Growth of Breast-Fed Infants Deviates From Current Reference Data: A Pooled Analysis of US, Canadian, and European Data Sets

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
Kathryn G. Dewey ◽  
Janet M. Peerson ◽  
Kenneth H. Brown ◽  
Nancy F. Krebs ◽  
Kim F. Michaelsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Breast Fed

The sample sizes of infants from the selected studies are shown in Tables 2-4, categorized by duration of breast-feeding, timing of introduction of solid foods, and use of infant formula or other milks. Table 5 shows the cross-tabulation by duration of breast-feeding and age of introduction of supplemental milk or formula. In total, 453 infants were included, of whom 226 were breast-fed for at least 12 months. Of these 226, 141 were not regularly given other milks or formula during the first year of life. Of the total sample, solid foods were introduced at 4 to 5 months to 42% (Table 3), at 6 to 7 months to 38%, at 8 to 9 months at 17%, and after 9 months to 2%. The samples were relatively homogeneous with respect to average maternal weight, height, and age. Mean pregnancy weight gain in the three studies reporting this ranged from 12.7 to 15.0 kg. Maternal educational levels were generally high: in the studies reporting this as a continuous variable, the overall mean was 15.4 ± 2.4 years of education. Mean birth weight ranged from 3414 to 3605 g. Characteristics of infants categorized by breast-feeding duration are shown in Table 6 (the group breast-fed for 4 to 5 month is not shown, because there were only 10 infants in this category). Mothers who breast-fed for 12 or more months were older and had higher parity and educational levels than mothers who breast-fed for less than 12 months, but birth weight did not differ significantly among groups.

scholarly journals Feeding practices in early life and later intake of fruit and vegetables among Japanese toddlers: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitomi Okubo ◽  
Yoshihiro Miyake ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki ◽  
Keiko Tanaka ◽  
Yoshio Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveA growing body of evidence from Western countries shows that infant feeding practices are associated with later childhood dietary habits, but little is known about these relationships in non-Western countries with different food cultures. We examined the association of breast-feeding duration and age at introduction of solid foods with later intake of fruit and vegetables among Japanese toddlers.DesignInformation on breast-feeding duration, age at introduction of solid foods and child’s intake frequency of fruit and vegetables were collected with a self-administered questionnaire at 16–24 months postpartum. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios of low intake (<1 time/d) of fruit or vegetables for each infant feeding practice.SettingJapan.SubjectsJapanese mother–child pairs (n 763) from a prospective birth cohort study.ResultsNeither breast-feeding duration nor age at introduction of solid foods was associated with fruit intake at 16–24 months of age. Breast-feeding duration, but not age at introduction of solid foods, was associated with later intake of vegetables. When breast-feeding duration was categorized into two groups with the cut-off at 6 months, children who were breast-fed for ≥6 months had a significantly decreased risk of low intake of vegetables (OR=0·53; 95 % CI 0·34, 0·84) than those breast-fed for <6 months. This association was independent of potential confounders including maternal education and maternal vegetable intake (OR=0·59; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·97).ConclusionsThis finding suggests that ≥6 months of breast-feeding may prevent low intake of vegetables in early childhood among Japanese toddlers.

scholarly journals Maternal anthropometry as a predictor of birth weight

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 965-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsun Nahar ◽  
C G N Mascie-Taylor ◽  
Housne Ara Begum
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Community Based ◽  
North West ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Sequential Regression ◽  
In Pregnancy

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether maternal anthropometry predicted birth weight, and if so, to identify which cut-offs provided the best prediction of low birth weight (LBW) in a field situation.DesignCommunity-based longitudinal study.SettingA rural union of Bhaluka Upazila, Mymensingh, located 110 km north-west of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.ParticipantsA total of 1104 normotensive, non-smoking pregnant women who attended community nutrition centres were studied from first presentation at the centre until delivery of their child.ResultsMost of the pregnant mothers were between 20 and 34 years of age. Over one-third of the women were nulliparous, while 12.8% were multiparous (parity ≥ 4). Most (93%) mothers registered between the 3rd and 5th month of pregnancy. The frequency of LBW ( < 2500 g) was 17%. Polynomial regression analyses showed that the best predictors of birth weight (based on adjusted R2 values) were in general weight at registration and weight at month 9, with adjusted R2 ranging from 2.5% to nearly 20%. Sequential regression analyses with height and weight showed that there was a significant effect of height after removing the weight variables, and adjusted R2 increased in all analyses. Weight and height at registration month continued to be the best predictors of LBW. Sensitivity and specificity curves were drawn for each registration month, body mass index and different weight gain groups, and using different weight and height combinations. The results showed that, for registration month 3–5, a combination of weight ( ≤ 45 kg) and height ( ≤ 150 cm) gave the highest sensitivity, which was 50%. However, maternal weight ≤ 43 kg in pregnancy month 3–5 alone gave the highest sensitivity of 80%.ConclusionThe best predictor of birth weight as a continuous variable was maternal weight at registration, each 1 kg increase in weight at registration being associated with an increase in birth weight of about 260 g. Maternal weight ≤ 43 kg in pregnancy month 3–5 alone gave the highest sensitivity of 80%. A combination of initial weight and height of the mother was not as good a predictor of LBW as weight alone.

