gondii DNA positivity by PCR. Conclusion: This case-control study enlightens additional demonstration to the belief that T. gondii infection would be an underlying component for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Regardless of the clarity results of this study, this supposition warrants further endorsement.

scholarly journals Determinants of asthma in Ethiopia: age and sex matched case control study with special reference to household fuel exposure and housing characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonas Abebe ◽  
Ahmed Ali ◽  
Abera Kumie ◽  
Tewodros Haile ◽  
Mulugeta Tamire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Door Opening ◽  
Housing Characteristics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway obstruction and hyper-responsiveness. Studies suggest that household fuel exposure and housing characteristics are associated with air way related allergy. But there remains to be a considerable uncertainty about whether that reflects an association with asthma. This study endeavored to bridge the gap by identifying factors associated with asthma, with special reference to household fuel exposure and housing characteristics in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a hospital-based matched case-control study. A total of 483 study participants were selected from two Ethiopian referral hospitals using a sequential sampling technique, with 161 cases and 322 controls. Standard questionnaire from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II (ECRHS II) and the American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Disease (ATS-DLD-78) were used to collect household related data. Conditional logistic regression model was applied to identify the determinants of asthma. Both crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to identify predictors of asthma. Results The response rate for both cases and controls was 99.17%. The odds of developing asthma was about four times higher among those who used agricultural residues for cooking (AOR: 3.81, 95% CI: 1.05, 13.79)., about five times higher among those who used wood for cooking (AOR: 4.95, 95% CI: 2.1, 11.69), nearly five times higher among those who had family history of asthma (AOR: 4.72, 95% CI: 1.54, 14.45), just over six times higher among those who smoke tobacco (AOR: 6.16, 95% CI: 1.31, 29.09) and over ten times higher among those who do not practice door opening, while cooking (AOR: 10.25, 95% CI: 3.97, 26.49). Conclusion Family history of asthma, tobacco smoking, use of solid fuels including, woods and agricultural residues were associated with development of asthma. To reduce the risk of asthma, people should practice door opening, while cooking, and must avoid using wood and agricultural residues for cooking and should also refrain from tobacco smoking.

scholarly journals Family history of cardiovascular disease and risk of premature coronary heart disease: A matched case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Manas Chacko ◽  
P. Sankara Sarma ◽  
Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan ◽  
Geevar Zachariah ◽  
Panniyammakal Jeemon
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Family History ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Background: Self-reported family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an independent risk factor for future coronary heart disease (CHD) events. However, inclusion of family history of CVD in the traditional risk scores failed to improve risk prediction of CHD. It is proposed that family history of CVD may substantially increase the risk of CHD among younger individuals. Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study with 170 hospital-based premature CHD patients (<55 years in men and <65 years in women) from a tertiary care centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and age and sex matched community-based controls in 1:1 ratio. Conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the independent association of family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature CHD. We estimated McNemar's odds ratios and their 95 percent confidence intervals. Results: The prevalence of any family history of CVD and CHD in the control population was 24% and 21%, respectively. The family history of CVD was independently associated with premature CHD (odds ratio (OR) = 9.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.7–17.3). There was a dose-response relationship between family history and premature CHD as the risk increased linearly with increase in number of affected family members. Conclusions: Family history of CVD is an independent risk factor for premature CHD. The risk of premature CHD increases linearly with increase in number of affected family members. Collecting family history beyond parental history of CVD is important for risk stratification. Targeting young individuals with family history of CVD for intensive risk reduction interventions may help to prevent future events.

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