scholarly journals The association of neonatal jaundice and breast-feeding

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Rulina Suradi ◽  
Esther H. Situmeang ◽  
Taralan Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Laboratory Examinations ◽  
Breast Fed

To examine the prevalence of jaundice in neonates and its association with breast-feeding, we studied 100healthy breast-fed baby boys during the first 3 - 5 days after birth, delivered in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. This wasan analytical, cross-sectional study performed prospectively. The study was conducted from April, 1, 1999 to October 15,1999. Jaundice was detected in 94 out of 100 infants (94%). Breast-feeding jaundice was encountered in 26 infants (28%)namely infants whose bilirubin levels was >12 mg/dL by day 3 (CI 95% : 19;37%). Most infants showed bilirubin levels on daytwo, three and five of 6 – 10 mg/dL (62%), 6 – 10 mg/dL (35%) and 12 – 15 mg/dL (34%), respectively. Several factors foundto be contributing to the occurrence of breast-feeding jaundice included : a. breast-feeding frequency (r :- 0.83, p < 0.01), b.mean breast-feeding duration : infants breast-fed for more than 30 minutes have consequences its breast-feeding frequencywas less in compared with those breast-fed in less than 30 minutes. c. time of meconium passage (p< 0.05), meconiumpassage in the first hours after birth played an important part in reducing enterohepatic circulation, d. fecal weight (r =-0.87,p < 0.01), feces retained in the intestine its bilirubin would be deconjugated and reabsorbed subsequently . e. weight loss (p< 0.05). In 11 infants who received blue light therapy there were no abnormalities both in physical and laboratory examinations.

BREAST-FEEDING IN BOSTON

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-303
Author(s):  
Eva J. Salber ◽  
Manning Feinleib
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

Incidence of breast-feeding has been examined in 2,233 women who gave birth to babies in hospitals in Boston, Brookline, and Newton in August or September, 1963. Information on breast-feeding was obtained from the mothers by mailed questionnaires and by telephone. Twenty-two per cent of the mothers attempted breast-feeding. Five per cent of the total population breast-fed their babies for 6 months or more. Sex and birth weight of babies do not affect frequency of breast-feeding. Social class is found to be the most important variable affecting incidence of breast feeding. Women who are married to students exhibit the highest incidence of breast-feeding (69.3%). Upper social class women breast-feed more frequently (39.8%) than women in lower social classes (13.6%). Students do not show any variation in breast-feeding patterns by age of mother, parity, or birthplace, but these variables do influence the breast-feeding patterns of women in other social classes.

Determinants of Growth From Birth to 12 Months Among Breast-Fed Honduran Infants in Relation to Age of Introduction of Complementary Foods

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-510
Author(s):  
Roberta J. Cohen ◽  
Kenneth H. Brown ◽  
Judy Canahuati ◽  
Leonardo Landa Rivera ◽  
Kathryn G. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
First Year ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
The Us ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Breast Fed

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of introducing complementary foods to exclusively breast-fed infants at 4 vs 6 months on growth from 6 to 12 months, and to compare growth patterns of Honduran infants with those of breast-fed infants in the United States. Design. Randomized intervention trial from 4 to 6 months and longitudinal study of infants from birth to 12 months. Setting. Low-income communities in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Subjects. Primiparous, breast-feeding mothers and their infants (n = 141) recruited from public maternity hospitals. Intervention. Infants were randomly assigned to exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months, or exclusive breast-feeding with addition of hygienically prepared, nutritionally adequate complementary foods at 4 months, with or without maintenance of baseline breast-feeding frequency. After 6 months, mothers continued to breast-feed and also fed their infants home-prepared foods after receiving instruction in appropriate feeding practices. Outcome Measures. Infant weight was measured monthly during the first year of life and infant length monthly from 4 to 12 months. Statistical Analysis. Growth parameters were compared between the Honduran and US cohorts using multiple-regression and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify determinants of infant growth. Results. There were no differences in growth patterns by intervention group. Mean birth weight of the Honduran infants was significantly less than that of a cohort of breast-fed infants in an affluent US population (n = 46) (2889 ± 482 vs 3611 ± 509 g), but the Honduran infants exhibited rapid catch up in weight in the first few months of life, and the cohorts were similar in weight by 3 months. Mean weight and length gain were similar to those of the US cohort from 4 to 9 months but were lower from 9 to 12 months. Mean length for age was significantly less than that of the US cohort from 4 to 12 months; this was attributable to the difference in maternal height (12 cm shorter in Honduras on average). Within the Honduran cohort, growth velocity of low birth weight infants (&lt;2500 g; n = 28) was similar to that of their normal birth weight peers; thus, the former subgroup remained smaller than the latter throughout the first year of life. Conclusions. In poor populations, when breast-feeding is exclusive for the first 4 to 6 months, continues from 6 to 12 months, and is accompanied by generally adequate complementary foods, faltering in weight does not occur before 9 months among infants born with birth weights of more than 2500 g.

scholarly journals Associations of breast-feeding patterns and introduction of solid foods with childhood bone mass: The Generation R Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1024-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith H. van den Hooven ◽  
Mounira Gharsalli ◽  
Denise H. M. Heppe ◽  
Hein Raat ◽  
Albert Hofman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractBreast-feeding has been associated with later bone health, but results from previous studies are inconsistent. We examined the associations of breast-feeding patterns and timing of introduction of solids with bone mass at the age of 6 years in a prospective cohort study among 4919 children. We collected information about duration and exclusiveness of breast-feeding and timing of introduction of any solids with postnatal questionnaires. A total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan was performed at 6 years of age, and bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), area-adjusted BMC (aBMC) and bone area (BA) were analysed. Compared with children who were ever breast-fed, those never breast-fed had lower BMD (−4·62 mg/cm2; 95 % CI −8·28, −0·97), BMC (−8·08 g; 95 % CI −12·45, −3·71) and BA (−7·03 cm2; 95 % CI −12·55, −1·52) at 6 years of age. Among all breast-fed children, those who were breast-fed non-exclusively in the first 4 months had higher BMD (2·91 mg/cm2; 95 % CI 0·41, 5·41) and aBMC (3·97 g; 95 % CI 1·30, 6·64) and lower BA (−4·45 cm2; 95 % CI −8·28, −0·61) compared with children breast-fed exclusively for at least 4 months. Compared with introduction of solids between 4 and 5 months, introduction <4 months was associated with higher BMD and aBMC, whereas introduction between 5 and 6 months was associated with lower aBMC and higher BA. Additional adjustment for infant vitamin D supplementation did not change the results. In conclusion, results from the present study suggest that ever breast-feeding compared with never breast-feeding is associated with higher bone mass in 6-year-old children, but exclusive breast-feeding for 4 months or longer was not positively associated with bone outcomes.

scholarly journals Mothers’ restrictive eating and food neophobia and fathers’ dietary quality are associated with breast-feeding duration and introduction of solid foods: the STEPS study

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1991-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Vaarno ◽  
Harri Niinikoski ◽  
Anne Kaljonen ◽  
Minna Aromaa ◽  
Hanna Lagström
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Food Neophobia ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Infants And Young Children

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to examine the association between parental eating behaviours and dietary patterns and feeding practices of infants and young children.DesignData on infant-feeding practices were collected from each infant’s birth via parentally self-administered follow-up diaries. Three questionnaires, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Food Neophobia Scale and the Index of Diet Quality, were administered when the children were aged 4 and 13 months.SettingSouth-western Finland.SubjectsFamilies participating in the STEPS longitudinal cohort study (n1797).ResultsMean duration of exclusive breast-feeding was 2·4 months and total duration of breast-feeding averaged 8·1 months. The first solid food was introduced into children’s diets at the age of 3·9 months, on average. Mothers with highly restrictive eating were more likely to introduce solid foods sooner than mothers who ranked lower in these behaviours (3·8 monthsv.4·0 months,P=0·012). Neophobic mothers breast-fed exclusively (2·0v. 2·6 months,P=0·038) and in total (7·2v. 8·5 months,P=0·039) for shorter times than average mothers, even after adjusting for various demographic characteristics. Fathers’ diet quality was associated with total breast-feeding duration and with introduction of complementary foods in unadjusted analyses and with total breast-feeding duration also after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionsMothers’ and fathers’ eating patterns and practices are associated with the feeding practices of infants and young children. Health promotion interventions seeking to improve parents’ eating patterns might lead to more favourable feeding practices for infants and young children.

scholarly journals Nutritional status and related factors of schoolchildren in Çorum, Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atakan Comba ◽  
Emre Demir ◽  
Nadiye Barış Eren
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Feeding Duration

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to determine nutritional status and related factors among schoolchildren in Çorum, Central Anatolia, Turkey.DesignSchoolchildren’s height and weight were measured to calculate BMI and BMI Z-scores. Height, weight and BMI Z-scores were analysed and nutritional status classified according to the WHO.SettingCentral Anatolia, Turkey.ParticipantsSchoolchildren aged 5–17 years (n 1684) participated in study.ResultsOf children, 4·2% were stunted, 6·9% thin, 13·8% overweight and 6·6% were obese. Proportions of stunting, thinness and overweight/obesity were significantly higher in children aged >10 years (78·6, 75·0 and 64·9%, respectively) than in those aged ≤10 years (21·4, 25·0 and 35·1%, respectively; all P <0·001). Median (range) birth weight and breast-feeding duration in children with stunting (2750 (1400–3600)g; 10 (0–36) months) were significantly lower and shorter, respectively, than those of normal height (3200 (750–5500)g; 15 (0–72) months) and tall children (3500 (2500–4900)g; 18 (0–36) months; P <0·001, <0·001, 0·011 and 0·016, respectively). The same relationship was observed in thin children (3000 (1000–4500)g; 12 (0–36) months) compared with normal-weight (3200 (750–5500)g; 15 (0–72) months) and overweight/obese children (3300 (1200–5500)g; 16 (0–48) months; P=0·026, <0·001, 0·045 and 0·011, respectively).ConclusionsOverweight and obesity are health problems that must be addressed in schoolchildren. Adolescents also have a risk of double malnutrition. Promoting normal birth weight and encouraging long duration of breast-feeding are important to support normal growth in children.

scholarly journals Relationship between breast-feeding and adiposity in infants and pre-school children

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1639-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamini Gopinath ◽  
Indhu Subramanian ◽  
Victoria M Flood ◽  
Louise A Baur ◽  
Natalie Pfund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
School Children ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Multivariable Adjustment ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to establish associations of duration of breast-feeding with mean BMI and waist circumference, as well as the likelihood of being overweight/obese, during early childhood.DesignCross-sectional, population-based study. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and BMI calculated. Interviewer-administered questionnaire determined whether the child was ever breast-fed and the duration of breast-feeding.SettingSydney, Australia.SubjectsInfants and pre-school children (n 2092) aged 1–6 years were examined in the Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study during 2007–2009.ResultsOf the children aged 1–6 years, 1270 had been breast-fed compared with 822 who were never breast-fed. After multivariable adjustment, 1–6-year-old children who were ever breast-fed compared with those who were not had significantly lower BMI, 16·7 (se 0·1) kg/m2v. 17·1 (se 0·2) kg/m2 (P = 0·01). Decreasing BMI was associated with increasing duration of breast-feeding (Ptrend = 0·002). After multivariable adjustment, each month increase in breast-feeding was associated with an average BMI decrease of 0·04 kg/m2 (P = 0·002) and 0·03 kg/m2 (P = 0·03) among children aged 1–2 years and 3–4 years, respectively. In 1–2-year-old children, each month increase in breast-feeding duration was associated with a 0·06 cm decrease in waist circumference (P = 0·04). Significant associations were not observed among 5–6-year-old children. Children who were ever breast-fed v. those never breast-fed were less likely to be overweight/obese (multivariable-adjusted OR = 0·54; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·83).ConclusionsWe demonstrated a modest influence of breast-feeding on children's BMI during early childhood, particularly among those aged less than 5 years.

scholarly journals Glycemic status in exclusively breast fed low birth weight babies In first 72 hours of life in a teriary care hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Vithal Rao S. Natta ◽  
Deepthi Pagali ◽  
Venkata Priyanka Dandugula ◽  
Sowjanya Bhanu Veera
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Breast Fed

Background: Neonatal hypoglycaemia, a common metabolic problem, often goes unnoticed owing to lack of specific symptoms. It can lead to considerable mortality and morbidity with long term neurological sequelae. Adequate breast feeding play an important role in maintaining normal glucose levels. So, this study is done to assess the incidence of hypoglycaemia in exclusively breast fed low birth weight babies, both term and preterm neonates and evaluate the impact of early breast feeding on glycaemic status upto 72 hours of life.Methods: This study was conducted over 12 month period involving 236 AGA (Appropriate for gestational age), SGA (Small for gestational age) babies with birth weight between 1.6-2.49 kg. Blood glucose values were measured at birth, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h of life after delivery which was independent of feeding time. Hypoglycaemia was assessed against age of onset, gestational age, sex of baby, mode of delivery and time of initiation of breast feeding.Results: Total 56 episodes of hypoglycaemia were recorded in 52 babies of which 46 (27%) were term SGA babies and 6(8%) were preterm AGA babies (p=0.00148). The incidence of hypoglycaemia was found to be 22%, highest during the first 24 hours of life (93%) and delayed breast feeding is the most commonly noted risk factor (p=0.00024).Conclusions: Low birth babies are more prone to develop hypoglycaemia especially in first 24 hours of life with delayed introduction of breast feeding being one of the common risk factors and asymptomatic hypoglycaemia can be managed with frequent breast feeding without any formula feeds.

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